| Siegfried Kracauer | |
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 A young Siegfried Kracauer |
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| Born | February 8, 1889 Frankfurt am Main |
| Died | November 26, 1966 (aged 77) New York City, United States |
| Occupation | Journalist, Sociologist |
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Siegfried Kracauer (February 8, 1889, Frankfurt am Main–November 26, 1966, New York) was a German writer, journalist, sociologist, cultural critic, and film theorist. Events 421 - Constantius III becomes co- Emperor of the Western Roman Empire. Year 1889 ( MDCCCLXXXIX) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Events 43 BC - The Second Triumvirate alliance of Gaius Julius Caesar Octavianus ("Octavian" later "Caesar Augustus" Year 1966 ( MCMLXVI) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar of the 1966 Gregorian calendar. The City of New York The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Employment is a Contract between two parties, one being the employer and the other being the employee. A journalist (also called a newspaperman) is a person who practices Journalism, the gathering and dissemination of information about current events trends Sociology (from Latin: socius "companion" and the suffix -ology "the study of" from Greek λόγος lógos "knowledge" Theodor Ludwig Wiesengrund Adorno ( September 11, 1903 &ndash August 6, 1969) was a German -born international sociologist Kurt Tucholsky ( January 9, 1890 &ndash December 21, 1935) was a German- Jewish Journalist, satirist and writer Events 421 - Constantius III becomes co- Emperor of the Western Roman Empire. Year 1889 ( MDCCCLXXXIX) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Events 43 BC - The Second Triumvirate alliance of Gaius Julius Caesar Octavianus ("Octavian" later "Caesar Augustus" Year 1966 ( MCMLXVI) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar of the 1966 Gregorian calendar. New York ( is a state in the Mid-Atlantic and Northeastern regions of the United States and is the nation's third most populous Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. A writer is anyone who creates a written work although the word usually designates those who write creatively or professionally as well as those who have written in many different forms Journalism is the profession of writing or communicating formally employed by publications and broadcasters for the benefit of a particular Community of people Sociology (from Latin: socius "companion" and the suffix -ology "the study of" from Greek λόγος lógos "knowledge" A cultural critic is a Critic of a given Culture, usually as a whole and typically on a radical basis Film theory debates the essence of the cinema and provides conceptual frameworks for understanding film's relationship to Reality, the other Arts individual
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Biography
Born to a Jewish family in Frankfurt, Kracauer studied architecture from 1907 to 1913, eventually obtaining a doctorate in engineering in 1914 and working as an architect in Osnabrück, Munich, and Berlin until 1920. PLEASE TAKE NOTE************ Osnabrück (ɔsnaˈbʁʏk is a City in Lower Saxony, Germany, some 80 km NNE of Dortmund, 45 km NE of Münster, and some 100 km due Munich (München; Minga is the capital city of Bavaria, Germany. Berlin is the capital city and one of sixteen states of Germany.
From 1922 to 1933 he worked as the leading film and literature editor of the Frankfurter Zeitung (a leading Frankfurt newspaper) as its correspondent in Berlin, where he worked alongside Walter Benjamin and Ernst Bloch, among others. The Frankfurter Zeitung was a German language Newspaper that appeared from 1856 to 1943 Walter Bendix Schönflies Benjamin ( July 15, 1892 &ndash September 27, 1940) was a German - Jewish Marxist Ernst Simon Bloch (ɛʁnst ˈziːmɔn blɔx July 8, 1885 &ndash August 4, 1977) was a German Marxist philosopher Between 1923 and 1925, he wrote an essay entitled Der Detektiv-Roman (The Detective Novel), in which he concerned himself with phenomena from everyday life in modern society.
Kracauer continued this trend over the next few years, building up theoretical methods of analyzing circuses, photography, films, advertising, tourism, city layout, and dance, which he published in 1927 with the work Ornament der Masse (published in English as The Mass Ornament).
In 1930, Kracauer published Die Angestellten (The Salaried Masses), a critical look at the lifestyle and culture of the new class of white-collar employees. White-collar worker refers to a salaried professional or an educated Worker who performs semi-professional office administrative and sales coordination tasks as opposed to Spiritually homeless, and divorced from custom and tradition, these employees sought refuge in the new "distraction industries" of entertainment. Observers note that many of these lower-middle class employees were quick to adopt Nazism, three years later. Nazism, which was a short name for National Socialism (Nationalsozialismus refers primarily to the Ideology and practices of the National Socialist German
Kracauer became increasingly critical of capitalism (having read the works of Karl Marx) and eventually broke away from the Frankfurter Zeitung. Capitalism is the Economic system in which the Means of production are owned by private Persons and operated for Profit and where About this same time (1930), he married Lili Ehrenreich. He was also very critical of Stalinism and the "terrorist totalitarianism" of the Soviet government. Stalinism is the political regime named after Joseph Stalin, leader of the Soviet Union from 1929–1953 The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991
With the rise of the Nazis in Germany in 1933, Kracauer migrated to Paris, and then in 1941 emigrated to the United States. Paris (ˈpærɨs in English; in French) is the Capital of France and the country's largest city The United States of America —commonly referred to as the
From 1941 to 1943 he worked in the Museum of Modern Art in New York City, supported by Guggenheim and Rockefeller scholarships for his work in German film. The Museum of Modern Art (MoMA is an art museum located in Midtown Manhattan in New York City, USA, on 53rd Street between Fifth The City of New York Rockefeller is a surname and may refer to Rockefeller family John D Cinema in Germany can be traced back to the very beginnings of the medium at the end of the 19th century Eventually, he published From Caligari to Hitler: A Psychological History of the German Film (1947), which traces the birth of Nazism from the cinema of the Weimar Republic as well as helping lay the foundation of modern film criticism. From Caligari to Hitler A Psychological History of the German Film is a book by film critic and writer Siegfried Kracauer, published in 1947 The term Weimar Republic ( ˈvaɪmarɐ repuˈbliːk is used by historians to signify the democratic and Republican period of Germany from 1919 to 1933 Film review redirects here for the similar sounding Film revue please visit Revue#Film revues.
In 1960, he released Theory of Film: The Redemption of Physical Reality, which argued that realism is the most important function of cinema. Realism is a visual art style that depicts the actuality of what the eyes can see
In the last years of his life Kracauer worked as a sociologist for different institutes, amongst them in New York as a director of research for applied social sciences at Columbia University. Columbia University is a private University in the United States and a member of the Ivy League. He died there, in 1966, from the consequences of pneumonia.
His last book is the posthumously published History, the Last Things Before the Last (New York, Oxford University Press, 1969).
Ideas and influence
Kracauer analyzed and critiqued the phenomena of modern mass culture.
In gatherings in urban spaces and in the mechanical movement of line dancers, for example, he saw an emerging social mentality, but one which was lacking in purpose (The Mass Ornament). A line dance is choreographed dance with a repeated sequence of steps in which a group of people dance in one or more lines (British English "rows" without regard In such observations, Kracauer was moving toward an idea of social wholeness similar to the one espoused by György Lukács in his idea of "totality". György Lukács (pronounced in IPA dyɶrdyə ˈlukɑtʃ) ( April 13, 1885 – June 4, 1971) was a Hungarian Like Lukacs, Kracauer ultimately translated this search for totality into a belief in political Marxism.
He built up a general theories based upon dozens of smaller examples. His attention to detail lends itself to an inductive method.
Kracauer was also one of the first to treat the cinema seriously; in it he saw a mirror of social conditions and desires.
Theodor Adorno viewed Kracauer as one of the major contributors to his work. Theodor Ludwig Wiesengrund Adorno ( September 11, 1903 &ndash August 6, 1969) was a German -born international sociologist Kurt Tucholsky admired Kracauer's scientific approach to writing. Kurt Tucholsky ( January 9, 1890 &ndash December 21, 1935) was a German- Jewish Journalist, satirist and writer
References
- ^ Kracauer, Siegfried, Theory of Film: The Redemption of Physical Reality, New York Oxford University Press, 1960, p. 221.
Bibliography
Primary literature
- Kracauer, Siegfried (1947). From Caligari to Hitler: A Psychological History of the German Film. From Caligari to Hitler A Psychological History of the German Film is a book by film critic and writer Siegfried Kracauer, published in 1947
- Kracauer, Siegfried (1960). Theory of Film: The Redemption of Physical Reality.
- Kracauer, Siegfried; Paul Oskar Kristeller (1969). History: The Last Things Before the Last.
- Kracauer, Siegfried (1971). Der Detektiv-Roman - Ein philosophischer Traktat.
- Kracauer, Siegfried; Thomas Y. Levin (1995). The Mass Ornament: Weimar Essays.
- Kracauer, Siegfried; Quintin Hoare (1998). The Salaried Masses: Duty and Distraction in Weimar Germany.
- Kracauer, Siegfried; Gwenda David & Eric Moshbacher (2002). Jacques Offenbach and the Paris of His Time.
Secondary literature
- Frisby, David (1988). Fragments of Modernity: Theories of Modernity in the Work of Simmel, Kracauer, and Benjamin. The MIT Press. The MIT Press is a University press affiliated with the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT in Cambridge Massachusetts ( USA) ISBN 0-262-56046-1.
- Koch, Gertrud (2000). Siegfried Kracauer: an introduction. Princeton University Press. The Princeton University Press is an independent publisher with close connections to Princeton University.
- Reeh, Henrik (2005). Ornaments of the Metropolis: Siegfried Kracauer and Modern Urban Culture. The MIT Press. The MIT Press is a University press affiliated with the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT in Cambridge Massachusetts ( USA) ISBN 0-262-18237-8.
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