A pavement (UK), sidewalk (CA, US), or footpath (AU, IE, IN). The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located Country to "Dominion of Canada" or "Canadian Federation" or anything else please read the Talk Page The United States of America —commonly referred to as the For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Australia topics. Ireland (pronounced /ˈaɾlənd/ Éire) is the third largest island in Europe, and the twentieth-largest island in the world India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country

A sidewalk (chiefly North American English), pavement (British English and Philadelphia dialect), footpath (Australian English, Irish English, Indian English and New Zealand English) or footway (Engineering term) is a path for pedestrians that is situated alongside a road or formed like sidewalks that are alongside roads (such as a concrete footpath through a park). North American English is a collective term used for the varieties of the English language that are spoken in North America, namely in the United States British English or UK English ( BrE, BE, en-GB) is the broad term used to distinguish the forms of the English language used in the The Philadelphia dialect is the Dialect of English spoken in Philadelphia; and extending into Philadelphia's suburbs in the Delaware Valley Australian English ( AuE, AusE, en-AU) is the form of the English language used in Australia. Hiberno-English also known as Anglo-Irish and Irish English is English as spoken in Ireland, partly the result of the interaction of the English Indian English comprises several Dialects or varieties of English spoken primarily in India, and by first-generation members of the Indian diaspora New Zealand English ( NZE, en-NZ) is the form of the English language used in New Zealand. Engineering is the Discipline and Profession of applying technical and scientific Knowledge and A trail is a Path or Road used for Walking, Cycling, Cross-country skiing, or other activities A road is an identifiable route, way or path between two or more places. A sidewalk may accommodate moderate changes in grade. However, "walkway" is a more complete term for support of walking, and includes stairs, ramps, paseos (passageways) and related off-street tools that provide for a developed pathway.

Construction of sidewalks

In the 19th century and early 20th century, sidewalks of wood were common in some locations. For the record label see Boardwalk Records. for the former Las Vegas hotel see Boardwalk Hotel and Casino. They may still be found at historic beach locations and in conservation areas to protect the land beneath and around, called boardwalks. For the record label see Boardwalk Records. for the former Las Vegas hotel see Boardwalk Hotel and Casino. Contemporary sidewalks are most often made of concrete (particularly in the United States and Canada), tarmac, asphalt, brick (particularly in Europe), stone, slab or (increasingly) rubber[1]. Concrete is a construction material composed of Cement (commonly Portland cement) as well as other cementitious materials such as Fly ash and Slag The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Country to "Dominion of Canada" or "Canadian Federation" or anything else please read the Talk Page Tarmac (short for tarmacadam, a Portmanteau for Tar -penetration Macadam) is a type of highway surface, pioneered by John Asphalt ( is a sticky black and highly viscous liquid or semi-solid that is present in most crude Petroleums and in some natural deposits sometimes termed asphaltum A brick is a block of Ceramic material used in Masonry construction laid using mortar. Geographical list of stone used for decorative purposes in Construction and Sculpture; currently or historically produced in various countries Multi-use paths alongside roads are sometimes made of materials that are softer than cement, such as asphalt.

In the United States, the most common type of sidewalk consists of a poured concrete ribbon with cross-lying strain relief grooves at intervals of ~1 m; this is intended to minimize visible damage from tectonic and temperature fluctuations, both of which can crack longer segments. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the However, freeze-thaw cycles (in cold-weather regions) and tree root growth can eventually result in damage which requires repair. Brick sidewalks are found in some urban areas, usually for aesthetic purposes.

In the United Kingdom suburban pavements are most commonly constructed of tarmac similar to a typical roadway surface. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located Tarmac (short for tarmacadam, a Portmanteau for Tar -penetration Macadam) is a type of highway surface, pioneered by John In urban or inner-city areas pavements are most commonly constructed of slabs, stone, or brick depending upon the surrounding street architecture and furniture

Stone slabs called flagstones or flags are sometimes used where an attractive appearance is required, as in historic town centres. The inner city is the central area of a major city or metropolis The term architecture (from Greek αρχιτεκτονικήarchitektoniki) can be used to mean a process a profession or documentation Street furniture is a collective term for objects and pieces of equipment installed on streets and roads for various purposes including benches, Bollards Post In Geology, rock is a naturally occurring aggregate of Minerals and/or Mineraloids The Earth's outer solid layer the ‘ Lithosphere Flagstone is a type of flat stone, usually used for paving slabs but also for making Fences or Roofing. In other places, pre-cast concrete slabs (called paving slabs or, less correctly, paving stones) are used. These may be coloured or textured to resemble stone.

Effects of sidewalks

The Crash Reduction Factor (used to estimate the expected reduction of crashes during a given period) for the installation of sidewalks averages 74%. ^[1] Note that, compared to sidewalks, the maximum speed limit is a much more significant factor in the likelihood of a vehicle/pedestrian crash. Sidewalk presence has a risk ratio of 0. 118, which means that the likelihood of a site with a paved sidewalk being a crash site is 88. 2 percent lower than a site without a sidewalk. The speed limit risk ratio is 1. 116, which means that a 16. 1-km/h (10-mi/h) increase in the limit yields a factor of (1. 116)¹⁰ or 3. ^[2]

Image Gallery

Panoramic shot of a concrete sidewalk in Agoura Hills, California

a rendition of Venus on a sidewalk in NYC

a sidewalk leads to Mater Dei High School in New Jersey. Concrete is a construction material composed of Cement (commonly Portland cement) as well as other cementitious materials such as Fly ash and Slag Agoura Hills is a city (incorporated in 1982 in Los Angeles County, California, and has the ZIP code The Birth of Venus is a Painting by Sandro Botticelli. It depicts the goddess Venus, having emerged from the Sea as a full grown The City of New York Mater Dei High School is the name of several high schools Mater Dei High School (Santa Ana California is a Catholic high school located in Orange County New Jersey ( is a state in the Mid-Atlantic and Northeastern regions of the United States.

References

1. ^ Gan, Albert; Joan Shen, Adriana Rodriquez (2005). "Update of Florida Crash Reduction Factors and Countermeasures to Improve the Development of District Safety Improvement Projects" (PDF). . State of Florida DOT. BD015-04. Retrieved on 2008-03-24. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1401 - Mongol emperor Timur sacks Damascus. 1603 - James VI of Scotland
2. ^ McMahon, Patrick J. ; Charles V. Zegeer, Chandler Duncan, Richard L. Knoblauch, J. Richard Stewart, Asad J. Khattak (2002). "AN ANALYSIS OF FACTORS CONTRIBUTING TO "WALKING ALONG ROADWAY" CRASHES, RESEARCH STUDY AND GUIDELINES FOR SIDEWALKS AND WALKWAYS" (PDF). . Federal Highway Administration. FHWA-RD-01-101. Retrieved on 2008-03-24. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1401 - Mongol emperor Timur sacks Damascus. 1603 - James VI of Scotland

See also

• Café
• Crosswalk
• Curb, Curb ramp
• Desire lines
• Portuguese pavement
• Public space
• Sidewalk chalk

External links

• Los Alamos Walkability Advocacy Group
• PEDS a member-based advocacy group dedicated to making metro Atlanta safe and accessible for all pedestrians. Crosswalk button neJPG|right|thumb|The button one pushes to activate the crosswalk signal A curb or kerb (see spelling differences) is the edge where a raised pavement/sidewalk/footpath, Road median, or Road shoulder A desire line is a path developed by erosion caused by animal or human footfall Portuguese pavement ( Portuguese, Calçada Portuguesa) is the traditional paving used in most Pedestrian areas in Portugal and A public space refers to an area or place that is open and accessible to all citizens regardless of Gender, Race, Ethnicity, Age or Julian Beever Mountain Dew art photo by David Shankbonejpg|thumb| Mountain Dew advertisement in Union Square, New York City by Julian Beever.
• Pedestrian and Bicycle Information Center (PBIC), a U. S. A. -based clearinghouse for information for pedestrians (including transit users) and bicyclists.