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This article is about a martial art forms practiced throughout the Malay Archipelago. For more detailed information on this martial art, see Silat (disambiguation).
Silat

A vietnamese pesilat.
Also known asPencak Silat, Seni Silat, Silek
FocusHybrid
Country of originMalaysia,Indonesia and Malay Archipelago

Silat is an umbrella term used to describe the martial art forms practiced throughout the Malay Archipelago. Pencak Silat is the official name used to indicate more than 800 martial arts schools and styles spread across more than 13000 islands in Indonesia For the combat sport see Mixed martial arts. Hybrid martial arts (also known as hybrid fighting systems) refer to Martial arts For the biogeographical region see Malesia Malaysia (məˈleɪʒə or /məˈleɪziə/ is a country that consists of thirteen states and The Republic of Indonesia ( (Republik Indonesia is a Country in Southeast Asia. The Malay Archipelago is a name given to the Archipelago located between mainland Southeastern Asia ( Indochina) and Australia. The Malay Archipelago is a name given to the Archipelago located between mainland Southeastern Asia ( Indochina) and Australia. Internationally it is now called Pencak Silat. Pencak Silat is the official name used to indicate more than 800 martial arts schools and styles spread across more than 13000 islands in Indonesia Silat is a combative art of fighting and survival and it has been evolved in Indonesia, Malaysia and Brunei Darussalam civilizations for centuries into social culture and tradition. The Republic of Indonesia ( (Republik Indonesia is a Country in Southeast Asia. For the biogeographical region see Malesia Malaysia (məˈleɪʒə or /məˈleɪziə/ is a country that consists of thirteen states and Brunei Darussalam, (bruːˈnaɪ in English officially the State of Brunei Abode of Peace (Negara Brunei Darussalam Jawi: برني دارالسلام During the colonization era, both in Malaysia and Singapore as British Colonies and in Indonesia as Dutch colonies, practitioners (locally known as pesilat) used the martial art as a form to liberate from foreign authorities. Singapore See http//enwikipediaorg/wiki/WikipediaFootnotes for an explanation of how to generate footnotes using the tags and the template below

The distinctive forms of silat with other Asian martial arts, such as kung fu, tae kwon do or karate, lie on the cultural aspect. Kung fu and wushu are popular terms that have become synonymous with Chinese Martial arts. Taekwondo (Korean태권도thɛʔkwʌndo Englishˈteɪˈkwɒnˈdoʊ is a Korean Martial art and the National sport of South Korea ( or is a martial art developed in the Ryukyu Islands from indigenous fighting methods and Chinese Kenpō. Silat is not only for combative purposes. When accompanied with traditional instruments, such as kendang, silat transforms into a folk dance. Kendang ( Javanese: Kendhang, Malay language: Kendang, Tausug, Bajau: Gandang, Maranao: Folk dance is a term used to describe a large number of dances mostly of European origin that tend to share the following attributes originally danced in about the In Minangkabau area (the West Sumatra province of Indonesia), silat was the oldest men's tradition known as silek and it is one of the components to perform the Minangkabau folk dance of randai. The Minangkabau ethnic group (also known as Minang or Padang) is indigenous to the highlands of West Sumatra, in Indonesia. West Sumatra ( Indonesian: Sumatera Barat, abbreviated to Sumbar) is a province of Indonesia. Randai is a folk theater tradition of the Minangkabau ethnic group which incorporates music singing dance drama and the Silat martial [1] In Malaysia, one form of silat known of silat pulut also shows the harmonic silat styles as a dance accompanied by traditional instruments, and so in Brunei Darussalam "silat cakak" also performed with the presence of "gulintangan". A silat form in West Java province of Indonesia, known as pencak, is usually accompanied with music, notably by the traditional Sundanese suling instrument. West Java (Jawa Barat with population around 3572 million is the most populous province of Indonesia, located on Java Island. Pencak Silat is the official name used to indicate more than 800 martial arts schools and styles spread across more than 13000 islands in Indonesia Not to be confused with Sudanese people The Sundanese are an ethnic group native to the western part of the Indonesian island of Java. A suling is an Indonesian Philippine Flute made out of Bamboo.

Contents

Etymology

Randai performances with silek (silat) as one of the dance's components.
Randai performances with silek (silat) as one of the dance's components. Randai is a folk theater tradition of the Minangkabau ethnic group which incorporates music singing dance drama and the Silat martial

A theory states that silat word itself comes from silek from Minangkabau language. The Minangkabau language ( autonym: Baso Minang(kabau; Indonesian: Bahasa Minangkabau) is an Austronesian language, spoken by [1] Silek was one of the of components to perform the Minangkabau's randai folk dance components besides bakaba (storytelling) and saluang jo dendang (song-and-flute). The Minangkabau ethnic group (also known as Minang or Padang) is indigenous to the highlands of West Sumatra, in Indonesia. Randai is a folk theater tradition of the Minangkabau ethnic group which incorporates music singing dance drama and the Silat martial

The term silat is actually a noun which has a formidable arsenal of terms used to refer to martial arts in Southeast Asia. [2] It can be said in Malaysia as seni silat, seni bela-diri and sometimes ilmu silat. In Sumatra silat is known as silek and more popularly in Java and Indonesia as Pencak Silat. Pencak Silat is the official name used to indicate more than 800 martial arts schools and styles spread across more than 13000 islands in Indonesia The Chinese fusion of silat is known as kuntao. Kuntao or Kuntao Silat is a Hokkien term referring to martial arts practiced by the Chinese community of Southeast Asia and have usually been influenced [2]

History

Silat spread throughout the Malay Archipelago since the seventh century AD, but its origin is still uncertain. The 7th century is the period from 601 to 700 in accordance with the Julian calendar in the Christian / Common Era. However, silat has been acknowledged as a genuine Malay art. [3] Malay people that have inhabited coastal cities of Sumatra island and Malay peninsula, from Aceh in the north to Kelantan, Kedah and Riau archipelago in the south, were the people who practiced silat. Malays (Melayu are an Ethnic group of Austronesian peoples predominantly inhabiting the Malay Peninsula, the east coast of Sumatra, the coast Sumatra (also spelled Sumatera) is the sixth largest island in the world (approximately 470000 km² and is the largest island entirely in Indonesia (two The Malay Peninsula or Thai-Malay Peninsula (Semenanjung Tanah Melayu (คาบสมุทรมลายู is a major Peninsula located in Southeast See also Sultanate of Aceh Aceh (ʔaˈtɕɛh generally anglicized as ˈɑːtʃeɪ is a special territory ( daerah istimewa) of Indonesia Kelantan is a state of Malaysia. The capital and royal seat is Kota Bharu. Kedah ( Jawi: قدح pop 1778188 is a state of Malaysia, located in the northwestern part of Peninsular Malaysia. Riau Islands ( Indonesian: Kepulauan Riau ( Kepri or Riau Kepulauan) is a province of Indonesia, consisting of Riau Archipelago Contacts with other ethnic groups in the coastal cities had also influenced silat. There is evidence that Chinese and Indian culture had influence the martial art forms. China ( Wade-Giles ( Mandarin) Chung¹kuo² is a cultural region, an ancient Civilization, and depending on perspective a National India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country [4] When Islam was spread throughout the archipelago in the fourteenth century, it was taught alongside with silat. For other meanings including people named 'Islam' see Islam (disambiguation. Besides as a combative art and cultural folk dance, silat then became a spiritual training. [5]

Silat was gradually refined into the specialized property of sultans, panglima (general) and pendekar (warriors) during the Malacca Sultanate, Majapahit and Srivijaya empires. Sultan (سلطان is an Islamic title with several historical meanings The Sultanate of Malacca was founded by Parameswara in 1402 and later married the princess of Pasai in 1409. Majapahit was an Indianized kingdom based in eastern Java from 1293 to around 1500. Srivijaya or Sriwijaya was an ancient Malay kingdom on the island of Sumatra, Southeast Asia which influenced much of the Malay Archipelago. It was the time when silat spread through Malay peninsula, Java, Bali, Sulawesi and Borneo. Java (Jawa is an Island of Indonesia and the site of its Capital city Jakarta. Bali is an Indonesian Island located at, the westernmost of the Lesser Sunda Islands, lying between Java to the west and Lombok to Sulawesi (formerly known as Celebes, ˈsɛlɛbiz is one of the four larger Sunda Islands of Indonesia and is situated between Borneo and the Borneo is the third largest island in the world and is located at the centre of Maritime Southeast Asia. Malays, in particular in Malay peninsula, considers the legendary story of Hang Tuah of the fourteenth century as the father of silat. Hang Tuah is a legendary Malay warrior/hero who lived during the reign of Sultan Mansur Shah of the Sultanate of Malacca in the 15th century [4]

Silat shares the same history in Malaysia (incl. Singapore and Brunei) and Indonesia during the colonization era as a form to liberate from foreign authorities. [4] During post colonization era, silat has been evolved into formal martial arts. National organizations were formed, such as in Malaysia: Persekutuan Silat Kebangsaan Malaysia (PESAKA), in Indonesia: Ikatan Pencak Silat Indonesia (IPSI), in Singapore: Persekutuan Silat Singapura (PERSIS), in Brunei Darussalam: Persekutuan Silat Brunei Darussalam (PERSIB), as well as tens of silat organizations in US and Europe. Silat is now officially included as part of the sport game, particularly during the Southeast Asian Games. The Southeast Asian Games (also known as the SEA Games) is a biennial Multi-sport event involving participants from the current 11 countries of Southeast

Regional usages

Pesilat in Bali.
Pesilat in Bali.

In Indonesia, pencak silat was chosen in 1948 as a unifying term for their martial arts. Pencak Silat is the official name used to indicate more than 800 martial arts schools and styles spread across more than 13000 islands in Indonesia Year 1948 ( MCMXLVIII) was a Leap year starting on Thursday (link will display the 1948 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. It was a compound of the two most commonly used terms for martial arts in Indonesia. Pencak was the term used in central and east Java, while silat was used in Sumatra. In modern usage, pencak and silat are seen as being two aspects of the same practice. Pencak is the performance aspects of the martial art, while silat is the essence of the fighting and self-defense.

In Bali, with a predominantly (94%) hindu population, silat is a unifying force in each district and almost every village. Bali is an Indonesian Island located at, the westernmost of the Lesser Sunda Islands, lying between Java to the west and Lombok to A Hindu ( Devanagari: हिन्दू is an adherent of the philosophies and scriptures of Hinduism, a set of religious, Philosophical Formal instruction takes place every morning and evening by one of two organizations: Bakti Negara and Kertha Wisesa. Bakti Negara (also Bhakti Negara is a Pencak Silat style primarily focused in self-defense practiced in almost every town and village in Bali by both men and The Grand Master of Kertha Wisesa began his journey in 1972 travelling to the mountain areas around the mother temple district teaching the art and philosophy of traditional Silat Bali

In Malaysia, silat is a term which is sometimes used as an umbrella term for all Malay martial arts. Examples of the forms of silat in Malaysia are the Silat Cakar Harimau, Silat Gayung Zahir 9, Silat Pancasila, Silat Keris Lok Sembilan, Silat Gayung Pusaka and Silat Lian Padukan. 1 in 5 Malays in Malaysia practices silat.

References

Footnotes

  1. ^ a b Kirstin Pauka (2003). "Umbuik Mudo and the Magic Flute: A Randai Dance-Drama". Asian Theater Journal 20 (2).  
  2. ^ a b Douglas Farrer (2006). "`Deathscapes' of the Malay Martial Arts"". Social Analysis 50 (1).  
  3. ^ See Chambers and Draeger (1979).
  4. ^ a b c See Shamsuddin (2005), page 7.
  5. ^ See Shamsuddin (2005), page 1.

Further reading

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