Siege of Sarajevo
Part of the Bosnian War
Bosnian parliament building burns after being hit by Serbian tank fire. The War in Bosnia and Herzegovina, commonly known as the Bosnian War, was an international armed conflict that took place between March 1992 and November 1995 TalkParliament#Screen-size. -->A  parliament is a Legislature, especially in those Photo by Mikhail Evstafiev
Date April 5, 1992[1] - February 29, 1996[2] Location Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina Result Siege lifted due to the Dayton Agreement
Belligerents
Army of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina (1992-95) NATO (1995)	Yugoslav People's Army (1992) Army of Republika Srpska (1992-95)
Commanders
Mustafa Hajrulahović Talijan Vahid Karavelić Nedžad Ajnadžić	Milutin Kukanjac JNA (Mar - Jul 1992) Tomislav Šipčić (Jul-Sep 1992) Stanislav Galić (Sep 1992-Aug 1994) Dragomir Milošević (Aug 1994- Feb 1996)
Strength
40,000 (1992)	30,000 (1992)

The Siege of Sarajevo was the longest siege in the history of modern warfare, conducted by the Serb forces of self-proclaimed Republika Srpska and Yugoslav People's Army (later transformed to the Army of Serbia and Montenegro), lasting from April 5, 1992 to February 29, 1996. Mikhail Aleksandrovich Evstafiev ( Russian: Михаил Александрович Евстафьев born in 1963 is a Russian Artist, Photographer Events 456 - St Patrick returns to Ireland as a missionary bishop Year 1992 ( MCMXCII) was a Leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display full 1992 Gregorian calendar) Leap years Although the modern calendar counts a year as 365 days a complete revolution around the sun takes approximately 365 days and 6 hours Year 1996 ( MCMXCVI) was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display full 1996 Gregorian calendar) TemplateInfobox City for more fields--> Sarajevo is the Capital city and largest urban center of Bosnia and Herzegovina, with Bosnia and Herzegovina ( Latin script: Bosna i Hercegovina, Cyrillic script: Босна и Херцеговина is a country on the Balkan The General Framework Agreement for Peace in Bosnia and Herzegovina, also known as the Dayton Agreement, Dayton Accords, Paris Protocol The Army of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina ( ARBiH; Armija Republike Bosne i Hercegovine) was a military force of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina The North Atlantic Treaty The Yugoslav People's Army (JNA YPA ( Serbo-Croatian, Croatian, Serbian, Macedonian: Jugoslavenska Narodna Armija or Jugoslovenska The Army of the Republika Srpska (Војска Републике Српске (ВРС Serbian, Bosnian, Croatian Vojska Republike Srpske Mustafa Hajrulahović Talijan (22 January 1957 Banja Luka, Bosnia - 8 March 1998 Hamburg, Germany) was a general Stanislav Galić (Станислав Галић (Born March 12, 1943) was a Serb military officer who commanded the Sarajevo-Romanija Corps Dragomir Milošević (Born February 4, 1942, Ub, present-day Serbia) was the commander of the Sarajevo-Romanija Corps (SRK of the TemplateInfobox City for more fields--> Sarajevo is the Capital city and largest urban center of Bosnia and Herzegovina, with Republika Srpska ( Serbian: Република Српска Republika Srpska ( often abbreviated PC or RS) also Српска Srpska The Yugoslav People's Army (JNA YPA ( Serbo-Croatian, Croatian, Serbian, Macedonian: Jugoslavenska Narodna Armija or Jugoslovenska The Military of Serbia and Montenegro, or VSCG was the Armed Forces of Serbia and Montenegro (Војска Србије и Црне Горе - ВСЦГ which included Events 456 - St Patrick returns to Ireland as a missionary bishop Year 1992 ( MCMXCII) was a Leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display full 1992 Gregorian calendar) Leap years Although the modern calendar counts a year as 365 days a complete revolution around the sun takes approximately 365 days and 6 hours Year 1996 ( MCMXCVI) was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display full 1996 Gregorian calendar)

It was fought during the Bosnian War between poorly equipped defending forces of the Bosnian government, who had declared independence from Yugoslavia, and the Yugoslav People's Army (JNA) and Bosnian Serb forces (Army of Republika Srpska) (VRS) located in the hills around Sarajevo, who sought to destroy the newly-independent state of Bosnia and Herzegovina and create the Serbian state of Republika Srpska (RS). The War in Bosnia and Herzegovina, commonly known as the Bosnian War, was an international armed conflict that took place between March 1992 and November 1995 Bosnia and Herzegovina ( Latin script: Bosna i Hercegovina, Cyrillic script: Босна и Херцеговина is a country on the Balkan For the government of parliamentary systems see Executive (government. This article is about declarations of independence in general The Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia ( Serbo-Croatian, Bosnian, Croatian, Serbian, Slovene, Macedonian: The Yugoslav People's Army (JNA YPA ( Serbo-Croatian, Croatian, Serbian, Macedonian: Jugoslavenska Narodna Armija or Jugoslovenska Serbs are one of the three constitutive nations of Bosnia-Herzegovina, predominantly concentrated in the Republic of Srpska The Army of the Republika Srpska (Војска Републике Српске (ВРС Serbian, Bosnian, Croatian Vojska Republike Srpske Bosnia and Herzegovina ( Latin script: Bosna i Hercegovina, Cyrillic script: Босна и Херцеговина is a country on the Balkan Republika Srpska ( Serbian: Република Српска Republika Srpska ( often abbreviated PC or RS) also Српска Srpska

It is estimated that of the more than 12,000 people who were killed and the 50,000 who were wounded during the siege, 85% of the casualties were civilians. A civilian under International humanitarian law is a person who is not a member of his or her Country 's Armed forces. Because of killing and forced migration, by 1995 the population decreased to 334,663 - 64% of the prewar population. ^[3]

In January 2003, the ICTY Trial Chamber convicted the first commander of the Sarajevo-Romanija Corps, Stanislav Galić, of the shelling and sniper terror campaign against Sarajevo, including the first Markale massacre. Year 2003 ( MMIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. The International Tribunal for the Prosecution of Persons Responsible for Serious Violations of International Humanitarian Law Committed in the Territory of the Former Yugoslavia since 1991 Stanislav Galić (Станислав Галић (Born March 12, 1943) was a Serb military officer who commanded the Sarajevo-Romanija Corps The Markale massacres were two massacres committed by the Army of Republika Srpska on Civilians during the Siege of Sarajevo in the Bosnian ^[4] General Galić was sentenced to life imprisonment for the crimes against humanity during the siege. In Public international law, a crime against humanity is an act of Persecution or any large scale atrocities against a body of people and is the highest level of ^[5] In 2007, a Serb general, Dragomir Milošević, who replaced Stanislav Galić on the commander position of the Sarajevo-Romanija Corps, was found guilty of the shelling and sniper terror campaign against Sarajevo and its citizens from August 1994 to late 1995 including the second Markale massacre. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Dragomir Milošević (Born February 4, 1942, Ub, present-day Serbia) was the commander of the Sarajevo-Romanija Corps (SRK of the The Markale massacres were two massacres committed by the Army of Republika Srpska on Civilians during the Siege of Sarajevo in the Bosnian Milošević was sentenced to 33 years in prison. The Trial Chamber concluded that the Markale town market was hit on August 28, 1995 by a 120mm mortar shell fired from the Sarajevo-Romanija Corps positions. ^[6]

Warfare

Build-up

From its creation following World War II, the government of Yugoslavia kept a close watch on nationalism among the Yugoslav peoples, as it could have led to chaos and the breakup of the state. World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including The Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia ( Serbo-Croatian, Bosnian, Croatian, Serbian, Slovene, Macedonian: The term nationalism can refer to an Ideology, a sentiment, a form of Culture, or a Social movement that focuses on the Nation With the death of Yugoslavia's longtime leader, Marshal Tito, in 1980, this policy of containment took a dramatic reversal. Marshal (also sometimes spelled marshall in American English, but not in British English) is a word used in several official titles of various branches Year 1980 ( MCMLXXX) was a Leap year starting on Tuesday (link displays the 1980 Gregorian calendar)

Start of the war

Serb soldiers in Sarajevo with a boy who is wearing a Serbian uniform as is shown by the coat of arms on his left pocket. Photo by Mikhail Evstafiev

The first casualty of war is a point of contention between Serbs and Bosniaks. Mikhail Aleksandrovich Evstafiev ( Russian: Михаил Александрович Евстафьев born in 1963 is a Russian Artist, Photographer Serbs contend that the first casualty was Serb Nikola Gardović, a groom's father killed at a Serb wedding procession on the first day of the referendum, March 1, 1992. Serbs ( Serbian: Срби Srbi) are a South Slavic people living in the Balkans and Central Europe, mainly in Serbia, Events 86 BC - Lucius Cornelius Sulla, at the head of a Roman Republic army enters in Athens, removing the Tyrant Year 1992 ( MCMXCII) was a Leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display full 1992 Gregorian calendar) Bosniaks contend that this was one of a number of politically oriented killings in the first quarter of that year.

On April 5, the day of the declaration of independence, massive anti-war marches took place in the city, with the largest group of protesters moving towards the parliament building. Events 456 - St Patrick returns to Ireland as a missionary bishop This article is about declarations of independence in general The term anti-war usually refers to the opposition to a particular nation's decision to start or carry on an armed conflict unconditional of a maybe-existing just cause. TalkParliament#Screen-size. -->A  parliament is a Legislature, especially in those At that point, Serb gunmen fired upon the crowd from the Serbian Democratic Party headquarters, killing two people. The Serbian Democratic Party ( Serbian: Српска демократска Странка Srpska Demokratska Stranka, СДС SDS) is a Republika These people, Suada Dilberović and Olga Sučić, are considered by Bosniaks to be the first casualties of the war in Bosnia and the siege of Sarajevo; today, the bridge where they were killed is named in their honor. Suada Dilberović ( May 24, 1968 - April 5, 1992) was a Bosnian medical student at the University of Sarajevo who became On the same day, Serb paramilitaries attacked the Sarajevo police academy, commandering strategic positions in Vraca, high above the city. A paramilitary is a force whose function and organization are similar to those of a professional military force but which are not regarded as having the same status A police academy is a Training School for new Police Recruits also known as a law enforcement academy

Early fighting for the city

A map of the initial JNA offensive

In the months leading up to the war, the JNA forces in the region began to mobilize in the hills surrounding the city. This article describes military mobilization For other meanings see Mobilization (disambiguation. Artillery and various other equipment that would prove key in the future besieging of the city was implemented at this time. Artillery (from French artillerie) is a military Combat Arm which employs any apparātus machine In April of 1992, the Bosnian government demanded that the government of Yugoslavia remove these forces. Milošević's government agreed to withdraw those forces who were not of Bosnian nationality, an insignificant number. Those Bosnian Serb forces in the army were transferred to the VRS, which had declared independence from Bosnia a few days after Bosnia itself seceded from Yugoslavia.

On May 2, 1992, a complete blockade of the city was officially established by the Bosnian Serb forces. Events 1194 - King Richard I of England gives Portsmouth its first Royal Charter. Year 1992 ( MCMXCII) was a Leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display full 1992 Gregorian calendar) A blockade is any effort to prevent supplies Troops information or aid from reaching an opposing force Major roads leading into the city were blocked, as were shipments of food and medicine. Utilities such as water, electricity, and heating were cut off. The number of Serbian forces around Sarajevo, although better armed, was inferior in number to the Bosnian defenders within the city. Hence, after the failure of initial attempts to take over the city by the attacks of JNA's armored columns, the besieging forces continuously bombarded and weakened the city from the mountains, fortified into at least two hundred reinforced positions and bunkers. A bombardment is an attack by Artillery fire directed against Fortifications, troops or towns and buildings A military bunker is a hardened shelter often buried partly or fully underground designed to protect the inhabitants from falling bombs or other attacks

The siege of Sarajevo

Norwegian UN soldier at the Sarajevo airport. Photo by Mikhail Evstafiev

The second half of 1992 and first half of 1993 were the height of the siege of Sarajevo. Various atrocities were committed during heavy fighting. Serbian forces from outside the city continuously shelled the government defenders. Most of the major military positions and arms supplies within the city were in Serbian control. A military is an Organization authorized by its Nation to use force usually including use of Weapons in defending its Country (or by attacking Snipers roamed the city all over as Pazite, Snajper! ("Beware, Sniper!") became a common sign. READ DISCUSSION PAGE BEFORE MAKING ANY EDITS TO CAPTION BELOW http//en Some streets were so dangerous to cross or use that they became known as "sniper alleys". "Sniper Alley" is the informal name for the main boulevard in Sarajevo which during the Bosnian War was lined with Snipers posts and became infamous Some neighborhoods of the city were taken over by the Serbs, especially in Novo Sarajevo, as Serbian offensives into parts of the city were met with success. Novo Sarajevo ( Cyrillic: Ново Сарајево; English translation New Sarajevo) is a Municipality in Sarajevo, and To counterbalance the siege, the Sarajevo Airport was opened to United Nations (UN) airlifts in late June of 1992; Sarajevo's survival became strongly dependent on them. Sarajevo International Airport, also known as Butmir Airport, is the main International airport in Bosnia and Herzegovina, located just a few kilometers The United Nations ( UN) is an International organization whose stated aims are to facilitate cooperation in International law, International security

The Bosnian government forces had greatly inferior weaponry to the besiegers. Some Bosnian black market criminals who had joined the army at the outset of the war illegally smuggled arms into the city through Serb lines, and the raids on Serb-held positions within the city too helped the cause. Smuggling, also known as trafficking, is the clandestine transportation of goods or persons past a point where prohibited such as out of a building into a Prison A raid can refer to either a military tactic, or a larger Grand Tactical or Operational warfare mission which require the execution of a plan where The Sarajevo Tunnel, completed in mid-1993, allowed supplies to come into the city, and people to get out. During the Siege of Sarajevo during Bosnian War between 1992 and 1995, the Sarajevo Tunnel was constructed by the besieged citizens of Sarajevo The tunnel was one of the major ways of bypassing the international arms embargo (which was applied to Bosnian Army by some major world countries, such as Russia, with excuse that more weapons automatically means more deaths) and providing the city defenders with weaponry, and it was said the tunnel saved Sarajevo. An arms embargo is an Embargo that applies to weaponry It may also include "dual use" items However, by April 1995 there were only 20 artillery pieces and five tanks in the defence of the city. A tank is a tracked, Armoured fighting vehicle designed for Front-line combat which combines Operational mobility and tactical The strength of the First Corps lay in its considerable supplies of rocket-propelled grenades, anti-aircraft missiles, and anti-tank missiles, but they could not really be used in the offensive actions needed to break out of Sarajevo. RPG or rocket-propelled grenade, is a loose term describing hand-held shoulder-launched Anti-tank weapons capable of firing an unguided A surface to air missile ( SAM) or ground-to-air missile ( GTAM) is a Missile designed to be launched from the ground to destroy Aircraft An anti-tank guided missile ( ATGM) or anti-tank guided weapon ( ATGW) is a guided Missile primarily designed to hit and destroy ^[7]

Vedran Smailović playing in the partially destroyed National Library in Sarajevo in 1992. Vedran Smailović (born November 11 1956) known as the "Cellist of Sarajevo" is a Musician from Bosnia and Herzegovina. Photo by Mikhail Evstafiev

Reports indicate an average of approximately 329 shell impacts per day during the course of the siege, with a high of 3,777 shell impacts on July 22, 1993. Events 1099 - First Crusade: Godfrey of Bouillon is elected the first Defender of the Holy Sepulchre of The Kingdom of Year 1993 ( MCMXCIII) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full 1993 Gregorian calendar) The shellfire caused extensive damage to the city's structures, including civilian and cultural property. By September 1993, reports concluded that virtually all buildings in Sarajevo had suffered some degree of damage, and 35,000 were completely destroyed. Year 1993 ( MCMXCIII) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full 1993 Gregorian calendar) Among these buildings targeted and destroyed were hospitals and medical complexes, media and communication centers, industrial targets, government buildings, and military and UN facilities. Some of the more significant of these were the building of the presidency of Bosnia and Herzegovina, and the National Library, which burned to the ground along with thousands of irreplaceable texts. The Presidency of Bosnia and Herzegovina ( Predsjedništvo Bosne i Hercegovine/Предсједништво Босне и Херцеговине) is the Head of state A national library is a Library specifically established by the Government of a country to serve as the preeminent repository of information for that country

Funeral of a civilian killed in Sarajevo. Photo by Mikhail Evstafiev

The shelling of the city took a tremendous toll on lives. Mass killings due primarily to mortar shell impacts made headline news in the West. This article deals with mass killings that are not considered Genocide. A mortar is a muzzle-loading Indirect fire weapon that fires shells at low velocities short ranges and high-arcing ballistic trajectories On June 1, 1993, 15 people were killed and 80 injured during a football game. Events 193 - Roman Emperor Didius Julianus is Assassinated 987 - Hugh Capet is elected Year 1993 ( MCMXCIII) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full 1993 Gregorian calendar) Association football, more commonly known as football or soccer, is a Team sport played between two teams of eleven players and is widely considered On July 12 of the same year, 12 people were killed while in line for water. Events 1191 - Saladin 's garrison surrenders ending the two-year Siege of Acre. The biggest of these however was the first Markale marketplace massacre on February 5, 1994, in which 68 civilians were killed and 200 were wounded. The Markale massacres were two massacres committed by the Army of Republika Srpska on Civilians during the Siege of Sarajevo in the Bosnian Events 1576 - Henry of Navarre converts to Roman Catholicism in order to ensure his right to the throne of France. Year 1994 ( MCMXCIV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display full 1994 Gregorian calendar)

In response to the Markale massacre, the UN issued an ultimatum to Serb forces to withdraw heavy weaponry beyond a certain point in a given amount of time or face air strikes. An ultimatum (the last one is a Demand whose fulfillment is requested in a specified period of time and which is backed up by a threat to be followed through in case An airstrike is a Military strike by Air forces on either a suspected or a confirmed enemy ground position Near the end of the given time, Serb forces complied. City shelling drastically decreased at that point, which could perhaps be seen as the beginning of the end of the siege.

Ethnic cleansing

Burned apartment buildings in downtown Grbavica, a Serb-inhabited suburb of Sarajevo, before being turned in to the government in 1996

The Serb forces carried out a vicious campaign of ethnic cleansing in the parts of the city occupied by them during the siege. Grbavica is a quarter of the city of Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina. Ethnic cleansing is a Euphemism referring to the persecution through imprisonment expulsion or killing of members of an ethnic minority by a majority to achieve ethnic homogeneity Non-nationalist Serbs were also targets of violence. In The Bridge Betrayed: Religion and Genocide in Bosnia, Michael A. Sells wrote:

Serbs who refused to participate in the persecution of Muslims were killed. In a Serb-army occupied area of Sarajevo, Serb militants killed a Serb officer who objected to atrocities against civilians; they left his body on the street for over a week as an object lesson. During one of the 'selections' carried out by Serb militants in Sarajevo, an old Serb named Ljubo objected to being separated out from his Muslim friends and neighbors; they beat him to death on the spot.

After several years in the 1990s characterised by denial of the widely held view of the Serb role in the Yugoslav wars, a trend has developed in the 2000s where Serb nationalists have attempted to draw Bosniak and Croat parallels to such infamous examples of atrocities as Srebrenica. The 1990s collectively refers to the years between and including 1990 and 1999 The Yugoslav Wars were a series of violent conflicts in the territory of the former Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (SFRY that took place between 1991 and The Srebrenica Massacre, also known as Srebrenica Genocide, was the July 1995 killing of an estimated 8000 Bosniak men and boys in the region of Srebrenica Regarding Sarajevo, the typical claim is that between 1992 and 1995, 150,000 Serbs were ethnically cleansed from Sarajevo, with several thousand killed. The allegations were brought to the media forefront in early 2005 when the Prime Minister of RS, Pero Bukejlović, claimed that genocide was committed against Serbs during the siege of Sarajevo that exceeded that of the Srebrenica massacre. This article is about the government position For other uses see Prime Minister (disambiguation. Pero Bukejlović (Перо Букејловић (born August 9, 1946 in Bušletic) was Prime Minister of Republika Srpska ( January 10 Genocide is the deliberate and systematic destruction in whole or in part of an ethnic racial religious or national group The Srebrenica Massacre, also known as Srebrenica Genocide, was the July 1995 killing of an estimated 8000 Bosniak men and boys in the region of Srebrenica

Today, Sarajevo citizens of all nationalities generally take accusations of ethnic cleansing by the government forces in Sarajevo during the war as a highly offensive insult. In response to premier Bukejlović's statement, many have demanded a public apology to all Sarajevo citizens. The president of the Serb Citizens Council, Dr. President is a Title leaders of Organizations companies, Trade unions universities, and countries. Mirko Pejanović (a wartime member of the Bosnia-Herzegovina Presidency, and the 2007-2011 Dean of the Faculty of Political Sciences at the University of Sarajevo), stated:

Nobody, not even Bukejlović, can change or cover up the truth for the sake of current political needs. In Sarajevo, during the four year siege carried out by Karadžić's military forces and the SDS, there were deaths of Sarayevians of all ethnicities. The people were both suffering and dying from hunger, cold, they were being killed by mortar shells. . . among the 12,000 killed Sarayevians recorded in the war, at least one fourth were members of the Serb nation or had Serb ethnic ancestry. Thus, we can not talk of an extermination or genocide of Serbs, but of a responsibility of the SDS and Karadžić's military forces for the overall extermination of Sarajevo and Sarayevians, and within that of the Serb people.

During the war, Serb forces systematically raped and sexually abused Muslim Bosnian women in rape camps after being separated from men. There are claims the rapes occurred with the knowledge and approval of Serbian officials. In 2001, the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY) officially indicted Dragoljub Kunarac, Radomir Kovac, and Zoran Vukovic for the crimes of rape.

NATO intervention

See also: 1995 NATO bombing in Bosnia and Herzegovina

Russian soldier and politician Dmitry Rogozin discussing the role of Russian volunteers with Bosnian Serb Army leader Ratko Mladić in besieged Sarajevo, January 1996

In 1995, after the second Markale massacre, in which 37 people were killed and 90 were wounded, the international forces firmly turned against the besiegers. The 1995 NATO bombing in Bosnia and Herzegovina (code-named by NATO Operation Deliberate Force) was a sustained air campaign conducted by the Russia (Россия Rossiya) or the Russian Federation ( Rossiyskaya Federatsiya) is a transcontinental Country extending Dmitry Olegovich Rogozin or Dmitri Rogozin (Дмитрий Олегович Рогозин (born 21 December 1963 in Moscow) is a Russian politician The Army of the Republika Srpska (Војска Републике Српске (ВРС Serbian, Bosnian, Croatian Vojska Republike Srpske Ratko Mladić (Ратко Младић râtkɔ mlǎːditɕ born March 12, 1942, was the Chief of Staff of the Army of Republika Srpska (the Bosnian Year 1995 ( MCMXCV) was a Common year starting on Sunday. Events of 1995 When the Serb forces raided a UN-monitored weapons collection site, NATO jets attacked Bosnian Serb ammunition depots and other strategic military targets. The North Atlantic Treaty An ammunition dump, ammunition compound, ammunition depot, bomb dump or ammo dump, is a Military storage facility for live Ammunition On the ground fighting escalated, this time with the joint Bosnian and Croatian forces on the offensive, and the Serbs slowly lost more and more ground both in Sarajevo area and elsewhere. Croatia (Hrvatska ˈxȓvatska officially the Republic of Croatia ( Republika Hrvatska) is a southern Central European country at the crossroads between Heating, electricity, and water would eventually come back to the city as well.

A cease fire was reached in October 1995, and the Dayton Agreement was reached later that year bringing peace to the country. A ceasefire (or truce) is a temporary stoppage of a War or any Armed conflict, where each side of the conflict agrees The General Framework Agreement for Peace in Bosnia and Herzegovina, also known as the Dayton Agreement, Dayton Accords, Paris Protocol A period of stabilization and return to normalcy followed, with the Bosnian government not officially declaring the siege of Sarajevo over until February 29, 1996, when Serbian forces left positions in and around Sarajevo. Over 200,000 Serbian civilians and Sarajevo's citizens left Serbian suburbs.

Aftermath

Scars called Sarajevo Rose remain across the city, serving as poignant reminders of the destruction

Sarajevo was heavily damaged during those four years. A Sarajevo Rose is a concrete scar caused by a mortar shell's explosion that was later filled with red resin The manuscript collection of the Oriental Institute in Sarajevo, one of the richest collections of Oriental manuscripts in the world, was deliberately destroyed by Serb nationalist forces. The Oriental Institute in Sarajevo, its premises research library and complete manuscript collection (more that 2 The siege of Sarajevo was undoubtedly the worst and most catastrophic period in the city's history since World War I. World War I (abbreviated WWI; also known as the First World War, the Great War, and the War to End All After the glory of the 1984 Winter Olympics, the city had been experiencing tremendous growth and development, which was entirely reversed by the siege. The 1984 Winter Olympics, officially known as the XIV Olympic Winter Games, were a Winter Multi-sport event which was celebrated in Sarajevo

The city had been a model for inter-ethnic relations, but the siege of Sarajevo inspired dramatic population shifts. Aside from the thousands of refugees who left the city, an immense number of Sarajevo Serbs left for the Republika Srpska as well. The percentage of Serbs in Sarajevo decreased from more than 30% in 1991 to slightly over 10% in 2002. Regions of Novo Sarajevo that are now part of the Republika Srpska have formed East Sarajevo (Istocno Sarajevo), where much of the pre-war Serbian population lives today. Novo Sarajevo ( Cyrillic: Ново Сарајево; English translation New Sarajevo) is a Municipality in Sarajevo, and Istočno Sarajevo ( Serbian Cyrillic: Источно Сарајево English: East Sarajevo) is the capital of the Republika Srpska entity of Some Serbs that remained in Sarajevo were treated harshly by refugees returning to their homes, significantly so in Ilidža.

Since the gloomy and desolate years of the early 1990s, Sarajevo has made a substantial recovery. The 1990s collectively refers to the years between and including 1990 and 1999 By 2004, most of the damage done to buildings during the siege had been fixed. New construction projects have made Sarajevo perhaps the fastest growing city in former Yugoslavia. Sarajevo's metro-area population in 2002 was around 401,000, which was 20,000 less than the population of the city itself in 1991. Year 1991 ( MCMXCI) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar.

Siege of Sarajevo in documentaries and art

The former building of Sarajevo newspaper Oslobođenje. Oslobođenje ( Liberation) is a popular Sarajevo Newspaper in Bosnia and Herzegovina. For years after the siege it remained as a memorial

• Sarajevo, Exodus of a City, a book by Dzevad Karahasan
• Sarajevo Blues, a book of poetry by Semezdin Mehmedinović
• Sarajevo Roses, a book by South African UN Peacekeeper Anne-Marie Du Preez Bedroz
• Sarajevo Tango, a comic-art by Hermann Huppen
• Caído en Sarajevo (Fallen at Sarajevo), a song by Chilean rock band Arka [1]
• Christmas Eve/Sarajevo 12/24, a song by Savatage and the Trans-Siberian Orchestra
• Đavo u Sarajevu (Devil in Sarajevo), a book by Nenad Veličković
• Dead Winter Dead, a rock-opera by Savatage, 1995
• Diários da Bósnia (Bosnian Diaries), a film by Joaquim Sapinho
• Fax From Sarajevo, a comic-art by Joe Kubert [2]
• Fools Rush In: A True Story of Love, War, and Redemption, by Bill Carter [3]
• Miss Sarajevo, a song by U2 and Brian Eno under the pseudonym "Passengers"
• Mladí muži poznávají svět (Young Men Discovering The World), a movie by Radim Špaček [4]
• My Childhood Under Fire: A Sarajevo Diary by Nadja Halilbegovich
• Natasha's Story, a book by Michael Nicholson
• Pretty Birds, by Scott Simon, 2005 ISBN: 1-4000-6310-8
• Regarding The Pain Of Others, by Susan Sontag
• Remember Sarajevo, a book by Roger Richards [5]
• Romeo and Juliet in Sarajevo, a PBS Frontline documentary
• Savršeni krug (The Perfect Circle), a film by Ademir Kenović
• Shot Through the Heart, a TV film by David Attwood
• The Fixer, a graphic novel by Joe Sacco
• The Question of Bruno, stories by Aleksandar Hemon
• Welcome To Sarajevo, a war movie by Michael Winterbottom
• Witness from Sarajevo, by Boris Jug [6]
• Zlata's Diary, a book by Zlata Filipovic
• Le Sommeil du monstre, a comic book by Enki Bilal. Sarajevo Blues is a book of poetry first published in 1992 during the Siege of Sarajevo by Semezdin Mehmedinović. Semezdin Mehmedinović is Bosnian writer born in Kiseljak located near Tuzla, Bosnia-Herzegovina, in 1960 Sarajevo Tango is an anti-war Comic book / Graphic novel by Hermann initially released in 1995 (ISBN 2-8001-2269-2 Hermann Huppen (born July 17, 1938) is a Belgian Comic book artist. Christmas Eve/Sarajevo 12/24 is an Instrumental medley of " Carol of the Bells " and " God Rest Ye Merry Gentlemen " Savatage was a progressive Heavy metal band founded by the brothers Jon and Criss Oliva in 1978 at Astro Skate in Tarpon Springs Florida Trans-Siberian Orchestra (often abbreviated as TSO) is a rock Orchestra founded by Paul O'Neill, Robert Kinkel, and Jon Dead Winter Dead is a Concept album by Savatage, released in 1995 dealing with a Serb boy and a Muslim girl who fall in love Savatage was a progressive Heavy metal band founded by the brothers Jon and Criss Oliva in 1978 at Astro Skate in Tarpon Springs Florida Fax from Sarajevo is a Graphic novel by veteran American Comic book artist Joe Kubert. Joe Kubert (born September 18, 1926) is a Jewish - American Comic book Artist who went on to found the Joe Kubert School " Miss Sarajevo " is the only single from the 1995 album Original Soundtracks 1 by U2 and Brian Eno, under the Pseudonym Passengers Brian Peter George St John le Baptiste de la Salle Eno (born 15 May 1948 commonly known as Brian Eno (ˈiːnoʊ is an English Musician, producer Natasha's Story is a 1994 book by War correspondent Michael Nicholson and is based on his work for the British news broadcaster ITN Michael Nicholson OBE (born 9 January, 1937) is an English Journalist and former ITN Senior Foreign Correspondent Susan Sontag ( January 16, 1933 – December 28, 2004) was an American Literary theorist, Philosopher, Romeo and Juliet in Sarajevo was an international documentary about the deaths of Admira Ismić (born 1968 and Boško Brkić (born 1968 ( Serbian The Public Broadcasting Service ( PBS) is a Non-profit Public broadcasting Television service with 354 member TV stations in the Frontline is a public affairs television program of varying length produced at WGBH in Boston Massachusetts, and distributed through the Shot Through the Heart is a 1998 TV film directed by David Attwood, shown on the BBC and HBO in 1998 which covers the Siege of Sarajevo A Joe Sacco (born October 2, 1960) is a Maltese -American Comics artist and Journalist. Welcome to Sarajevo is a British War film from 1997. It is directed by Michael Winterbottom. Michael Winterbottom (b March 29 1961 in Blackburn, Lancashire) is a prolific British Filmmaker who has directed fifteen Zlata's Diary (ISBN 0-14-024205-8 is a book by Zlata Filipović, a young girl living in Sarajevo while it was under siege in 1992 Le Sommeil du monstre written and drawn by Enki Bilal, is a Franco-Belgian Comic book  in the Sci-fi genre and the first of A comic book (often shortened to simply comic and sometimes called a comic paper or comic magazine) is a Magazine or Book of narrative Enki Bilal (born Enes Bilalović on October 7, 1951) is a French Comic book creator, Comics artist and Film director

Notes

This article is part of the series on the: History of Bosnia and Herzegovina

Chronology

Until 958 958–1463 1463–1878 1878–1918 1918–1941 1941–1945 1945–1992 1992–1995 1995–present

Topics

Culture Rulers Presidents Demographics Ethnic Bosnians Economy Military Islam Orthodox Christianity Catholicism Jews Roma

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External links

• SENSE Tribunal: DRAGOMIR MILOSEVIC SENTENCED TO 33 YEARS
• The Guardian: General who led Sarajevo siege jailed for war crimes
• Radio Free Europe: The verdicts for the Siege of Sarajevo (Bosnian)
• Final report of the United Nations Commission of Experts on the Siege of Sarajevo
• An incomplete list of persons killed during the siege.
• Survival Map of Sarajevo
• Photos of Siege of Sarajevo
• Radovan Karadzicc $5 million Reward - The U. S. Government is offering $5 million reward for information leading to the arrest of Radovan Karadzic
• Ratko Mladic $5 million Reward - The U. S. Government is offering $5 million reward for information leading to the arrest of Ratko Mladic
• Bosnia's rape babies: abandoned by their families, forgotten by the state
• Systematic Rape in Bosnia: a Tool of Genocide- Evidence Serb leaders in Bosnia OKd attacks
• Mass Rape in Bosnia: 20,000 Women, Mostlyl Muslims, Have Been Abused By Serb Soldiers
• Rape: weapon of war
• Bosnia: Landmark Verdicts for Rape, Torture, and Sexual Enslavement
• Factbook on Global Sexual Exploitation Bosnia and Herzegovina

Coordinates: 43°50′51″N 18°21′23″E / 43.8476, 18.3564 (Sarajevo)