Shwedagon Pagoda
Shwedagon Pagoda brights up in gold and is often visited for its grand scale
Information
Location	Yangon, Myanmar
Status	Complete
Constructed	6th century
Use	Pilgrim, and missionary of Buddhism
Height
Antenna/Spire	112. Gold (ˈɡoʊld is a Chemical element with the symbol Au (from its Latin name aurum) and Atomic number 79 Yangon (also known as Rangoon) is the largest city and a former capital of Burma. Burma, officially the Union of Myanmar ( pjìdàunzṵ mjàmmà nàinŋàndɔ̀ is the largest country by geographical area in mainland Southeast Asia. A pilgrim is one who undertakes a Pilgrimage, literally 'far afield' Buddhism is a family of beliefs and practices 17 metres (368 ft)
Roof	105 metres (344 ft)
Companies
Architect	King Okkalapa

The Shwedagon Pagoda (IPA: [ʃwèdəgòun]; Burmese: ; MLCTS: hrwe ti. The Burmese language (မြန်မာဘာသာ myà̃mà bàθà MLCTS: myanma bhasa) is the official Language of Burma. The Myanma Language Commission Transcription System, also known as the MLC Transcription System (MLCTS is a Transliteration system for rendering Burmese gum. bhu. ra:; IPA: [ʃwèdəgòun pʰəjá]), officially titled Shwedagon Zedi Daw (IPA: [ʃwèdəgòun zèdìdɔ̀]), also known as the Golden Pagoda, is a 98-metre (approx. Gold, also called golden, is a Yellowish orange Color which is a representation of the color of the element 321. 5 feet) gilded stupa located in Yangon, Burma. A stupa (from Sanskrit and Pāli: m स्तूप stūpa, literally meaning "heap" is a mound-like structure containing Buddhist Yangon (also known as Rangoon) is the largest city and a former capital of Burma. Burma, officially the Union of Myanmar ( pjìdàunzṵ mjàmmà nàinŋàndɔ̀ is the largest country by geographical area in mainland Southeast Asia. The pagoda lies to the west of Kandawgyi Lake, on Singuttara Hill, thus dominating the skyline of the city. Kandawgyi Lake ( kàNdɔ̀ʧí literally "great royal lake" formerly Royal Lake) is one of two major Lakes in Yangon, Burma Singuttara Hill is a small hill where the Shwedagon Pagoda was built and famous in its great history It is the most sacred Buddhist pagoda for the Burmese with relics of the past four Buddhas enshrined within, namely the staff of Kakusandha, the water filter of Konagamana, a piece of the robe of Kassapa and eight hairs of Gautama, the historical Buddha. Buddhism is a family of beliefs and practices In Buddhism, buddhahood ( Sanskrit: buddhatva. Pali: buddhatta. In Buddhist tradition Kakusandha ( Pāli, 拘留孙佛 Ch) is the name of the twenty-fifth Buddha, the first of the five Buddhas of the Siddhārtha Gautama ( Sanskrit; Pali: Siddhattha Gotama) was a spiritual Teacher from Ancient India and the founder

History

Legend has it that the Shwedagon Pagoda is 2500 years old. Archaeologists believe the stupa was actually built sometime between the 6th and 10th centuries by the Mon, but this is a very controversial issue because according to the records by Buddhist monks it was built before Lord Buddha died in 486 BC. Archaeology, archeology, or archæology (from Greek grc ἀρχαιολογία archaiologia – grc ἀρχαῖος archaīos A stupa (from Sanskrit and Pāli: m स्तूप stūpa, literally meaning "heap" is a mound-like structure containing Buddhist The Mon ( Mon language: မန် or မည် မွန်လူမျိုး‌ mùn lùmjóʊ Thai: มอญ are an Ethnic group from The story of Shwedagon Pagoda begins with two merchant brothers, Taphussa and Bhallika, from the land of Ramanya, meeting the Lord Gautama Buddha and receiving eight of the Buddha's hairs to be enshrined in Burma. Mon State is an administrative division of Myanmar. It is sandwiched between Kayin State on the east the Andaman Sea on the west Bago Division Siddhārtha Gautama ( Sanskrit; Pali: Siddhattha Gotama) was a spiritual Teacher from Ancient India and the founder Burma, officially the Union of Myanmar ( pjìdàunzṵ mjàmmà nàinŋàndɔ̀ is the largest country by geographical area in mainland Southeast Asia. The two brothers made their way to Burma and with the help of the local king, King Okkalapa, found Singuttara Hill, where relics of other Buddhas preceding Gautama Buddha had been enshrined. Singuttara Hill is a small hill where the Shwedagon Pagoda was built and famous in its great history When the hairs were taken from their golden casket to be enshrined some incredible things happened:

The stupa fell into disrepair until the 1300s when the Mon king Binnya U of Bago had the stupa rebuilt to a height of 18 meters (60 ft). A stupa (from Sanskrit and Pāli: m स्तूप stūpa, literally meaning "heap" is a mound-like structure containing Buddhist It was rebuilt several times and reached its current height of 98 meters (320 ft) in the 15th century. The Mon kingdom possessed two great pagodas of especial sanctity, the Shwemawdaw at Bago and the Shwedagon. The Shwemawdaw Paya is a Pagoda in Bago, Myanmar, often referred to as the Golden God Temple. Originally only twenty-seven feet high, it was raised to a height of sixty-six feet in 1362 by King Binnya U as an act of special piety. Dhammazedi's immediate predecessor, his mother-in-law Queen Shinsawbu (1453-72), raised its height to 40 meters (129 ft). Baña Thau, known as Shin Sawbu in Burmese, is the Mon name for the queen who ruled for seventeen peaceful years (1453-1470 or 72 over a Mon kingdom She terraced the hill on which it stands, paved the top terrace with flagstones, and assigned land and hereditary slaves for its maintenance. When in 1472 she yielded up the throne to Dhammazedi, she retired to Dagon, and during her last illness had her bed placed so that she could rest her dying eyes upon the gilded dome of the sacred fane. The Mon face of the Shwe Dagon inscription catalogues a list of repairs beginning in 1436 and finishing during Dhammazedi's reign. It mentions Queen Shinsawbu under a terrific Pali name of sixty-six letters. Pali ( ISO 15919 / ALA-LC: Pāḷi is a Middle Indo-Aryan language or Prakrit of India. By the beginning of the sixteenth century the pagoda had become the most famous place of pilgrimage in Burma. ^[1]

A series of earthquakes during the next centuries caused damage. An earthquake is the result of a sudden release of energy in the Earth 's crust that creates Seismic waves Earthquakes are recorded with a Seismometer The worst damage came from a 1768 earthquake that brought down the top of the stupa and it was raised to its current state by King Hsinbyushin (lit. An earthquake is the result of a sudden release of energy in the Earth 's crust that creates Seismic waves Earthquakes are recorded with a Seismometer Hsinbyushin (ဆင်ဖြူရှင်มังระ 1736 - 10 July 1776; literally "Lord of the White Elephant" was the third king of Lord of the White Elephant) of Konbaung Dynasty. The Konbaung Dynasty ( 1752 - 1885) sometimes called the Alaungpaya Dynasty or the House of Alompra by the British colonial rulers was the last A new hti or crown was donated by King Mindon Min in 1871 after the annexation of Lower Burma by the British. Hti ( tʰí is the name of the umbrella or top ornament found in almost all Pagodas in Myanmar. Mindon Min (မင်းတုန်းမင်း born Maung Lwin 8 July 1808 in Amarapura, died 1 October 1878 in Golden Lower Burma is a historical region referring to the part of Burma annexed by the British Empire after the Second Anglo-Burmese War, which took place in See also Kingdom of Great Britain Great Britain (Breatainn Mhòr Prydain Fawr Breten Veur Graet Breetain is the larger of the two main islands

An earthquake of moderate intensity in October 1970 put the shaft of the hti visibly out of alignment. A scaffold was erected and extensive repairs to the hti were made.

Shwedagon Pagoda after World War II. World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including

Design

Southern Entrance to the Shwedagon Pagoda

There are four entrances (mouk) to the Paya that lead up a flight of steps to the platform (yin byin) on Singuttara Hill. The eastern and southern approaches have vendors selling books, good luck charms, Buddha images, candles, gold leaf, incense sticks, prayer flags, streamers, miniature umbrellas and flowers. Siddhārtha Gautama ( Sanskrit; Pali: Siddhattha Gotama) was a spiritual Teacher from Ancient India and the founder A pair of giant chinthe (leogryphs, mythical lions) guard the entrances and the image in the shrine at the top of the steps from the south is that of the second Buddha, Konagamana. The Chinthe ( tʃʰìnθḛ is a leogryph (lion-like creature that is often seen at the entrances of Pagodas and Temples in Burma and other Southeast The base or plinth of the stupa is made of bricks covered with gold plates. A stupa (from Sanskrit and Pāli: m स्तूप stūpa, literally meaning "heap" is a mound-like structure containing Buddhist Above the base are terraces (pyissayan) that only monks and men can access. MONK is a Monte Carlo software package for simulating nuclear processes particularly for the purpose of determining the neutron multiplication factor or k-effective Next is the bell-shaped part (khaung laung bon) of the stupa. Above that is the turban (baung yit), then the inverted almsbowl (thabeik), inverted and upright lotus petals (kya hmauk kya hlan), the banana bud (nga pyaw bu) and then the crown. The crown or umbrella (hti) is tipped with 5,448 diamonds and 2,317 rubies. In Mineralogy, diamond is the allotrope of carbon where the carbon atoms are arranged in A Ruby is a pink to blood-red Gemstone, a variety of the Mineral Corundum ( Aluminium oxide) The very top, the diamond bud (sein bu) is tipped with a 76 carat (15 g) diamond.

The Gold seen on the stupa is made of genuine gold plates, covering the brick structure attached by traditional rivets. Myanmar people all over the country, as well as monarchs in its history,have donated gold to the pagoda to maintain it. It was started in the 15th century by the Mon Queen Shin Sawbu who gave her weight in gold and continues to this day. The Mon ( Mon language: မန် or မည် မွန်လူမျိုး‌ mùn lùmjóʊ Thai: มอญ are an Ethnic group from Baña Thau, known as Shin Sawbu in Burmese, is the Mon name for the queen who ruled for seventeen peaceful years (1453-1470 or 72 over a Mon kingdom

Rituals

Planetary post for Jupiter (Thursday), where devotees with that birthday pour water and make offerings to the Buddha image.

Visitors must remove their shoes before the first step at any of the entrances. The southern and eastern approaches have traditional shops with wide gradual staircases. In addition these entrances have an elevator and the infrequently used western one is equipped with escalators. Burmese walk around the stupa clockwise (let ya yit). A stupa (from Sanskrit and Pāli: m स्तूप stūpa, literally meaning "heap" is a mound-like structure containing Buddhist The day of the week a person is born will determine their planetary post, eight in all as Wednesday is split in two, a. m. and p. m. They are marked by animals that represent the day, galon (garuda) for Sunday (ta nin ganway), tiger for Monday (ta nin la), lion for Tuesday (in ga), tusked elephant for Wednesday a. m. (bouddahu), tuskless elephant for Wednesday p. m. (yahu), mouse for Thursday (kyatha baday), guinea pig for Friday (thaukkya) and naga (mythical dragon/serpent) for Saturday (sanay). Each planetary post has a Buddha image and devotees offer flowers and prayer flags and pour water on the image with a prayer and a wish. At the base of the post behind the image is a guardian angel, and underneath the image can be seen the animal representing the day. The base of the stupa is octagonal and also surrounded by small shrines, eight in number for each day of the week.

Shwedagon in literature

English officers watch the Pagoda in an 1825 lithography

Rudyard Kipling described his 1889 visit to Shwedagon Pagoda ten years later in From Sea to Sea and Other Sketches-- Letters of Travel vol. England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland Lithography is a method for Printing using a plate or stone with a completely smooth surface Joseph Rudyard Kipling (30 December 1865 – 18 January 1936 was an English Author and poet 1 (1899). See External Links below for full text.

War and invasion

In 1608 the Portuguese adventurer Philip de Brito e Nicote, known as Nga Zinka to the Burmese, plundered the Shwedagon and took the 30-ton bell donated in 1485 by King Dhammazedi who succeeded Shin Sawbu. Portugal, officially the Portuguese Republic (República Portuguesa is a country on the Iberian Peninsula. Philip de Brito e Nicote (d September? 1613 was a Portuguese adventurer and Mercenary in Burmese service De Brito's intention was to melt the bell down to make cannons, but when he carried it across the Bago River it dropped into the river never to be recovered.

The Singu Min Bell

Two centuries later when the British landed on May 11, 1824 during the First Anglo-Burmese War, they immediately seized and occupied the Shwedagon, seeing it as a fortress in a commanding position over the city, and the stupa remained as such until they left two years later. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located Events 330 - Byzantium is renamed ''Nova Roma'' during a dedication ceremony but is more popularly referred to as Constantinople Year 1824 ( MDCCCXXIV) was a Leap year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Leap year The First Anglo–Burmese War lasted from 1823 to 1826 In the United Kingdom it is called the First Burmese War whereas Burmese custom names both belligerents There was pillaging and vandalism, and one officer's excuse for digging a tunnel into the depths of the stupa was to find out if it could be used as a gunpowder magazine. The Maha Gandha (lit. great sweet sound) Bell, a 23-ton bronze bell cast in 1779 and donated by King Singu and popularly known as the Singu Min Bell, was carried off with the intention to ship it to Calcutta. It met the same fate as the Dhammazedi Bell and fell into the river. When the British failed in their attempts to recover it, the people offered to help provided it could be restored to the stupa. The British, thinking it would be in vain, agreed, upon which divers went in to tie hundreds of bamboo poles underneath the bell and floated it to the surface. There has been much confusion over this bell and the 42-ton Maha Tissada (three-toned) Gandha Bell donated in 1841 by King Tharrawaddy along with 20 kg of gold plating; this massive ornate bell - only the Mingun Bell is larger than this - hangs in its pavilion in the northeast corner of the stupa. Tharrawaddy Min (14 March 1787 - 17 November 1846 (သာယာဝတီမင္‌း was the 8th king (reigned 1837–46 of the Konbaung Dynasty of Burma ( The Mingun Bell is a bell located in Mingun, Sagaing division Myanmar. A different but less plausible version of the account of the Singu Min Bell was given by Lt. J. E. Alexander in 1827 [1]. This bell can be seen hung in another pavilion in the northwest of the pagoda platform.

The Second Anglo-Burmese War saw the British re-occupation of the Shwedagon in April 1852, only this time the stupa was to remain under their military control for 77 years until 1929, although the people were given access to the Paya. The Second Anglo-Burmese War took place in 1852 and ended in 1853

Political arena

In 1920, students from Burma's only university met at a pavilion on the southwest corner of the Shwedagon pagoda and planned a protest strike against the new University Act which they believed would only benefit the elite and perpetuate colonial rule. This place is now commemorated by a memorial. The result of the ensuing University Boycott was the establishment of "national schools" financed and run by the Burmese people; this day has been commemorated as the Burmese National Day since. The National Day is a designated date on which celebrations mark the Nationhood of a Nation or non-sovereign Country. During the second university students strike in history of 1936, the terraces of the Shwedagon were again where the student strikers camped out.

In 1938, oilfield workers on strike hiked all the way from the oilfields of Chauk and Yenangyaung in central Burma to Rangoon to establish a strike camp at the Shwedagon Pagoda. Chauk is a Town and River port in Magway Division, north-central Myanmar, near the Irrawaddy River. Yenangyaung (Burmese literally "stream of oil" is a city in Magway Division, Myanmar, on the Irrawaddy River. This strike, supported by the public as well as students and came to be known as the '1300 Revolution' after the Burmese calendar year, was broken up by the police who, in their boots whereas Burmese would remove their shoes in pagoda precincts, raided the strike camps on the pagoda.

The "shoe question" on the pagoda has always been a sensitive issue to the Burmese people since colonial times. The Burmese people had always removed shoes at all Buddhist pagodas. Hiram Cox, the British envoy to the Burmese Court, in 1796, observed the tradition by not visiting the pagoda rather than take off his shoes. However, after the annexation lower Burma, European visitors as well as troops posted at the pagoda openly flouted the tradition. It was not until 1919 that the British authorities finally issued a regulation prohibiting footwear in the precincts of the pagoda. However, they put in an exception that employees of the government on official business were allowed footwear. The regulation and its exception clause moved to stir up the people and played a role in the beginnings of the nationalist movement. Today, no footwear or socks are allowed on the pagoda.

In January 1946, General Aung San addressed a mass meeting at the stupa, demanding "independence now" from the British with a thinly veiled threat of a general strike and uprising. General Aung San (Bogyoke Aung San ( bòʊdʒoʊʔ àʊn sʰán February 13 1915 – July 19 1947) was a Burmese revolutionary Forty-two years later, on August 26, 1988, his daughter, Aung San Suu Kyi addressed another mass meeting of 500,000 people at the stupa, demanding democracy from the military regime and calling the 8888 Uprising the second struggle for independence. Events 1071 - Battle of Manzikert: The Seljuk Turks defeat the Byzantine Army at Manzikert. Year 1988 ( MCMLXXXVIII) was a Leap year starting on Friday (link displays 1988 Gregorian calendar) Aung San Suu Kyi ( àunsʰánsṵtʃì born 19 June 1945 in Rangoon, is a pro- Democracy activist and leader of the National League for The 8888 Uprising ( Burmese: ၈-၄လုံး or ရွစ္‌ေလးလုံး MLCTS: hrac le lum) was a national revolution in Burma

September 2007 Protests

In September 2007, during nationwide demonstrations against the military regime and its recently enacted price increases, protesting monks were denied access to the pagoda for several days before the government finally relented and permitted them in.

On September 24, 2007, 20,000 monks and nuns (largest protest in 20 years) marched at the golden Shwedagon Pagoda, Yangon. Events 622 - Prophet Muhammad completes his hegira from Mecca to Medina. MONK is a Monte Carlo software package for simulating nuclear processes particularly for the purpose of determining the neutron multiplication factor or k-effective A Nun is a Woman who has taken special vows committing her to a religious life Yangon (also known as Rangoon) is the largest city and a former capital of Burma. On Monday, 30,000 people led by 15,000 monks marched from Shwedagon Pagoda and past the offices of Aung San Suu Kyi's opposition National League for Democracy (NLD) party. An English Noun The English noun people has two distinct fields of application as a countable noun, a group of Humans Aung San Suu Kyi ( àunsʰánsṵtʃì born 19 June 1945 in Rangoon, is a pro- Democracy activist and leader of the National League for The National League for Democracy (အမျိုးသားဒီမိုကရေစီအဖွဲ့ချုပ် is a Burmese political party founded on 27 September Myanmar's comedian Zaganar and star Kyaw Thu brought food and water to the monks. A comedian or comic is a person who seeks to entertain an audience primarily by making them laugh On Saturday, monks marched to greet Aung San Suu Kyi, who is under house arrest. Aung San Suu Kyi ( àunsʰánsṵtʃì born 19 June 1945 in Rangoon, is a pro- Democracy activist and leader of the National League for In Justice and Law, house arrest (also called home confinement, home detention, or electronic monitoring) is a measure by which On Sunday, about 150 nuns joined the marchers. ^{[2] [3]} On September 25, 2007, 2,000 Buddhist monks and supporters defied threats from Burma's junta. Events 303 - On a voyage preaching the Gospel, Saint Fermin of Pamplona is beheaded in Amiens, France Buddhism is a family of beliefs and practices MONK is a Monte Carlo software package for simulating nuclear processes particularly for the purpose of determining the neutron multiplication factor or k-effective In Heraldry, supporters are figures usually placed on either side of the shield and depicted holding it up Burma, officially the Union of Myanmar ( pjìdàunzṵ mjàmmà nàinŋàndɔ̀ is the largest country by geographical area in mainland Southeast Asia. They marched to Yangon streets at Shwedagon Pagoda amid army trucks and warning of Brigadier-General Thura Myint Maung not violate Buddhist "rules and regulations. Yangon (also known as Rangoon) is the largest city and a former capital of Burma. An army (from Latin Armata "act of arming" via Old French armée) in the broadest sense is the land-based Armed forces Brigadier General is the lowest ranking General Officer in some countries usually sitting between the ranks of Colonel and Major General. "^[4]

On September 26, 2007, Clashes between security forces and thousands of protesters led by Buddhist monks in Burma have left at least five protesters dead by Burma security forces, according to opposition reports, in an anticipated crackdown. Events 46 BC - Julius Caesar dedicates a Earlier in the day security authorities used tear gas, warning shots and force to break up a peaceful demonstration by scores of monks gathered around the Shwedagon Pagoda. The Web site reports that protesting "monks were beaten and bundled into waiting army trucks," adding about 50 monks were arrested and taken to undisclosed locations. In addition, the opposition said "soldiers with assault rifles have sealed off sacred Buddhist monasteries . . . as well as other flashpoints of anti-government protests. " It reports that the violent crackdown came as about 100 monks defied a ban by venturing into a cordoned-off area around the Shwedagon Pagoda, Burma's holiest Buddhist shrine. It says that authorities ordered the crowd to disperse, but witnesses said the monks sat down and began praying, defying the military government's ban on public assembly. Security forces at the pagoda "struck out at demonstrators" and attacked "several hundred other monks and supporters," the opposition Web site detailed. Monks were ushered away by authorities and loaded into waiting trucks while several hundred onlookers watched, witnesses said. Some managed to escape and headed towards the Sule Pagoda, a Buddhist monument and landmark located in Yangon's city center.

Gallery

Shwedagon Paya	Shwedagon Paya at night	Outside the gates	Buddhists praying
Intricate ceiling	Jade Buddha	Buddha statues	The Maha Tissada Gandha Bell
A Crowded Day at Shwedagon	Planetary Post for Mercury	Shwedagon Pagoda complex after World War II	Shwedagon, a forest of pagodas
Old man at Shwedagon	Mythical Well, covered by Glass Mosaic	A typical Planetary Post (Monday)	Eastern mote (cardinal point building)
Panoramic view

References

• Martin, Steve (2002). Lonely Planet Myanmar (Burma). Lonely Planet Publications. ISBN 1-74059-190-9.  
• Elliot, Mark (2003). South-East Asia: The Graphic Guide. Trailblazer Publications. ISBN 1-873756-67-4.  
• Win Pe (1972). Shwedagon. Printing and Publishing Corporation, Rangoon.  

External links

• Official Website of the Shwedagon Pagoda for the Shwedagon Pagoda Board of Trustees
• The Legend of Shwedagon by Khin Myo Chit
• Excellent Pictures on the terrace, aerial and in early 19th century Paintings and a Brief History
• Myanmar Shwedagon Pagoda website
• Visitor information on Shwedagon Pagoda
• Photos of Shwedagon Pagoda on Geopium.org
• My Child-life in Burmah by Olive Jennie Bixby 1880 recollections of a missionary's daughter

inc. detailed description of King Mindon's new hti being erected, pp 111

• Rudyard Kipling's description of Shwedagon Pagoda in 1889
• Lt. J.E.Alexander's account, 1827, p153
• Shwedagon Pagoda Photo Gallery
• Myanmar: Time to say hello YouTube
• Trip to Burma YouTube
• Aerial Photo - Google Maps

See also

• History of Buddhism
• Buddhism in Burma