Siege of Acre
Part of the Third Crusade
Date August 1189 - July 1191 Location Acre Result Decisive Crusader victory
Belligerents
Anglo-Norman Crusaders French Crusaders Kingdom of Jerusalem Knights Templar	Ayyubids
Commanders
Richard I of England Philip Augustus Guy de Lusignan Robert de Sable Gerard de Ridefort †	Saladin
Strength
Approx. The Third Crusade (1189&ndash1192 also known as the Kings' Crusade, was an attempt by European leaders to reconquer the Holy Land from Saladin The acre is a unit of Area in a number of different systems including the imperial and U The Crusades were a series of military campaigns of a religious character waged by much of Christian Europe against external and internal opponents The Kingdom of England was a State (927-1707 located in Western Europe dating from the ninth or tenth century to the early eighteenth century when it was legally This article is about the Christian kingdom For the history of the city see History of Jerusalem The Kingdom of Jerusalem was a Christian The Poor Fellow-Soldiers of Christ and of the Temple of Solomon (Pauperes commilitones Christi Templique Solomonici commonly known as the Knights Templar or the Order The Ayyubid or Ayyoubid Dynasty was a Muslim dynasty of Kurdish origins which ruled Egypt, Syria, Yemen (except for Richard I (8 September 1157 &ndash 6 April 1199 was King of England from 6 July 1189 until his death Philip II Augustus (Philippe Auguste ( 21 August[[ 165]] &ndash 14 July 1223) was the King of France from 1180 until his death Guy of Lusignan, Guy of Jerusalem or Guy of Cyprus (c 1150 or 1159/1160 &ndash Nicosia, July 18, 1194) was a French Robert de Sablé was Grand Master of the Knights Templar from 1191 to 1193 and Lord of Cyprus from 1191 to 1192. Gerard of Ridefort (died October 1, 1189) was Grand Master of the Knights Templar from the end of 1184 until his death in 1189 Killed in action ( KIA or K I A) is a casualty classification generally used by militaries to describe the deaths of their own forces by other Salahadin Ayyubi ( Arabic:صلاح الدين يوسف بن أيوب Kurdish: سه‌لاحه‌دین ئه‌یوبی Selah'edînê Eyubî; c 25,000 Crusaders Numerous forces of the Kingdom and Military Orders	Muslim garrison
Casualties and losses
Light	Most executed after surrender

The Siege of Acre was the first confrontation of the Third Crusade, lasting from August 28, 1189 until July 12, 1191, and the first time in the history that the King of Jerusalem was compelled to personally see to the defense of the Holy Land. The Third Crusade (1189&ndash1192 also known as the Kings' Crusade, was an attempt by European leaders to reconquer the Holy Land from Saladin Events 475 - The Roman General Orestes forces western Roman Emperor Julius Nepos to flee his Capital Events 1191 - Saladin 's garrison surrenders ending the two-year Siege of Acre. Jerusalem (יְרוּשָׁלַיִם, he-Latn Yerushaláyim; Arabic: ar القُدس, ar-Latn al-Quds) is the It was also the deadliest event of the whole period of the crusades for the Christian ruling class of the east. ^[1]

Background

After Saladin had decisively defeated the crusaders at the Battle of Hattin on July 4, 1187, he was able to conquer a great part of the Kingdom of Jerusalem with little opposition, among them the cities of Acre and (on October 2) Jerusalem itself. Salahadin Ayyubi ( Arabic:صلاح الدين يوسف بن أيوب Kurdish: سه‌لاحه‌دین ئه‌یوبی Selah'edînê Eyubî; c The Battle of Hattin (also known as " The Horns of Hattin " because of a nearby extinct Volcano of the same name took place on Saturday July Events 836 - Pactum Sicardi, peace between the Principality of Benevento and the Duchy of Naples This article is about the Christian kingdom For the history of the city see History of Jerusalem The Kingdom of Jerusalem was a Christian Events 1187 - Siege of Jerusalem: Saladin captures Jerusalem after 88 years of Crusader rule Jerusalem (יְרוּשָׁלַיִם, he-Latn Yerushaláyim; Arabic: ar القُدس, ar-Latn al-Quds) is the The crusaders afterwards controlled only Tyre, Tripoli, and Antioch, which Saladin likewise attacked in 1188, although unsuccessfully. Tyre ( Arabic صور Ṣūr, Phoenician Phoenician wawsvg|12px|ו]] Ṣur, Hebrew Tripoli ( Lebanese Arabic: طرابلس Ṭrāblos or Ṭrēblos locally Ṭrōbles Standard Arabic: Ṭarābulus Τρίπολις Tripolis is the second-largest Antioch on the Orontes (Ἀντιόχεια ἡ ἐπὶ Δάφνῃ Ἀντιόχεια ἡ ἐπὶ Ὀρόντου or Ἀντιόχεια ἡ Μεγάλη Antiochia ad Orontem also News of the loss of Jerusalem and Palestine was shocking to Europe, and there was soon demand for a new crusade, called by Pope Gregory VIII in October of 1187 and continued by his successor Pope Clement III. Palestine is a name which has been widely used since Roman times to refer to the region between the Mediterranean Sea and the Jordan River. Not to be confused with the earlier Antipope Gregory VIII Pope Gregory VIII (c } See also 11th century Antipope Clement III. Pope Clement III (1130 – March 27 or April 10, 1191) born

Tyre

In Tyre, Conrad of Montferrat had entrenched himself and had successfully resisted Saladin’s assault at the end of 1187. Conrad of Montferrat, or Conrad I of Jerusalem ( Piedmontese: Conrà ëd Monfrà; Italian Corrado del Monferrato; mid-1140s &ndash The sultan then turned his attention to other tasks, but then tried to negotiate the surrender of the city by treaty, as in mid-1188 the first reinforcements from Europe arrived at Tyre by sea. Under the terms of the treaty, Saladin would, among other things, release King Guy, whom he had captured at Hattin. Guy of Lusignan, Guy of Jerusalem or Guy of Cyprus (c 1150 or 1159/1160 &ndash Nicosia, July 18, 1194) was a French This would have escalated the conflict between Guy, who was blamed for the catastrophe of Hattin, and Conrad, who had successfully defended Tyre from the subsequent invasion. Guy was released and appeared before Tyre, but Conrad would not let him in, claiming that he was administering it until the kings should arrive from across the sea to settle the succession. This was in accordance with Baldwin IV's will: he was the nearest paternal kinsman of Baldwin V. Baldwin IV of Jerusalem (1161&ndash 16 March 1185) called the Leper or the Leprous, the son of Amalric I of Jerusalem and his first Baldwin V of Jerusalem ( Baldwin of Montferrat, also known as Baudouinet) (1177 &ndash August 1186 was the son of Sibylla of Jerusalem and her first husband Guy left before appearing once again outside Tyre with his wife Queen Sibylla, who held the legal title to the kingdom, but he was again rejected by Conrad, and he set up his camp outside the gates of the city. Sibylla of Jerusalem (c 1160 &ndash 1190 was the Countess of Jaffa and Ascalon from 1176 and Queen of Jerusalem from 1186 to 1190

In late spring 1188, William II of Sicily sent a fleet with 200 knights; on April 6, 1189, Ubaldo Lanfranchi, Archbishop of Pisa, arrived with 52 ships. William II (French language Guillaume II, 1155 &ndash November 11 1189 Palermo) called the Good, was king of Sicily Events 46 BC - Julius Caesar defeats Caecilius Metellus Scipio and Marcus Porcius Cato in the Battle of Thapsus Guy succeeded in bringing both contingents over to his side. In August, Conrad again refused him entry to the city, so he broke camp and made his way south to attack Acre; he and his troops travelled along the coast, while the Pisans and Sicilians went by sea. Guy urgently needed a firm base from which he could organize a counterattack on Saladin, and since he could not have Tyre, he directed his plans to Acre, 50 km (31 miles) to the south. Thus Guy and Conrad were allies against Saladin.

Acre

The Near East, 1190, at the outset of the Third Crusade, showing the location of the Acre, the Battle of Arsuf, and other important sites.

The port of Acre lay on a peninsula in the Gulf of Haifa. Haifa (חֵיפָה; حَيْفَا) is the largest City in Northern Israel, and the third-largest city in the country with East of the old part of the city was the port, protected against the open sea, while to the west and south the coast was protected by a strong dyke wall. The peninsula was guarded on the mainland side by double barrier reinforced with towers. The Muslim garrison of the city might have been twice as large as the army led by Guy, who arrived on August 28, 1189. Events 475 - The Roman General Orestes forces western Roman Emperor Julius Nepos to flee his Capital He tried to surprise the garrison with an assault on the walls, but this failed and Guy thus established his camp outside the city, to wait for reinforcements, which began to arrive by sea a few days later. A Danish and Frisian fleet replaced that of the Sicilians, who withdrew when they heard news of the death of William II. The Kingdom of Denmark ( ˈd̥ænmɑɡ̊ (archaic ˈd̥anmɑːɡ̊ commonly known as Denmark, is a country in the Scandinavian region of northern Europe Frisia ( West Frisian: Fryslân; North Frisian: Fraschlönj, Freesklöön, Freeskluin, Fresklun, and French and Flemish soldiers also arrived under James of Avesnes, Henry I of Bar, Andrew of Brienne, Robert II of Dreux, and his brother Philip of Dreux, the Bishop of Beauvais. This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. Flanders (Vlaanderen Flandre Flandern is a geographical region located in parts of present day Belgium, France, and the Netherlands. Henry I of Bar (1158 &ndash October 1190 was Count of Bar, lord of Mousson and Amance from 1170 to 1190 Robert II of Dreux (1154 &ndash 28 December, 1218) Count of Dreux and Braine was the eldest surviving son of Robert I, Count of Dreux and Germans under Margrave Louis III of Thuringia and Otto I of Guelders, and Italians under Archbishop Gerhard of Ravenna and the Bishop of Verona, also arrived. Otto I of Guelders ( 1150 – 1207) was Count of Guelders from 1182 until his death in 1207. Louis of Thuringia was able to convince Conrad, his mother's cousin, to send troops from Tyre as well. When Saladin was informed about this development, he gathered his troops and marched to Acre, where he unsuccessfully attacked Guy’s camp on September 15. Events 668 - Eastern Roman Emperor Constans II is assassinated in his bath at Syracuse Italy.

Battle of Acre

On October 4, 1189, Saladin moved to the east of the city to confront Guy’s camp. Events 610 - Heraclius arrives by ship from Africa at Constantinople, overthrows Byzantine Emperor Phocas The crusader army (which consisted of 7,000 infantry and 400 cavalry) under Guy stood its ground in front of Saladin’s forces. The Christian army consisted of the feudal lords of the kingdom, many smaller contingents of European crusaders, and members of the military orders; the Muslim army consisted of troops from Egypt, Turkestan, Syria, and Mesopotamia. military order is a Christian Order of knighthood that is founded for crusading, i This article is about the country of Egypt For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Egypt topics. Turkestan (literally meaning "Land of the Turks" is a region in Central Asia, which today is largely inhabited by Turkic peoples. Syria ( سوريّة or) officially the Syrian Arab Republic (Arabic ar الجمهورية العربية السورية Mesopotamia (from the Greek meaning "land between the rivers" is an area geographically located between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers largely corresponding

The Muslims lay in a semicircle east of the city facing inwards towards Acre. The crusader army lay in between, with lightly-armed crossbowmen in the first line and the heavy cavalry in second. A crossbow is a Weapon consisting of a bow mounted on a stock that shoots projectiles often called bolts The Cavalry (from French cavalerie) is the second oldest of the Combat Arms, and as Soldiers or Warriors who fought mounted on At the later Battle of Arsuf the Christians fought coherently; here the battle began with a disjointed combat between the Templars and Saladin's right wing. The Battle of Arsuf was a battle of the Third Crusade in which Richard I of England defeated Saladin at Arsuf. The Poor Fellow-Soldiers of Christ and of the Temple of Solomon (Pauperes commilitones Christi Templique Solomonici commonly known as the Knights Templar or the Order The crusaders were so far successful that the enemy had to send reinforcements from other parts of the field. Thus the steady advance of the Christian centre against Saladin's own corps, in which the crossbows prepared the way for the charge of the men-at-arms, met with no great resistance. Saladin’s centre and right flanks were put to flight.

But the victors scattered to plunder. Saladin rallied his men, and, when the Christians began to retire with their booty, let loose his light cavalry upon them. No connected resistance was offered, and the Turks slaughtered the fugitives until checked by the fresh troops of the Christian right flank. Into this fight, Guy's reserves, charged with holding back the Saracens in Acre, were also drawn, and, thus freed, 5,000 men sallied out from the town to the northward; uniting with the Saracen right wing, they fell upon the Templars, who suffered severely in their retreat. Gerard de Ridefort, Grand Master of the Templars, was killed. Gerard of Ridefort (died October 1, 1189) was Grand Master of the Knights Templar from the end of 1184 until his death in 1189 Andrew of Brienne was also killed and Conrad had to be rescued by Guy. In the end, the crusaders repulsed the relieving army, but only at the cost of 7,000 men. Saladin could not push them back without another pitched battle, and his victory remained incomplete.

The double siege

During the autumn, more European crusades arrived, allowing Guy to blockade Acre by land. News of the imminent arrival of Frederick I, Holy Roman Emperor reached the crusaders, which not only raised the morale of the Christian soldiers, but also compelled Saladin to bring in so many more troops that he was able to surround both the city and the crusade camp in two separate sieges. Frederick I Barbarossa (1122 &ndash 10 June 1190) was elected King of Germany at Frankfurt on 4 March 1152 and crowned

The next fifteen months passed with no major actions on either side. On October 31, 50 Muslim galleys broke through the Christian sea blockade and supplied the city with food and weapons. Events 445 BC – Ezra reads the Book of the Law to the Israelites in Jerusalem (see Nehemiah 91 NLTse A galley (from Greek γαλέα - galea is an ancient Ship which can be propelled entirely by human oarsmen, used for Warfare On December 26, an Egyptian fleet arrived to reestablish control over the port and the road leading to it. Events 1481 - Battle of Westbrook - Holland defeats troops of Utrecht. In March 1190, when the weather was better, Conrad travelled to Tyre on his own ship and soon returned with supplies for the crusaders, which helped the resistance against the Egyptian fleet on the shore. The building materials brought by Conrad were constructed into siege machinery, although these machines were lost when the crusaders tried to assault the city on May 5. A siege engine is a device that is designed to Break or circumvent City walls and other Fortifications in Siege warfare. Events 553 - The Second Council of Constantinople begins 1215 - Rebel Barons renounce their allegiance to King John

On May 19, Saladin, who had continued to strengthen his army over the previous months, began an attack on the Christian camp, which lasted eight days before it could be repelled. Events 1535 - French explorer Jacques Cartier sets sail on his second voyage to North America with three ships 110 men and On July 25, against the orders of their commanders, the Christian soldiers attacked Saladin’s right flank and were defeated. Events 285 - Diocletian appoints Maximian as Caesar, co-ruler Further reinforcements from France arrived in the crusader camp over the summer, led by Henry II of Champagne, Theobald V of Blois, Stephen I of Sancerre, Ralph of Clermont, John of Fontigny, Alain of Saint-Valéry, the Archbishop of Besançon, the Bishop of Blois, and the Bishop of Toul. Theobald V of Blois (died 20 January 1191) also known as Theobald the Good (French Thibaut le Bon) was Count of Blois from 1151 Stephen I (1133-1190 first Count of Sancerre (1151-1190 and third son of Count Theobald II of Champagne, inherited the county of Sancerre on his father's death The Diocese of Toul was a Roman Catholic Diocese seated at Toul in present-day France Frederick VI, Duke of Swabia arrived at the beginning of October with the rest of his father’s army, after the emperor drowned in the Saleph River on June 10, and shortly afterwards English crusaders arrived under Baldwin of Exeter, Archbishop of Canterbury. Frederick VI of Hohenstaufen (1167 &ndash January 20 1191) was Duke of Swabia from 1170 to his death at the siege of Acre. Frederick I Barbarossa (1122 &ndash 10 June 1190) was elected King of Germany at Frankfurt on 4 March 1152 and crowned The Göksu (also called Geuk Su, Goksu Nehri, Saleph, Calycadnus) is a river in Çukurova ( Turkey) Events 1190 - Third Crusade: Frederick I Barbarossa drowns in the Sally River while leading an army to Jerusalem England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland Baldwin of Exeter (c 1125 &ndash 19 November 1190 was Archbishop of Canterbury between 1185 and 1190 The Archbishop of Canterbury is the chief bishop and principal leader of the Church of England, the symbolic head of the worldwide Anglican Communion and the In October, the Count of Bar also arrived, and the Christians had a breakthrough in Haifa, which allowed more food to be brought to the camp at Acre. Haifa (חֵיפָה; حَيْفَا) is the largest City in Northern Israel, and the third-largest city in the country with

Life in the city and the Christian camp quickly became difficult after their containment by Saladin. Food remained limited, the water supply became contaminated with human and animal corpses, and epidemics soon began to spread. Louis of Thuringia, sick with malaria, made plans to return home when the French arrived, and died in Cyprus on the way back on October 16. Malaria is a vector -borne Infectious disease caused by Protozoan Parasites It is widespread in tropical and subtropical regions including Events 456 - Magister militum Ricimer defeats the Emperor Avitus at Piacenza and becomes master of the western At some point between late July and October, Guy’s wife Queen Sibylla died, a few days after both of their daughters, Alais and Marie. Sibylla of Jerusalem (c 1160 &ndash 1190 was the Countess of Jaffa and Ascalon from 1176 and Queen of Jerusalem from 1186 to 1190 With her death, Guy lost his claim to the throne of Jerusalem, as Sibylla was the legal heiress. Her rightful heir was her younger half-sister, Isabella of Jerusalem. Isabella I of Jerusalem (1172 &ndash 1205 was Queen of Jerusalem 1190/1192&ndash1205 Guy, however, refused to step aside for her.

The barons of the kingdom used this opportunity to rid themselves of Guy, and arranged the marriage of Conrad to Isabella. However, Isabella was already married to Humphrey IV of Toron, and Conrad's marital status was uncertain (he had married a Byzantine princess in 1187, a few months before arriving at Tyre, and it was unclear whether she had had him annulled in his absence). Humphrey IV of Toron (c 1166 &ndash before 1197 was the lord of Toron, Kerak, and Oultrejordain in the Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem Also, Sibylla's first husband had been Conrad's older brother William Longsword, which made a marriage between Isabella and Conrad canonically 'incestuous'. William of Montferrat (early 1140s-1177 also called William Longsword (modern Italian Guglielmo Lungaspada, originally Occitan Guilhem Patriarch Eraclius was sick, and his appointed representative Baldwin of Exeter died suddenly on November 19. Heraclius or Eraclius (c 1128-1190/1191 was Archbishop of Caesarea and Latin Patriarch of Jerusalem. Events 1095 - The Council of Clermont, called by Pope Urban II to discuss sending the First Crusade to the Holy Land Therefore it was Archbishop Ubaldo Lanfranchi of Pisa and papal legate, as well as Philip, Bishop of Beauvais, who gave their consent to divorce Isabella from Humphrey on November 24. Nuncio is an ecclesiastical Diplomatic title, derived from the ancient Latin word Nuntius, meaning "envoy Events 380 - Theodosius I makes his adventus, or formal Conrad withdrew with Isabella to Tyre, but Guy still insisted that he was king: the succession would not be settled finally until an election in 1192.

Saladin’s army was now so large that it was impossible for any more crusaders to arrive by land, and winter meant that no more supplies or reinforcements could arrive by sea. In the Christian camp, the leaders began to succumb to the epidemics. Theobald of Blois and Stephen of Sancerre died, and Frederick of Swabia also died, on January 20, 1191. Events 250 - Emperor Decius begins a widespread persecution of Christians in Rome. Henry of Champagne struggled with sickness for many weeks before recovering. Patriarch Eraclius also died sometime during the siege, but the date is unknown.

On December 31, another attempt to breach the walls failed, and on January 6, 1191, the partial collapse of the walls led to many Christian attempts at overrunning the Muslim garrisons. Events 406 – Vandals, Alans and Suebians cross the Rhine, beginning an invasion of Gallia. Events 1066 - Harold Godwinson is crowned King of England. 1205 - Philip of Swabia becomes King On February 13, Saladin succeeded in breaking through the Christian lines and reaching the city, so that he could replace the exhausted defenders with a new garrison; otherwise, the old garrison would have all died of disease. Events 1258 - Baghdad falls to the Mongols, and the Abbasid Caliphate is destroyed Conrad of Montferrat attempted an attack by sea on the Tower of Flies, but adverse winds and rocks below the surface prevented his ship getting close enough to do significant damage. In March, however, when the weather was better and ships could once again unload supplies on the coast, the danger of failure was again averted for the Christians. Leopold V of Austria arrived and took control of the Christian forces. Leopold V (1157 &ndash December 31, 1194) the Virtuous, was a Babenberg Duke of Austria from 1177 to 1194 and Styria Ships also brought devastating news for Saladin. He had missed his chance to crush the remaining Christians and now King Richard of England and King Philip of France were on their way to the Holy Land, each accompanied by an army. Richard I (8 September 1157 &ndash 6 April 1199 was King of England from 6 July 1189 until his death Philip II Augustus (Philippe Auguste ( 21 August[[ 165]] &ndash 14 July 1223) was the King of France from 1180 until his death Saladin’s chance for victory had slipped away.

The kings at Acre

Philip arrived on April 20, 1191, and Richard on June 8, after he had used the opportunity to conquer Cyprus along the way. Philip II Augustus (Philippe Auguste ( 21 August[[ 165]] &ndash 14 July 1223) was the King of France from 1180 until his death Events 1303 - The University of Rome La Sapienza is instituted by Pope Boniface VIII. Richard I (8 September 1157 &ndash 6 April 1199 was King of England from 6 July 1189 until his death Events 68 - The Roman Senate accepts emperor Galba. 536 - St Silverius becomes Pope (probable Cyprus (Κύπρος transliterated: Kýpros,; Kıbrıs officially the Republic of Cyprus (Κυπριακή Δημοκρατία Kypriakī́ Dīmokratía Richard I arrived with an English fleet of 100 ships (which carried 8,000 men) while Philip II arrvied with a Genoese fleet. Philip had used the time before Richard’s arrival to build siege engines, and now that stronger leadership from Europe had arrived, it was the city and not the Christian camp that was besieged. When Richard arrived, he sought a meeting with Saladin, and an armistice of three days was agreed upon so that the meeting could take place. However, both Richard and Philip fell ill, and the meeting did not take place.

The siege machines broke holes into the walls of Acre, but every new breach led to an attack from Saladin’s army, giving the garrison of Acre an opportunity to repair the damage while the Christians were distracted. On July 1, Philip of Alsace died in the camp, which was a major crisis for the French king, since Philip, the Count of Flanders and Vermandois and one of the most important men in the king’s retinue, had no heirs and settling his inheritance was an urgent matter, yet a very difficult one so far away from France. "July 1st" redirects here For the Ayumi Hamasaki song see H (song. Philip of Alsace (1143 – August 1, 1191) was Count of Flanders from 1168 to 1191 counts of Flanders were the Rulers over the county of Flanders from the 9th century until the abolition of the Countship by the French revolutionaries This is a list of counts of Vermandois. Beneficiary counts of Vermandois Leodegarius (ca

On July 3, a sufficiently large breach was again created in the walls, but the Christian attack was repelled. Events 324 - Battle of Adrianople Constantine I defeats Licinius, who flees to Byzantium. On July 4, the city offered its surrender, but Richard rejected the conditions. Events 836 - Pactum Sicardi, peace between the Principality of Benevento and the Duchy of Naples This time Saladin did not make a large-scale attack on the Christian camp. On July 7, the city sent an embassy to Saladin asking for assistance one last time, and threatened to surrender if he did not help. Events 1456 - A retrial verdict acquits Joan of Arc of heresy 25 years after her death On July 11, there was one final battle, and on July 12, the city once more offered terms of surrender to the crusaders, who found their offer acceptable this time. Events 911 - Signing of the Treaty of Saint-Clair-sur-Epte between Charles the Simple and Rollo of Normandy. Events 1191 - Saladin 's garrison surrenders ending the two-year Siege of Acre. Conrad of Montferrat, who had returned to Tyre because of Richard's support for Guy of Lusignan as king of Jerusalem, was recalled to act as negotiator, at Saladin's request. Saladin was not personally involved in the negotiations, but accepted the surrender. The Christians entered the city and the Muslim garrison was taken into captivity. Conrad raised the banners of the Kingdom of Jerusalem and of France, England and Austria over the city.

Leopold of Austria left shortly after the capture of the city, after quarrelling with Richard: as the surviving leader of the German imperial contingent, he had demanded the same position as Philip and Richard, but had been rejected and his flag torn down from the ramparts of Acre. On July 31, Philip also returned home, to settle the succession in Vermandois and Flanders, and Richard was left solely in charge of the Christian expeditionary forces. Events 30 BC - Battle of Alexandria: Mark Antony achieves a minor victory over Octavian 's forces but most of his army subsequently

The execution of the prisoners

It was now up to Richard and Saladin to finalize the surrender of the city. The Christians began to rebuild Acre’s defenses, and Saladin collected money to pay for the ransom of the imprisoned garrison. On August 11, Saladin delivered the first of the three planned payments and prisoner exchanges, but Richard rejected this because certain Christian nobles were not included. Events 2492 BC - Traditional date of the defeat of Bel by Hayk, progenitor and founder of the Armenian nation The exchange was broken off and further negotiations were unsuccessful. Richard had also insisted on the handover of Philip's share of the prisoners, whom the French king had entrusted to his kinsman Conrad of Montferrat. Conrad reluctantly agreed, under pressure. On August 20, Richard thought that Saladin had delayed too much, and had 2,700 of the Muslim prisoners from the garrison of Acre killed. Events 636 - Battle of Yarmouk: Arab forces led by Khalid ibn al-Walid take control of Syria and Palestine Saladin responded in like kind, killing all of the Christian prisoners he had captured. On August 22, Richard and his army left the city, now fully under crusader control. Events 392 - Arbogast has Eugenius elected Western Roman Emperor.

Aftermath

The crusader army marched south, with the sea to their right and Saladin’s army following them to their left. On September 7, they met at the Battle of Arsuf, north of Jaffa, in which Saladin was defeated. Events 1251 BC - A Solar eclipse on this date might mark the birth of legendary Heracles at Thebes Greece. The Battle of Arsuf was a battle of the Third Crusade in which Richard I of England defeated Saladin at Arsuf. Jaffa يَافَا;(יָפוֹ Yafo; also Japho, Joppa) is an ancient Port city believed to be one of the oldest in the world Richard captured Jaffa on September 10, but throughout the remainder of 1191 and into the summer of 1192, he was unable to realize his ultimate goal of recapturing Jerusalem. Events 506 - The Bishops of Visigothic Gaul meet in the Council of Agde. The dispute over the kingship of Jerusalem was resolved in April 1192, with the election of Conrad of Montferrat, but he was assassinated only days after his victory. The pregnant Queen Isabella was hastily married off to Richard and Philip's nephew, Henry of Champagne.

Meanwhile, Richard was informed that his brother, John, was attempting to usurp the throne in England. John (24 December 1167 &ndash 19 October 1216 reigned as a King of England from 6 April 1199 until his death He arranged for a treaty with Saladin, and the Third Crusade came to an end. On the way home, he was taken prisoner by Leopold in Vienna, and charged with the murder of Conrad, who was Leopold's cousin, and also with insulting the Duke by throwing down his banner at Acre. Vienna ( in Wien; see also other names) is the Capital of Austria, and is also one of the nine States of Austria. He was ransomed for an enormous price, and did not return to his own territories until 1194.

The Kingdom of Jerusalem was now relatively secure, with its new capital at Acre, from which a narrow strip along the Mediterranean coast was ruled. By 1291, all of this had been conquered as well, with Acre falling to the Mamluks that year. The Siege of Acre (also called the Fall of Acre) took place in 1291 and resulted in the loss of the Crusader -control city of Acre to the Muslims

References

Works Cited

Bibliography

• James Jr Reston (2001). "Warriors of God: Richard the Lionheart and Saladin in the Third Crusade". Random House, New York. Random House Inc is the world's largest English-language general trade book publisher New York ( is a state in the Mid-Atlantic and Northeastern regions of the United States and is the nation's third most populous ISBN 0385495617.