Sibiu Hermannstadt
Coat of arms
Sibiu Location of Sibiu within Romania (in red)
Coordinates: 45°47′45″N 24°09′08″E / 45.79583, 24.15222
Country	Romania
Sibiu County	Municipality of Sibiu
Founded	1191 (first official record)
Government
- Mayor	Klaus Johannis
Area
- Total	121 km² (46. Romania ( dated: Rumania, Roumania Wikipedia talkFeatured lists for an explanation of this and other inclusion tags below -->This list of countries, arranged alphabetically Romania ( dated: Rumania, Roumania Sibiu (si'bju Hungarian: Szeben) is a county ( Judeţ) of Romania, in the historical region Transylvania, with the capital city Klaus Werner Johannis (born June 13, 1959, in Sibiu) is a Romanian teacher and politician of German ethnicity Area is a Quantity expressing the two- Dimensional size of a defined part of a Surface, typically a region bounded by a closed Curve. Square Kilometre ( US spelling square kilometer) symbol km2, is a decimal multiple of the SI unit of 7 sq mi)
Elevation	190 - 240 m (-597 ft)
Population (2002)
- Total	▼ 154. The square mile is an imperial and US unit of Area equal the area of a square of one statute mile. The elevation of a Geographic location is its height above a fixed reference point often the mean sea level. The metre or meter is a unit of Length. It is the basic unit of Length in the Metric system and in the International A foot (plural feet or foot; symbol or abbreviation ft or sometimes &prime – the prime symbol) is a non-SI unit 892
- Density	1,273/km² (3,297. Population density (in agriculture standing stock and Standing crop) is a measurement of Population per unit area or unit volume 1/sq mi)
Time zone	EET (UTC+2)
- Summer (DST)	EEST (UTC+3)
Postal Code	0xxxxx
Area code(s)	+40 269
Car Plates	SB
Website: www.sibiu.ro

Sibiu (IPA: [si'biw], German: Hermannstadt; Hungarian: Nagyszeben; Yiddish: הערמאנשטאדט (Hermanshtadt) or סזעבען (Szeben), ) is one of the largest cities in Transylvania, Romania with a population of about 160,000. Eastern European Time ( EET) is one of the names of UTC+2 Time zone, 2 hours ahead of Coordinated Universal Time. UTC+2 corresponds to the following Time zones Eastern European Time Egypt Standard Time Central Africa Time Daylight saving time ( DST Eastern European Summer Time ( EEST) is one of the names of UTC+3 Time zone, 3 hours ahead of Coordinated Universal Time. UTC+3 is used in the following locations Moscow Time Eastern European Summer Time West Asian Summer Time A telephone numbering plan is a plan for allocating Telephone number ranges to countries regions areas and exchanges and to non-fixed telephone networks The standard Romanian License plate consists of a blue vertical strip (the European strip on the left side of the plate displaying the 12 stars of the The German language (de ''Deutsch'') is a West Germanic language and one of the world's major languages. Hungarian ( magyar nyelv) is a Uralic language (more specifically a Ugric language) unrelated to most other languages in Europe. Yiddish (yi [[wiktייִדיש ייִדיש]] yidish or yi [[wiktאידיש אידיש]] idish, literally "Jewish" is a nonterritorial High Transylvania (Ardeal or ro ''Transilvania'' Erdély, see also other denominations) is a Central European region located in the eastern half of the Carpathian Romania ( dated: Rumania, Roumania It straddles the Cibin River, a tributary of the river Olt. Cibin (Zibin is a river in central Romania, in the South part of Transylvania. The Olt River ( Romanian and Hungarian; German: Alt; Latin: Aluta or Alutus) is a River in It is the capital of Sibiu County and is located some 282 km NW of Bucharest. Sibiu (si'bju Hungarian: Szeben) is a county ( Judeţ) of Romania, in the historical region Transylvania, with the capital city Bucharest ( Romanian: Bucureşti) is the Capital city, industrial and commercial centre of Romania.

It is one of the most important cultural and religious centres in Romania as well a major transportation hub in central Romania. The city used to be the centre of the Transylvanian Saxons in Romania until World War II. The Transylvanian Saxons (Siebenbürger Sachsen Erdélyi szászok Saşi are a people of German ethnicity who settled in Transylvania (Siebenbürgen from the 12th

Sibiu was designated European Capital of Culture for the year 2007 together with Luxembourg. The city of Luxembourg (Lëtzebuerg Luxemburg also known as Luxembourg City (Stad Lëtzebuerg Ville de Luxembourg Luxemburg Stadt is a commune with city

Contents 1 Geography and climate 2 History 2.1 Milestones in Sibiu's history 3 Cityscape 4 Population 4.1 Population dynamics 4.2 Population by confession 5 Politics 5.1 Prefecture and County Council 6 City districts 7 Economy 7.1 Employment breakdown by economic sector 8 Transport 8.1 Air 8.2 Road 8.3 Rail 8.4 Internal 9 Tourism 9.1 Accommodation 10 Places of interest 10.1 The Lower City 10.2 The Upper City 10.2.1 The Large Square 10.2.2 The Small Square 10.2.3 The Huet Square 10.3 The Fortifications 10.4 Passage of the Stairs 11 Culture 11.1 Museums 11.2 Events 11.3 European Cultural Capital 12 Education 13 Sports teams 14 Natives 15 Twinned towns 15.1 Legations 16 References 17 External links 18 Notes

Geography and climate

Sibiu is situated near the geographical center of Romania at 45°47′34″N 24°09′07″E / 45.792784, 24.152069 (Sibiu)Coordinates: 45°47′34″N 24°09′07″E / 45.792784, 24.152069 (Sibiu). A geographic coordinate system enables every location on the Earth to be specified in three coordinates using mainly a spherical coordinate system. Set in the Cibin Depression, the city is about 20 km from the Făgăraş Mountains, 12 km from the Cibin Mountains, and about 15 km from the Lotrului Mountains, which border the depression in its southwestern section. Făgăraş Mountains (Munţii Făgăraşului Fogarasi-havasok are the highest mountains of the Southern Carpathians, in Romania. Cindrel Mountains (also known as Cândrel Mountains or Cibin Mountains) are a group of mountains in central Romania in the center of the Southern The northern and eastern limits of Sibiu are formed by the Târnavelor Plateau, which descends to the Cibin Valley through Guşteriţei Hill.

The Cibin river runs through Sibiu, as well as some smaller streams. The geographical position of Sibiu makes it one of the most important transportation hubs in Romania with important roads and railway lines passing through it.

Sibiu's climate is temperate-continental with average temperatures of 8 to 9°C. Continental climate is a Climate that is characterized by Winter Temperatures cold enough to support a fixed period of Snow cover each Year The multi-annual average of rainfall is 662 l/mp, and there are about 120 days of hard frost annually.

History

Main article: History of Sibiu

The city was founded in 1190 by German settlers. The Transylvanian Saxons (Siebenbürger Sachsen Erdélyi szászok Saşi are a people of German ethnicity who settled in Transylvania (Siebenbürgen from the 12th It was probably built near a Roman settlement, one that would be known during the early Middle Ages as Caedonia. The Roman province of Dacia on the Balkans included the modern Romanian regions of Transylvania, Banat and Oltenia, and temporarily

In the 14th century, it was already an important trade center. In 1376, the craftsmen were divided in 19 guilds. A guild is an association of craftsmen in a particular trade The earliest guilds were formed as confraternities of workers Sibiu became the most important ethnic German city among the seven cities that gave Transylvania its German name Siebenbürgen (literally seven castles), and it was home to the Universitas Saxorum, the assembly of Germans in Transylvania. Common opinion in the 17th century ascribed Sibiu the quality of being the easternmost city to be part of the European sphere; it was also the eastern terminus of postal routes.

During the 18th and 19th centuries, the city became the second and later the first most important center of Transylvanian Romanian ethnics. The Romanians (dated Rumanians or Roumanians; Romanian: români or historically and today rather seldom and only regional rumâni The first Romanian-owned bank had its headquarters here (The Albina Bank), as did the ASTRA (Transylvanian Association for Romanian Literature and Romanian's People Culture). Asociaţia Transilvană pentru Literatura Română şi Cultura Poporului Român (abbreviated ASTRA; in English The Transylvanian Association for Romanian Literature After the Romanian Orthodox Church was granted status in the Habsburg Empire from the 1860s onwards, Sibiu became the Metropolitan seat, and the city is still regarded as the third most important center of the Romanian Orthodox Church. The Romanian Orthodox Church ( Biserica Ortodoxă Română in Romanian) is a Autocephalous Eastern Orthodox church Habsburg Monarchy (alternatively Habsburg Empire) refers to the territories ruled by the Austrian branch of the House of Habsburg, and then by the successor In Hierarchical Christian churches the rank of metropolitan bishop, or simply metropolitan, pertains to the Diocesan bishop or The Romanian Orthodox Church ( Biserica Ortodoxă Română in Romanian) is a Autocephalous Eastern Orthodox church Between the 1848 Hungarian Revolution and 1867 (the year of the Ausgleich), Sibiu was the meeting-place of the Transylvanian Diet, which had taken its most representative form after the Empire agreed to extend voting rights in the region. From March 1848 through July 1849 the Habsburg Austrian Empire was threatened by revolutionary movements The Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867 (Ausgleich Kiegyezés established the Dual Monarchy of Austria-Hungary.

After World War I, when Austria-Hungary was dissolved, Sibiu became part of Romania; the majority of its population was Romanian and counted large ethnic German and Hungarian communities. World War I (abbreviated WWI; also known as the First World War, the Great War, and the War to End All Starting from the 1950s and until after 1990, most of the city's ethnic Germans emigrated to Germany. Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. Among the roughly 2,000 who have remained is Klaus Johannis, who is currently mayor of Sibiu City. Klaus Werner Johannis (born June 13, 1959, in Sibiu) is a Romanian teacher and politician of German ethnicity Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar.

Milestones in Sibiu's history

• 1191 - Mentioned for the first time in a document of the Vatican, under the name "Cibinium" ( due to the river Cibin that flows through the city)
• 1292 - The first hospital in present-day Romania was opened.
• 1380 - The first documented school in present-day Romania.
• 1494 - The first pharmacy in present-day Romania. Pharmacy (from the Greek φάρμακον 'pharmakon' = drug is the Health profession that links the Health sciences with the chemical sciences
• 1534 - The first paper mill in present-day Romania. A paper mill is a Factory devoted to making Paper from wood pulp and other ingredients using a Fourdrinier Machine or similar apparatus
• 1544 - The first book in the Romanian language was printed in Sibiu.
• 1570 - Transylvania became an independent principality
• 1551 - Conrad Haas' experiment with rockets. Conrad Haas (1509&ndash1576 was an Austrian Military engineer who is believed to be the first person to describe a Multistage rocket in writing A rocket or rocket vehicle is a Missile, Aircraft or other Vehicle which obtains Thrust by the reaction of the
• 1671 - Methane gas was discovered near Sibiu. Methane is a Chemical compound with the molecular formula. It is the simplest Alkane, and the principal component of Natural gas.
• 1782 - Franz-Joseph Müller von Reichenstein discovered the chemical element tellurium. Franz-Joseph Müller Freiherr von Reichenstein or Franz-Joseph Müller von Reichenstein (Müller F Tellurium (tɪˈlʊəriəm/ /tɛl- is a Chemical element that has the symbol Te and Atomic number 52 ^[1][2]
• 1788 - First theatre in present-day Romania.
• 1795 - The first lightning rod in Southeastern Europe was installed in Cisnădie. A lightning rod (USA or lightning conductor (UK is a single component in a Lightning protection system.
• 1797 - Samuel Hahnemann opened the world's first homeopathic laboratory. Christian Friedrich Samuel Hahnemann ( 10 April 1755 &ndash 2 July 1843) was a German Physician who created Homoeopathy This article has been the subject of edit wars and has been placed on probation
• 1817 - The Brukenthal Museum, the first museum in present-day Romania, was opened. The Brukenthal National Museum (Muzeul Naţional Brukenthal is a Museum in Sibiu, Romania, housed in the palace of Samuel von Brukenthal &mdash
• 1867 - Union of Transylvania and Hungary
• 1896 - The first use of electricity in present-day Romania, and the first power line in Southeastern Europe.
• 1904 - The second city in Europe to use an electric-powered trolley. A tram, tramcar, trolley, trolley car, or streetcar is a railborne vehicle, of lighter weight and construction than a Train
• 1918 - Union of Transylvania and Romania. Sibiu became part of Romania
• 1928 - The first zoo in Romania.
• 1941 - Saxons lost their historical majority in the population
• 1989 - The third city to take part in the Romanian Revolution. The Romanian Revolution of 1989 was a week-long series of increasingly violent riots and fighting in late December 1989 that overthrew the Communist regime of Nicolae
• 2007 - European Capital of Culture 2007

Cityscape

Population

As of approximately 2002, Sibiu has a population of about 160,000. See also 2002 (disambiguation Year 2002 ( MMII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar. The ethnic breakdown is as follows:

• Romanians 95%
• Hungarians 2%
• Germans 1. The Romanians (dated Rumanians or Roumanians; Romanian: români or historically and today rather seldom and only regional rumâni Hungarians (or Magyars, magyarok are an Ethnic group primarily associated with Hungary. This article is about the German diaspora See Germans for the German ethnicity in general 6%
• Other 1. 4%

Population dynamics

• 1850: || 12. For the game see 1850 (board game. 1850 ( MDCCCL) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link 765 inhabitants
• 1900: |||| 21. Year 1900 ( MCM) was an exceptional Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar 465
• 1930: |||||||||| 49. Year 1930 ( MCMXXX) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display 1930 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. 345
• 1948: |||||||||||||| 60. Year 1948 ( MCMXLVIII) was a Leap year starting on Thursday (link will display the 1948 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. 602
• 1966: |||||||||||||||||||||| 109. Year 1966 ( MCMLXVI) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar of the 1966 Gregorian calendar. 515
• 1977: |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||| 151. Also 1977 (album by Ash. Year 1977 ( MCMLXXVII) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays 005
• 1992: |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||| 169. Year 1992 ( MCMXCII) was a Leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display full 1992 Gregorian calendar) 610
• 2002: ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||| 154. See also 2002 (disambiguation Year 2002 ( MMII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar. 892
• 2007: |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||| 159. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. 000 (aprox. )

Census[3]		Ethnical structure
Year	Population of Sibiu	Romanians	Hungarians	Germans
1850	12. The Romanians (dated Rumanians or Roumanians; Romanian: români or historically and today rather seldom and only regional rumâni Hungarians (or Magyars, magyarok are an Ethnic group primarily associated with Hungary. The German people (Deutsche are an Ethnic group, in the sense of sharing a common German culture, descent and speaking the German language as 765	2. 089	977	8. 790
1880	19. 446	2. 810	2. 065	14. 327
1890	21. 465	4. 581	3. 199	13. 148
1900	29. 577	7. 106	5. 747	16. 141
1910	33. 489	8. 824	7. 252	16. 832
1920	32. 748	8. 553	4. 291	18. 218
1930	49. 345	19. 006	6. 782	22. 045
1941	63. 765	33. 829	4. 262	23. 574
1948	60. 602	37. 371	5. 060	16. 359
1956	90. 475	60. 526	4. 772	24. 636
1966	109. 515	78. 548	5. 124	25. 387
1977	151. 005	119. 507	5. 111	25. 403
1992	169. 610	158. 863	4. 163	5. 605

Population by confession

Today, most of the population is of the Romanian Orthodox religion. Protestants and Roman Catholics represent about 5% of the population. Protestantism refers to the forms of Christian faith and practice that originated in the 16th century Protestant Reformation.

Confessions in Sibiu
Confession	1910	2002
Eastern Orthodox	18 %	91 %
Greek-Catholic (Uniate)	8 %	1 %
Roman-Catholic	20 %	2 %
Evangelical Lutheran	42 %	2 %
Reformed	7 %	1 %
Jewish	4 %	< 1 %
Other	1 %	4 %

Politics

The mayor of Sibiu is Klaus Johannis, the president of the Democratic Forum of Germans in Romania (FDGR/DFDR). The Romanian Orthodox Church ( Biserica Ortodoxă Română in Romanian) is a Autocephalous Eastern Orthodox church The Romanian Church United with Rome Greek-Catholic (Biserica Română Unită cu Roma Greco-Catolică is an Eastern Rite or Greek-Catholic Church ranked as a Major The Reformed churches are a group of Christian Protestant Denominations formally characterized by a similar Calvinist system of doctrine historically PLEASE TAKE NOTE************ The Democratic Forum of Germans in Romania (Demokratisches Forum der Deutschen in Rumänien DFDR; Forumul Democrat al Germanilor The Social Democratic Party of Romania (in Romanian, Partidul Social Democrat, PSD is a major political party of Romania. The Partidul Naţional Liberal ( National Liberal Party) is a liberal party in Romania, and the second largest party in parliament being edged out The Democratic Party ( Romanian: Partidul Democrat, PD was a centre-right party of Romania. Klaus Werner Johannis (born June 13, 1959, in Sibiu) is a Romanian teacher and politician of German ethnicity The Democratic Forum of Germans in Romania (Demokratisches Forum der Deutschen in Rumänien DFDR; Forumul Democrat al Germanilor He was elected in 2000, being the first German mayor of a city in Romania since World War II. World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including Johannis was overwhelmingly reelected in 2004 with 88. 7% of votes and his party gained an absolute majority in the city council. The German Forum also won the elections for mayor in the second and third most important towns in Sibiu county, Medias and Cisnadie, as well as one third (11 out of 33) of the seats in the county council. Mediaş (Mediasch Medgyes is the second largest city in Sibiu County, Transylvania, Romania. Cisnădie (Heltau Transylvanian Saxon: Hielt, Nagydisznód is a town in Transylvania located approximately 10 km from Sibiu.

This may seem surprising, as the Germans make up less than 2% of Sibiu's population and less than 3% of the county population, but the outcome is possibly due to popular perception of the territorial leaders of Romanian parties as being corrupt.

Prefecture and County Council

The leadership of the 2 county institutions based in Sibiu was elected in 2004:

• Prefect: Ilie Mitea (PNL)
• Viceprefect: Marin Craciun (PNL)
• President of the County Council: Martin Bottesch (FDGR/DFDR)

City districts

The following districts are part of Sibiu. Prefect (from the Latin praefectus, perfect participle of praeficere: "make in front" i Some were villages annexed by the city but most were built as the city developed and increased its surface.

• Centru (Centre)
• Oraşul de Jos (Lower Town)
• Lupeni
• Trei Stejari (Three Oaks)
• Sub Arini (Under Alders)
• Vasile Aaron
• Hipodrom I, II, III, IV
• Valea Aurie (Golden Valley)
• Tilişca
• Ştrand I, II
• Turnişor (Little Tower)
• Piaţa Cluj (Cluj Plaza)
• Ţiglari
• Terezian
• Reşiţa
• Lazaret
• Guşteriţa
• Broscărie

Two main industrial areas are located within the city limits:

• Eastern industrial zone, alongside the railway to Braşov and Râmnicu Vâlcea
• Western industrial zone, near the exit to Sebes, close to the Airport

The Southern part, including the ASTRA National Museum Complex and the zoo, also falls inside the city limits. Braşov (braˈʃov Brassó Kronstadt Medieval Latin: Brassovia or Corona) is a city in Romania and the capital of Braşov County Râmnicu Vâlcea (also spelled Rîmnicu Vîlcea, pronunciation in Romanian: /'rɨm Sebeş ( German: Mühlbach, Hungarian: Szászsebes) is a city in Alba County, central Romania, southern Transylvania Sibiu International Airport or Aeroportul International Sibiu serves the historic city of Sibiu; it is located in southern Transylvania, about 260 "ASTRA" National Museum Complex (Complexul Naţional Muzeal "ASTRA" is a museum complex in Sibiu, Romania, which gathers under the same authority

Economy

Sibiu is one of the most prosperous cities of Romania, and also receives one of the highest rates of foreign investment in the country. It is an important manufacturer of automotive components (Bilstein-Compa, Takata, Continental, and SNR 'Ball bearing'). The Kaufunger Wald is a range of steep wooded hills straddling the border between the states of Hesse and Lower Saxony in central Germany. A ball bearing is an engineering term referring to a type of Rolling-element bearing which uses Balls to maintain the separation between the moving parts Other local industries are machine components, textiles, agro-industry, and electrical components (Siemens).

One of the main concerns for the city is attracting new investors to locate their businesses in Sibiu, and an industrial park has been recently completed. An industrial estate is an area of land set aside for industrial development. The city also contains Romania's largest stock exchange outside Bucharest, the Sibiu Stock Exchange. Bucharest ( Romanian: Bucureşti) is the Capital city, industrial and commercial centre of Romania. The Sibiu Monetary Financial and Commodities Exchange ( Bursa Monetar Financiarã şi de Mãrfuri Sibiu or BMFMS in Romanian) is Romania's second largest

Employment breakdown by economic sector

• Industry - 49%
• Commerce - 15%
• Construction - 7. 5%
• Health - 7. 5%
• Education - 7%
• Transport - 6. 5%

Transport

Sibiu is well served in terms of transport and infrastructure, although the road traffic is congested because of the lack of a city bypass.

Air

Sibiu has an international airport with direct connections to Germany and Austria as well as to other Romanian cities. Sibiu International Airport or Aeroportul International Sibiu serves the historic city of Sibiu; it is located in southern Transylvania, about 260 Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. Austria (Österreich ( officially the Republic of Austria (Republik Österreich The airport is one of the most modern in Romania and the runway will be able to receive all types of commercial aircraft, including the Airbus A380, from 2008. WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout

Direct flights from Sibiu:

• Munich (Lufthansa, Tarom)
• Vienna (Austrian Airlines)
• Bucharest, Târgu Mureş (Tarom)
• Timişoara (Carpatair)

Road

Sibiu is an important node in the European road network, being on two different European routes (E68 and E81). Munich (München; Minga is the capital city of Bavaria, Germany. SC „Compania Națională de Transporturi Aeriene Române – TAROM” S Vienna ( in Wien; see also other names) is the Capital of Austria, and is also one of the nine States of Austria. Austrian Airlines AG is the flag carrier Airline of Austria, headquartered in Vienna. Bucharest ( Romanian: Bucureşti) is the Capital city, industrial and commercial centre of Romania. Târgu Mureş (ˈtɨrgu ˈmureʃ in Romanian; Târgu Mureş Marosvásárhely (Székely-Vásárhely Neumarkt am Mieresch Novum Forum Siculorum is a city in Mureş Timişoara (pronunciation in Romanian: {{IPA|/timiˈʃo̯ara/}}; Hungarian: Temesvár, German: Temeschburg, Temeswar Carpatair SA is the largest regional Airline in Eastern Europe, based in Timişoara, Romania. At a national level, Sibiu is located on three different main national roads, DN1, DN7 and DN14.

The Romanian Motorway A1 will link the city with Piteşti and the Romanian western border, near Arad. Piteşti (/pi'teʃtʲ/ is a city in Romania, located on the Argeş River. Arad (pronunciation in Romanian: /a'rad/ Hungarian: Arad; Serbian: Арад Arad) is the capital city of Arad County Funding for the project is assured and work is projected to be complete by 2014.

Sibiu is also an important hub for the international bus links with the biggest passenger transporter in Romania, Atlassib^[4], based here. Transport companies are also providing coach connections from Sibiu to a large number of locations in Romania.

Rail

Sibiu is situated on the CFR-Romanian Railways Main Line 200 (Brasov - Făgăraş - Sibiu - Simeria - Arad - Romanian Western Border) and on Line 206 (Sibiu - Mediaş).

The city is served by three rail stations: the Main Station, the Little Station (Gara Micǎ) and Sibiu Turnişor. It has an important diesel-powered locomotives depot and a freight terminal.

Numerous InterCity trains (nicknamed Blue Arrows) connect Sibiu to other major cities in Romania: Cluj-Napoca, Braşov, Craiova, Timişoara and Bucharest.

Internal

Tursib^[5] is the city's transport system and operates one tramway line to Răşinari, 5 trolleybus lines and about 25 bus lines. Tursib is the local Public transport operator in Sibiu, Romania. A tram, tramcar, trolley, trolley car, or streetcar is a railborne vehicle, of lighter weight and construction than a Train Răşinari (Städterdorf Resinár is a village and commune in Sibiu County, Transylvania, Romania.

Taxi companies are very strong in Sibiu with about 2000 taxis operating. The fares are the same for every company: 1. 5 RON/km and 1 RON starting price. The city council regulations are very strict and impose the yellow colour for all taxis (as well as for all buses).

Tourism

In 2007, Sibiu was the European Capital of Culture (together with Luxembourg). The European Capital of Culture is a city designated by the European Union for a period of one Calendar year during which it is given a chance to showcase its The city of Luxembourg (Lëtzebuerg Luxemburg also known as Luxembourg City (Stad Lëtzebuerg Ville de Luxembourg Luxemburg Stadt is a commune with city It is the most important cultural event that has ever happened in the city and a great number of tourists are expected, both domestic and foreign. ^[6]

The city of Sibiu and its surroundings are one of the most visited areas in Romania. It holds one of the best preserved historical sites in the country, many of its medieval fortifications having been kept in excellent state. Its old center has begun the process for becoming a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 2004. United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization ( UNESCO) is a specialized agency of the United Nations established on November 16 A UNESCO World Heritage Site is a site (such as a Forest, Mountain, Lake, Desert, Monument, Building, complex Sibiu and its surrounding area have many significant museums, with 12 institutions housing art collections, paintings, and exhibits in decorative arts, archaeology, anthropology, history, industrial archeology and history of technology and natural sciences.

The city also lies close to the Făgăraş Mountains - a very popular trekking destination, close to the Păltiniş resort - a popular winter holiday destination, and it is at the heart of the former Saxon communities in Transylvania renowned for its fortified churches. Făgăraş Mountains (Munţii Făgăraşului Fogarasi-havasok are the highest mountains of the Southern Carpathians, in Romania. Păltiniş is a mountain resort in Transylvania, Romania, 35 km south-west from Sibiu in the Cindrel Mountains. Transylvanian villages were often organised around a fortified church

Accommodation

There are over 35 hotels in Sibiu, with different classifications. The most exquisite hotels are the Împăratul Romanilor hotel, located in the center of the old part of the city and the Ramada hotel, located near the Unirii Plaza. Continental Hotels Romania owns two important hotels in the city and has upgraded one of them to the Continental Forum name. Two brand new hotels were scheduled to open in 2007.

Places of interest

Much of the city's aspect is due to its position, easily defensible, but allowing horizontal development. The Lutheran Cathedral of Saint Mary ( German: Evangelische Stadtpfarrkirche in Hermannstadt, Romanian: Biserica Evanghelică din Sibiu The old city of Sibiu lies on the right bank of the Cibin River, on a hill situated at about 200 m from the river. It consists of two distinct entities: the Upper City and the Lower City. Traditionally, the Upper City was the wealthier part and commercial outlet, while the Lower City served as the manufacturing area.

The Lower City

The Lower City (Romanian: Oraşul de jos) comprises the area between the river and the hill, and it developed around the earliest fortifications. The streets are long and quite wide for medieval city standards, with small city squares at places. The architecture is rather rustic: typically two-storey houses with tall roofs and gates opening passages to inner courts.

Most of the exterior fortifications were lost to industrial development and modern urban planning in the late 19th century; only one or two towers still exist. A building associated with newer urbanism of the period is the Independenţa Highschool.

This area has the oldest church in the city, dating back to 1386.

The Upper City

The Upper City (Romanian: Oraşul de sus) is organised around three city squares and a set of streets along the line of the hill. As the main area for burgher activities, the area contains most points of interest in Sibiu.

The Large Square

The Large Square (Romanian: Piaţa Mare, German: Großer Ring) is, as its name suggests, the largest square of the city, and has been the center of the city since the 16th century. This article lists the largest city squares ordered by area. Areas given are in Square meters (m² as noted in the articles or the reference provided but may not 142 m long and 93 m wide, it is one of the largest ones in Transylvania.

Brukenthal Palace, one of the most important Baroque monuments in Romania, lies on the north-western corner of the square. The Brukenthal National Museum (Muzeul Naţional Brukenthal is a Museum in Sibiu, Romania, housed in the palace of Samuel von Brukenthal &mdash Baroque art redirects here Please disambiguate such links to Baroque painting, Baroque sculpture, etc It was erected between 1777 and 1787 as the main residence for the Governor of Transylvania Samuel von Brukenthal. Samuel von Brukenthal (1721 Nocrich &ndash 1803 Sibiu) was the Habsburg governor of the Grand Principality of Transylvania between It houses the main part of the National Brukenthal Museum, opened in 1817. Next to the palace is the Blue House, an 18th century Baroque house bearing the old coat of arms of Sibiu on its façade.

On the north side is the Jesuit Church, along with its dependencies, the former residence of the Jesuits in Sibiu. The Society of Jesus ( Latin: Societas Iesu, SJ and SI or SJ, SI) is a Catholic religious order Also on the north side, at the beginning of the 20th century an Art Nouveau building was constructed on the west part, now it houses the mayor's office. Art Nouveau ( nu vo anglicised /ˈɑːt nuːvəu/ ( French for 'new art' also known as Jugendstil ( German for 'youth style' is an international

Next to the Jesuit Church on the north side is the Council Tower, one of the city's symbols. This former fortification tower from the 14th century has been successively rebuilt over the years. The building nearby used to be the City Council's meetingplace; beneath it lies an access way between the Large Square and the Small Square.

On the south and east sides are two- or three-storey houses, having tall attics with small windows known as the city's eyes. Most of these houses are dated 17th to 19th centuries, and most of them are Baroque in style.

The Small Square

As its name says, the Piaţă Mică is smaller in size, being rather longer than wide. Its north-west side has a curved shape, unlike the Large Square, which has an approximately rectangular shape. Accordingly, Piaţă Mică plays a smaller part in the city's present-day life.

The square is connected to the other two squares and to other streets by small, narrow passages. The main access from the Lower City is through Ocnei Street, which divides the square in two. The street passes under the Liar's Bridge - the first bridge in Romania to have been cast in iron (1859).

To the right of the bridge is another symbol of the city, The House of the Arts, an arched building formerly belonging to the Butchers' Guild. On the left side of the bridge is the Luxemburg House, a Baroque four-storey building, former seat of the Goldsmiths' Guild.

The Huet Square

Huet Square is the third of the three main squares of Sibiu. Its most notable feature is the Evangelical Lutheran Cathedral in its center. The Lutheran Cathedral of Saint Mary ( German: Evangelische Stadtpfarrkirche in Hermannstadt, Romanian: Biserica Evanghelică din Sibiu It is the place where the earliest fortifications have been built. The buildings around this square are mainly Gothic. See also Gothic art Gothic architecture is a style of Architecture which flourished during the high and late medieval period. On the west side lies the Brukenthal Highschool, in place of a former 15th century school.

The Fortifications

The city of Sibiu was one of the most important fortified cities in Southeastern Europe. Multiple rings were built around the city, most of them out of clay bricks. The south-eastern fortifications are the best kept, and all three parallel lines are still visible. The first is an exterior earth mound, the second is a 10-meter-tall red brick wall, and the third line comprises towers linked by another 10-meter-tall wall. All structures are connected via a labyrinth of tunnels and passageways, designed to ensure transport between the city and lines of defense.

In the 16th century more modern elements were added to the fortifications, mainly leaf-shaped bastions. A bastion is a structure projecting outward from the main enclosure of a Fortification, situated in both corners of a straight wall (termed curtain with the shape One of these survived to this day, as the Haller Bastion (all the way down Coposu Boulevard).

Passage of the Stairs

The steep Passage of the Stairs leads down to the lower section of Sibiu. It descends along some fortifications under the support arches. It is the most picturesque of the several passages linking the two sides of the city.

Culture

Sibiu is one of Romania's most culturally lively cities. The Lutheran Cathedral of Saint Mary ( German: Evangelische Stadtpfarrkirche in Hermannstadt, Romanian: Biserica Evanghelică din Sibiu It has two theatres and a philharmonic orchestra.

The Radu Stanca National Theatre ^[7] is one of the leading Romanian theatres. With origins dating back to 1787, it attracts some of the best-known Romanian directors, such as Tompa Gábor and Silviu Purcărete. It has both a Romanian-language and a German-language section, and presents an average of five shows a week.

The Gong Theatre is specialised in puppetry, mime and non-conventional shows for children and teenagers. It also presents shows in both Romanian and German.

The State Philharmonic of Sibiu ^[8] presents weekly classical music concerts, and educational concerts for children and teenagers. The State Philharmonic Orchestra of Sibiu is a well known orchestra from Romania. The concerts take place in the newly restored Thalia Hall, a concert and theatre hall dating from 1787, situated along the old city fortifications. Weekly organ concerts are organised at the Evangelical Cathedral during summers, and thematic concerts are presented by the Faculty of Theology choir at the Orthodox Cathedral. The organ (from Greek όργανον – organon "organ instrument tool" is a Keyboard instrument of one or more divisions each

Museums

Sibiu's museums are organised around two entities: the Brukenthal National Museum and the ASTRA National Museum Complex. The Brukenthal National Museum (Muzeul Naţional Brukenthal is a Museum in Sibiu, Romania, housed in the palace of Samuel von Brukenthal &mdash "ASTRA" National Museum Complex (Complexul Naţional Muzeal "ASTRA" is a museum complex in Sibiu, Romania, which gathers under the same authority The Brukenthal Museum consists of an Art Gallery and an Old Books Library located inside the Brukenthal Palace, a History Museum located in the old town hall building, a Pharmacy Museum located in one of the first apothecary shops in Europe, dating from the 16th century, a Natural History Museum and a Museum of Arms and Hunting Trophies.

The ASTRA National Museum Complex focuses on ethnography, and consists of a Traditional Folk Civilisation Museum—a 96-hectare open-air museum located on a forest south of Sibiu—a Universal Ethnography Museum, a Museum of Transylvanian Civilisation and a Museum of Saxon Ethnography and Folk Art. "ASTRA" National Museum Complex (Complexul Naţional Muzeal "ASTRA" is a museum complex in Sibiu, Romania, which gathers under the same authority Ethnography ( Greek ethnos = people and graphein = writing is a genre of writing that uses Fieldwork to provide a descriptive Explanation The hectare is commonly used in most countries around the world especially in domains concerned with land planning and management such as Agriculture, It also has a project of opening a Museum of the Culture and Civilisation of the Romany People.

There is a Steam Locomotives Museum close to the railway station, sheltering around 40 locomotives, two of which are functional. The Steam Locomotives Museum ( Romanian: Muzeul locomotivelor cu abur) is a Museum in Sibiu, Romania. A steam locomotive is a Locomotive powered by Steam. The term usually refers to its use on Railways but can also refer to a "road locomotive"

Events

Several festivals are organised yearly in Sibiu, the most prestigious of them being the Theatre Festival, organised each spring at the end of May. The ArtMania rock festival is held every Summer since 2006. The oldest Jazz Festival in Romania is organised here, as well as the "Carl Filtsch" festival for young classical piano players, the "Astra Film" documentary film festival, the Transylvania calling Festival a Multi Cultural 6 day Open Air Music festival! 26-31 July 2007, a medieval arts festival and many more smaller cultural events. Events 30 BC - Battle of Alexandria: Mark Antony achieves a minor victory over Octavian 's forces but most of his army subsequently Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. ^[9]

European Cultural Capital

The designation as a European Cultural Co-Capital for 2007, owed greatly to the excellent collaboration with Luxembourg, but also to what many regard as a miraculous social rebirth taking place in the city during the last years. The European Capital of Culture is a city designated by the European Union for a period of one Calendar year during which it is given a chance to showcase its The city of Luxembourg (Lëtzebuerg Luxemburg also known as Luxembourg City (Stad Lëtzebuerg Ville de Luxembourg Luxemburg Stadt is a commune with city

The Cultural Capital status was expected to bring about an abrupt increase in quantity and quality of cultural events in 2007. The long term effects, on the other hand, and the impact on the city's inhabitants are quite disputed. Some people consider the status of Cultural Capital a natural recognition of the city's merits, while young intellectuals consider it less of a recognition and more of a chance that has been generously granted to Sibiu. ^[10]

Education

Sibiu is an important centre of higher education, with over 34,000 undergraduate students in 2007 (counting for almost one fourth of the entire population). See also Society of Jesus Jesuits have founded and managed a number of institutions notably universities, which have produced many well-known alumni.

The Lucian Blaga University of Sibiu^[11] was founded in 1990, with five faculties: Engineering and Sciences; Letters; History and Law; Medicine; Food and Textile Processing Technology. The Lucian Blaga University of Sibiu ( Romanian: Universitatea "Lucian Blaga" din Sibiu) was founded in 1990 with five schools Letters History and Nowadays, it has many departments.

• Andrei Şaguna Faculty of Theology
• Faculty of Letters and Arts
• Nicolae Lupu Faculty of History and Patrimony
• Simion Bărnuţiu Faculty of Law
• Hermann Oberth Faculty of Engineering^[12]
• Faculty of Sciences
• Victor Papilian Faculty of Medicine
• Faculty of Economics
• Faculty of Journalism
• Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Food Industry and Environmental Protection
• The University College
• Department for Distance and E-Learning^[13]

Sibiu also houses the Nicolae Bălcescu Land Forces Military Academy, as well as some private universities.

In Sibiu there are 20 educational institutions on the secondary level, the most prestigious of which are:

• Gheorghe Lazăr National College - mainly sciences and informatics, with some bilingual classes
• Samuel von Brukenthal National College - German language high school
• Octavian Goga National College - social sciences, sciences and informatics
• Onisifor Ghibu Theoretical Highschool - informatics, social sciences and sports
• Andrei Şaguna National College - training for schoolteachers, informatics, social sciences and sports
• Constantin Noica Theoretical Highschool - social sciences and sciences

Sports teams

Football (soccer)

• FC Sibiu
• Atletic Sibiu

Rugby

• CSM Sibiu

Volleyball

• CSM Sibiu (men)
• CSS Sibiu (women)

Basketball

• CSU Atlassib Sibiu (men)

Handball

• CSM Sibiu (women)
• CSM Sibiu (men)

Natives

• Arthur Arz von Straussenburg, Austro-Hungarian general
• Miklós Borsos, Hungarian sculptor
• Andrei Codrescu, American writer
• Sabina Cojocar, Romanian gymnast
• Sándor Domanovszky, Hungarian historian
• Steve Holmes, German pornographic actor
• Iancu Sasul, Moldavian ruler
• Hermann Kusmanek von Burgneustädten, Austro-Hungarian general
• Hermann Oberth, German space flight technology pioneer
• Nicolaus Olahus, Hungarian archbishop
• Oskar Pastior, Romanian-German poet and translator
• Dan Perjovschi, Romanian artist
• Lia Perjovschi, Romanian artist
• János Márton Stock, Hungarian painter
• Tobias Stranovius, Saxon painter
• Viorel Tilea, Romanian diplomat

Twinned towns

• Bauru since 1995. Gheorghe Lazăr ( June 5 1779 &mdash September 17 1821, born and died in Avrig, Sibiu County) was a Transylvanian Samuel von Brukenthal (1721 Nocrich &ndash 1803 Sibiu) was the Habsburg governor of the Grand Principality of Transylvania between Octavian Goga ( April 1, 1881 &mdash May 7, 1938) was a Romanian politician poet, Playwright, journalist Onisifor Ghibu ( May 31, 1883 &ndash October 3, 1972) was a Romanian teacher of Pedagogy, member of the Romanian Academy Andrei Şaguna ( 20 January 1809, Miskolc, Hungary &mdash 28 June 1873, Sibiu) was a Metropolitan bishop "Noica" redirects here For the politician see Nicolae Noica --> Constantin Noica (/kon Arthur Freiherr Arz von Straussenburg (or Straußenburg) June 16, 1857 - June 1, 1935, was an Austro-Hungarian Colonel-General Miklós Borsos (1906-1990 was a Hungarian sculptor His style integrated elements of archaic art and Classicism with modern elements Andrei Codrescu (born Andrei Perlmutter on December 20, 1946) is a Romanian -born American Poet, Novelist, essayist Sabina Carolina Cojocar (born October 23, 1985, Sibiu, Romania) is a retired international elite Gymnast from Romania as Steve Holmes (born March 23, 1961) is a Romanian born German Pornographic actor who started his career in 1997 Iancu Sasul ( John the Saxon) or Ioan Vodă V ( Voivode John V; d Hermann Julius Oberth ( June 25, 1894 &ndash December 28, 1989) was a Austro-Hungarian -born German ( Transylvanian Nicolaus Olahus ( Latin for Nicholas the Vlach; Hungarian: Oláh Miklós; Romanian: Nicolae Olahus; Oskar Pastior ( October 20, 1927 &ndash October 4, 2006) was Romanian born German poet and translator Dan Perjovschi is an Artist, Writer and Cartoonist born in 1961 in Sibiu, Romania. Bauru is a Brazilian city and municipality in the state of São Paulo.
• Columbia, Missouri since 1994. Columbia (kəˈlʌmbiə is the fifth-largest city in the US state of Missouri and the largest city in Mid-Missouri.
• Deventer since 2007^[14]. Deventer is a Municipality and City in the Salland region of the Dutch Province of Overijssel.
• Klagenfurt since 1990. Klagenfurt guildhall 19072006 01jpg|thumb|220px|City hall in Klagenfurt´s center Neuer Platz]] Klagenfurt am Wörthersee ( Slovene: Celovec) is the Capital
• Landshut since 2002. Landshut is a city in Bavaria in the south-east of Germany both belonging to Eastern and Southern Bavaria
• Marburg since 2005. Marburg is a city in Hesse, Germany, on the River Lahn. It is the main town of the Marburg-Biedenkopf district
• Mechelen since 1996. Mechelen ( Mechlin in English is a Dutch-speaking city and municipality in the province of Antwerp, Flanders, Belgium.
• Rennes since 1999. Rennes ( Gallo: Resnn, Roazhon Condate Condate Riedonum is a city in the east of Brittany in northwestern
• Valencia, Venezuela since 1993. Valencia is the capital city of Carabobo State, and the third largest city of Venezuela.
• Wirral since 1994. Wirral or The Wirral (ˈwɪrəl is a Metropolitan borough in Merseyside, North West England, which occupies the northern

Legations

Currently there are two legations in Sibiu:

• General Consulate of the Federal Republic of Germany. Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe.
• Honorary Consulate of the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg. Luxembourg (Groussherzogtum Lëtzebuerg Grand-Duché de Luxembourg Großherzogtum Luxemburg is a small Landlocked country in Western Europe, bordered by

References

• Sibiu on RomaniaTourism. com. Reference regarding surface area, population, etc. Retrieved 22 November 2005. Events 498 - Kofi Aseidu- After the death of Anastasius II, Symmachus is elected Pope in the Lateran Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar.
• Sibiu Online - Official Site with information on tourism and history, Sibiu pictures, and more. In Romanian, English and German.

External links

• A short trip trough Sibiu - 360° interactive panoramic images
• Sibiu European Cultural Capital 2007 - Official Site
• Samuel von Brukenthal Foundation; about the summer residence of Baron Samuel von Brukenthal in Sibiu
• "Nicolae Bălcescu" Land Forces Academy - Official Site
• Sibiu travel guide from Wikitravel
• Article on Sibiu as Capital of Culture in Bucharest's The Diplomat
• Sibiu Photo Gallery
• Sibiu Photo Gallery
• Romania in images - Sibiu City
• Photos from Sibiu
• (Romanian)The European Cultural Capital Debate
• Restoration of Historical Monuments in Sibiu - Report and Photo Gallery
• - Borders of Sibiu (Marginimea Sibiului)
• Sibiu 2007- Jethro Tull in concert
• Sibiu Live - Live Images from Sibiu

Notes

Events 1430 - Siege of Compiègne: Joan of Arc is captured by the Burgundians while leading an army to relieve Compiègne

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