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Siege of Lisbon
Part of the Reconquista
and the Second Crusade

The Siege of Lisbon by D. The Reconquista (a Spanish and Portuguese word for "Reconquest" Arabic: الاسترداد, "Recapturing" was a period The Second Crusade (1147&ndash1149 was the second major Crusade launched from Europe, called in 1145 in response to the fall of the County of Edessa the Afonso Henriques by Joaquim Rodrigues Braga (1840): a Romantic view
Date July 1 – October 24, 1147
Location Lisbon, Portugal
Result Decisive Portuguese victory
Belligerents
Portugal
Crusaders		 Moors
Commanders
Afonso I of Portugal
Henry Glanville, Arnold III of Aerschot, Christian of Ghistelles, Simon of Dover, Andrew of London, Saher of Archelle		 Unknown
Strength
13000 (6000 English, 5000 Germans, 2. "July 1st" redirects here For the Ayumi Hamasaki song see H (song. Events 69 - Second Battle of Bedriacum, forces under Antonius Primus the commander of the Danube armies loyal to Vespasian, defeat Lisbon (Lisboa liʒˈboɐ is the Capital and largest city of Portugal. The history of Portugal, in most of the 12th and 13th centuries is chiefly that of its origin as a separate state in the process of the Christian The Crusades were a series of military campaigns of a religious character waged by much of Christian Europe against external and internal opponents The description Moors has referred to several historic and modern populations of Muslim (and earlier non-Muslim people of Berber and Arab descent Afonso I ( English Alphonzo or Alphonse) more commonly known as Afonso Henriques (ɐˈfõsu ẽˈʁikɨʃ or also Affonso (Archaic Andrew of London was a medieval Bishop of Winchester elect He was elected bishop in a disputed election held on February 3 1261, when Andrew won 000 Flemish) ~ 7000

The Siege of Lisbon, from July 1 to October 25 of 1147, was the military action that brought the city of Lisbon under definitive Portuguese control and expelled its Moorish overlords. "July 1st" redirects here For the Ayumi Hamasaki song see H (song. Events 1147 - The Portuguese, under Afonso I, and Crusaders from England and Flanders conquer Lisbon after a Lisbon (Lisboa liʒˈboɐ is the Capital and largest city of Portugal. Portugal, officially the Portuguese Republic (República Portuguesa is a country on the Iberian Peninsula. The description Moors has referred to several historic and modern populations of Muslim (and earlier non-Muslim people of Berber and Arab descent The Siege of Lisbon was one of the only Christian victories of the Second Crusade and is seen as a pivotal battle of the wider Reconquista. The Second Crusade (1147&ndash1149 was the second major Crusade launched from Europe, called in 1145 in response to the fall of the County of Edessa the The Reconquista (a Spanish and Portuguese word for "Reconquest" Arabic: الاسترداد, "Recapturing" was a period

The Fall of Edessa in 1144 led to a call for a new crusade by Pope Eugene III in 1145 and 1146. The Siege of Edessa took place from November 28 to December 24, 1144, resulting in the fall of the capital of the Crusader County of Edessa Pope In the spring of 1147, the Pope authorized the crusade in the Iberian peninsula. The Iberian Peninsula, or Iberia, is located in the extreme southwest of Europe, and includes modern day Spain, Portugal, Andorra He also authorized Alfonso VII of León to equate his campaigns against the Moors with the rest of the Second Crusade. Alfonso VII ( 1 March 1105 &ndash 21 August 1157) called the Emperor, became the King of Galicia in 1111 and King The Second Crusade (1147&ndash1149 was the second major Crusade launched from Europe, called in 1145 in response to the fall of the County of Edessa the In May 1147, the first contingents of crusaders left from Dartmouth in England for the Holy Land. Dartmouth is a town in Devon in the south-west of England. It is a Tourist destination set on the banks of the estuary of the River Dart England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland The Holy Land ( Arabic: الأرض المقدسة al-Arḍ ul-Muqaddasah;Ancient Aramaic: ארעא קדישא Ar'a Qaddisha; Hebrew: ארץ_הקודש Bad weather forced the ships to stop on the Portuguese coast, at the northern city of Porto on 16 June 1147. Events 1487 - Battle of Stoke Field, the last dying breath of the Wars of the Roses. There they were convinced to meet with Count Afonso of Portugal. Afonso I ( English Alphonzo or Alphonse) more commonly known as Afonso Henriques (ɐˈfõsu ẽˈʁikɨʃ or also Affonso (Archaic

The crusaders agreed to help the Count attack Lisbon, with a solemn agreement that offered to the crusaders the pillage of the city's goods and the ransom money for expected prisoners. The siege began on 1 July. "July 1st" redirects here For the Ayumi Hamasaki song see H (song. After four months, the Moorish rulers agreed to surrender on 24 October, primarily due to hunger within the city. The description Moors has referred to several historic and modern populations of Muslim (and earlier non-Muslim people of Berber and Arab descent Most of the crusaders settled in the newly captured city, but some of the crusaders set sail and continued to the Holy Land. Lisbon eventually became capital city of the Kingdom of Portugal, in 1255. The Kingdom of Portugal was Portugal 's general designation under the monarchy.

Contents

Second Crusade

The Fall of Edessa in 1144 led to a call for a new crusade by Pope Eugene III in 1145 and 1146. The Siege of Edessa took place from November 28 to December 24, 1144, resulting in the fall of the capital of the Crusader County of Edessa Pope In the spring of 1147, the Pope also authorized a crusade in the Iberian peninsula, where the war against the Moors had been going on for hundreds of years. The Iberian Peninsula, or Iberia, is located in the extreme southwest of Europe, and includes modern day Spain, Portugal, Andorra The description Moors has referred to several historic and modern populations of Muslim (and earlier non-Muslim people of Berber and Arab descent [1] At the beginning of the First Crusade in 1095, Pope Urban II had urged Iberian crusaders (Portuguese, Castilians, Leonese, Aragonese and others) to remain at home, where their own warfare was considered just as worthy as that of crusaders travelling to Jerusalem. The First Crusade was launched in 1095 by Pope Urban II with the dual goals of conquering the sacred city of Jerusalem and the Holy Land and freeing Pope Kingdom of Castile was one of the medieval kingdoms of the Iberian Peninsula. Kingdom of León was an independent kingdom situated in the northwest region of the Iberian Peninsula. Aragon ( Spanish: "Aragón") is an autonomous community of Spain. Jerusalem (יְרוּשָׁלַיִם, he-Latn Yerushaláyim; Arabic: ar القُدس, ar-Latn al-Quds) is the Eugene III encouraged Marseille, Pisa, Genoa, and other Mediterranean cities to fight in Iberia. Marseille, ( English alt Marseilles mɑrˈseɪ — French: maʁsɛj locally — Provençal Occitan: Marselha maʀˈsijɔ Pisa is a city in Tuscany, central Italy, on the right bank of the mouth of the Arno River on the Ligurian Sea. Genoa ( Genova, ˈdʒɛːnova in Italian; Zena in Genoese and Ligurian; Genua in Latin and archaically in English He also authorized Alfonso VII of León to equate his campaigns against the Moors with the rest of the Second Crusade. Alfonso VII ( 1 March 1105 &ndash 21 August 1157) called the Emperor, became the King of Galicia in 1111 and King The Second Crusade (1147&ndash1149 was the second major Crusade launched from Europe, called in 1145 in response to the fall of the County of Edessa the [2]

On 19 May 1147 the first contingents of crusaders left from Dartmouth in England, consisting of Flemish, Frisian, Norman, English, Scottish, and some crusaders from Cologne,[3] who collectively considered themselves "Franks". Events 1535 - French explorer Jacques Cartier sets sail on his second voyage to North America with three ships 110 men and Dartmouth is a town in Devon in the south-west of England. It is a Tourist destination set on the banks of the estuary of the River Dart England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland The terms Fleming and Flemings ( Vlaming and Vlamingen in Dutch) denote respectively a person and people and the Flemings or The Frisians are an ethnic group of Germanic people living in coastal parts of The Netherlands and Germany. The Normans were the people who gave their names to Normandy, a region in northern France. The English people (from the adjective in Englisc) are a Nation and Ethnic group native to England who predominantly speak English Scotland ( Gaelic: Alba) is a Country in northwest Europethat occupies the northern third of the island of Great Britain. [4] No prince or king led this part of the crusade, England at the time was in the midst of The Anarchy. The Anarchy or The Nineteen Year Winter refers to a period of English history during the reign ( 1135 &ndash 1154) of the Norman King The fleet was commanded by Henry Glanville, Constable of Suffolk. [5][6] Other crusader captains included Arnold III of Aerschot, Christian of Ghistelles, Simon of Dover, Andrew of London, and Saher of Archelle. [7]

Redirected efforts

According to Odo of Deuil there were 164 ships bound for the Holy Land, and there may have been as many as 200 by the time they reached the Iberian shore. Odo, Odon, or Eudes of Deuil ( 1110 - April 18, 1162) was an historian and participant of the Second Crusade (1147-1149 The Holy Land ( Arabic: الأرض المقدسة al-Arḍ ul-Muqaddasah;Ancient Aramaic: ארעא קדישא Ar'a Qaddisha; Hebrew: ארץ_הקודש Bad weather forced the ships to stop on the Portuguese coast, at the northern city of Porto on 16 June 1147. Events 1487 - Battle of Stoke Field, the last dying breath of the Wars of the Roses. There they were convinced by the bishop, Pedro II Pitões, to meet with Count Afonso of Portugal. Pedro II Pitões (fl 1147 was the Bishop of Porto at the time of the Second Crusade. Afonso I ( English Alphonzo or Alphonse) more commonly known as Afonso Henriques (ɐˈfõsu ẽˈʁikɨʃ or also Affonso (Archaic The Count, who had reached the Tagus River and conquered Santarém in March, had also been negotiating with the Pope for the title of King. The Tagus ( Latin Tagus, Spanish Tajo, Portuguese Tejo, pron. Santarém (sɐ̃tɐˈɾɐ̃j̃ is a Portuguese city and municipality He was notified of the arrival of a first party and hastened to meet them. [5]

The undisciplined multi-national group agreed to help him there, with a solemn agreement that offered to the crusaders the pillage of the city's goods and the ransom money for expected prisoners. For the city, "they shall have it and hold it until it has been searched and despoiled, both of prisoners for ransom and of everything else. Then, when it has been as thoroughly searched as they wish, they shall turn it over to me. . . "[8] Afonso promised to divide the conquered territories as fiefs among the leaders. Under the system of Feudalism, a fiefdom, fief, feud, feoff, or fee, often consisted of inheritable lands or revenue-producing He reserved the power of advocatus and released those who were at the siege and their heirs trading in Portugal from the commercial tax called the pedicata. An advocatus was an Attorney at law in the Middle Ages. It was used in Continental Europe as the title of the lay Lord charged with The English crusaders were at first unenthusiastic, but Henry Glanville convinced them to participate. [9] Hostages were exchanged as sureties for the oaths. [5]

Afonso I of Portugal in a non-contemporary portrait. Note the anachronistic platemail.
Afonso I of Portugal in a non-contemporary portrait. Note the anachronistic platemail. Plate armour is personal Armour made from large Metal plates worn on the Chest and sometimes the entire Body.

Fall of Lisbon

The siege began on 1 July. "July 1st" redirects here For the Ayumi Hamasaki song see H (song. The Christians soon captured the surrounding territories and besieged the walls of Lisbon itself, although the Muslim defenders were able to destroy their siege engines. A siege engine is a device that is designed to Break or circumvent City walls and other Fortifications in Siege warfare. After four months, the Moorish rulers agreed to surrender (21 October), primarily due to hunger within the city, which was sheltering populations displaced from Santarém as well as "the leading citizens of Sintra, Almada, and Palmela. The description Moors has referred to several historic and modern populations of Muslim (and earlier non-Muslim people of Berber and Arab descent Sintra ( pron 'sĩtɾɐ is both a town and a municipality in Portugal, located in the district of Lisbon. Almada - Arabic: حصن المعدن ( pron aɫ'madɐ is a city and a municipality in Portugal with a total area of 70 Palmela ( pron paɫmɛlɐ is a municipality in Portugal with a total area of and a total population of 58222 inhabitants "[10] After a brief riotous insurrection the Anglo-Norman chronicler attributes to "the men of Cologne and the Flemings", the city was entered by the Christian conquerors, on 25 October. The terms of the surrender indicated that the Muslim garrison of the city would be allowed to keep their lives and property, but as soon as the Christians entered the city these terms were broken. [5]

According to the Expugnatione Lyxbonensi,

“ The enemy, when they had been despoiled in the city, left the town through three gates continuously from Saturday morning until the following Wednesday. There was such a multitude of people that it seemed as if all of Hispania were mingled in the crowd. [8] ”

Aftermath

Most of the crusaders settled in the newly captured city, and Gilbert of Hastings was elected bishop, but some of the crusaders set sail and continued to the Holy Land. Gilbert of Hastings (died 1163 was an English monk in the Christian army of the Second Crusade that fought in the Siege of Lisbon. The Patriarch of Lisbon (Latin Patriarch Ulixbonensis sive Lisbonensis) is an honorary title possessed by the Archbishop of the Archdiocese of Lisbon. [5] In spite of the contractual nature of the city's surrender, a legend arose that the brave Portuguese warrior and nobleman, Martim Moniz, sacrificed himself in order to keep the city doors open to the conquering Christian armies. Martim Moniz (died 1147 was a Portuguese Knight of noble birth, great-great-grandson of Ferdinand I, Emperor of All Hispania, and Lisbon eventually became capital city of the Kingdom of Portugal, in 1255. The victory was a turning-point in the history of Portugal and the wider Reconquista, which would be completed in 1492. Portugal is a European Nation whose origins go back to the Early Middle Ages. [11]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ The traditional start of the Reconquista is identified with the defeat of the Muslims at Covadonga in 722, see Riley-Smith (1990) p. The Castle of São Jorge ( English: Castle of Saint George; Portuguese pron. The history of Portugal, in most of the 12th and 13th centuries is chiefly that of its origin as a separate state in the process of the Christian This is a historical timeline of Portugal. See also History of Portugal Pre-Roman Western Iberia (Before the 3rd century BC This is a historical timeline of Portugal. See also History of Portugal First Dynasty Burgundy 12th century Covadonga - ( Asturian: Cuadonga) from Latin Cova Dominica, "Cavern of the Lady" Arabic: صخرة بلاي Ṣakhraḧ Bilāy 32.
  2. ^ Riley-Smith (1990) p. 48
  3. ^ Cologne was allied with London in the incipient wool trade: see Steelyard. The Steelyard, from the German Stalhof, was in the Middle Ages the main trading base of the Hanseatic League in London.
  4. ^ This is the expression consistently used in the eye-witness chronicle of the siege, De expugnatione Lyxbonensi, attributed in the sixteenth century to "Osbernus". The ms, titled "Historia Osberni" by a sixteenth-century annotator, is in the form of a letter, with a superscription "Osb. de Baldr. R salutem" that C. R. Cheney read as to "Osberto de Baldreseie" i. e. Bawdsley, Suffolk, from a certain "R. "; see Cheney, The Authorship of the De Expugnatione Lyxbonensi Speculum 7. Speculum is a quarterly journal published by the Medieval Academy of America. 3 (July 1932:395-397).
  5. ^ a b c d e Runciman (1951) p. 258.
  6. ^ Henry was a kinsman of Ranulf de Glanvill of Suffolk, Chief Justiciar of England under Henry II; the Norman name derives from Glanville, near Lisieux (DNB, s. Ranulf de Glanvill (sometimes written Glanvil or Glanville) (died 1190 was chief justiciar of England during the reign of King Henry II Lisieux is a commune in the Calvados département in the Basse-Normandie region of France. v. "Ranulf de Glanvill").
  7. ^ Phillips (2007) p. 143.
  8. ^ a b Brundage (1962) pp. 97-104
  9. ^ The prominence of Henry Glanvill has suggested to some readers that Osbernus was an Anglo-Norman cleric with special attachment to him and his house.
  10. ^ Osbernus, who adds "As a result the basest element from every part of the world had gathered there, like the bilge water of a ship, a breeding ground for every kind of lust and impurity. "
  11. ^ Riley-Smith (1990) p. 126.

References

Further reading

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