Shu'ubiyyah (Arabic: الشعوبية) refers to the response by non-Arab Muslims to the privileged status of Arabs within the Ummah. Arabic (ar الْعَرَبيّة (informally ar عَرَبيْ) in terms of the number of speakers is the largest living member of the Semitic language The araB gene Promoter is a bacterial promoter activated by e L-arabinose binding Ummah (أمة is an Arabic word meaning Community or Nation. It is commonly used to mean either the collective nation of states, or (in the There has been discrimination and in many cases oppression of minority groups resulting in many defined periods of cultural struggle throughout Islamic History. For other meanings including people named 'Islam' see Islam (disambiguation.

Contents 1 Terminology 2 Socio-political movements 2.1 In Iran 2.2 In Al-Andalus 3 See also 4 Notes 5 References

Terminology

The name of the movement is derived from the Qur'anic use of the word for "nations" or "peoples", shū'ub. The verse (49:13) is often used by Muslims to counter prejudice and fighting among different people. A Muslim (مسلم pronounced Muslim, not Muzlim) is an adherent of the Religion

يَا أَيُّهَا النَّاسُ إِنَّا خَلَقْنَاكُم مِّن ذَكَرٍ وَأُنثَى وَجَعَلْنَاكُمْ شُعُوباً وَقَبَائِلَ لِتَعَارَفُوا إِنَّ أَكْرَمَكُمْ عِندَ اللَّهِ أَتْقَاكُمْ إِنَّ اللَّهَ عَلِيمٌ خَبِيرٌ

O mankind! We created you from a single (pair) of a male and a female, and made you into nations (shū'ub) and tribes (qabā'il), that ye may know each other (not that ye may despise (each other). Verily the most honoured of you in the sight of Allah is (he who is) the most righteous of you. And Allah has full knowledge and is well acquainted (with all things).

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Socio-political movements

The use of the word in the context of a movement existed before the 9th century. The Kharijites, an early splitoff sect from mainstream Islam, used it to mean extending equality between the shu'ub and the kaba'il to bring about equality among all followers of Islam. Kharijites (Arabic Khawārij خوارج literally "Those who Went Out" is a general term embracing various Muslims who while initially supporting the For other meanings including people named 'Islam' see Islam (disambiguation. It was a direct response to the claims by the Quraysh of being privileged to lead the Ummah, or community of believers. Quraish is also the name of a Surah in the Qur'an. Quraysh or Quraish (Arabic ar قريش Ummah (أمة is an Arabic word meaning Community or Nation. It is commonly used to mean either the collective nation of states, or (in the

In Iran

Main article: Islamicization in post-conquest Iran

"Shu'ubiyyah" When used as a reference to a specific movement, the term refers to a response by Persian Muslims to the growing Arabization of Islam in the 9th and 10th centuries in what is now Iran. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Iran topics. Islamization in post-conquest Iran, a long process by which Islam was gradually adopted by the majority population occurred as a result of the Islamic conquest layout and formatting it should ensure no clashes with the top of the infobox A Muslim (مسلم pronounced Muslim, not Muzlim) is an adherent of the Religion Arabization ( Arabic: تعريب) describes a growing cultural influence on a non-Arab area that gradually changes into one that speaks Arabic and/or For other meanings including people named 'Islam' see Islam (disambiguation. The 9th century is the period from 801 to 900 in accordance with the Julian calendar in the Christian / Common Era. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Iran topics. It was primarily concerned with preserving Persian culture and protecting Persian identity. The Persian Empire was a series of Iranian empires that ruled over the Iranian plateau, the original Persian homeland and beyond in Western Asia The most notable effect of the movement was the survival of Persian language, the language of the Persians, to the present day. layout and formatting it should ensure no clashes with the top of the infobox The movement never moved into apostasy though, and has it's basis in the Islamic thought of equallity of races and nations.

In the late 8th and early 9th centuries there was a resurgence of Persian national identity. The Persian Empire was a series of Iranian empires that ruled over the Iranian plateau, the original Persian homeland and beyond in Western Asia This came about after years of oppression by the Abbassid caliphate. The movement left substantial records in the form of Persian literature and new forms of poetry. Most of those behind the movement were Persian, but references to Egyptians, Berbers and Aramaeans are attestd. This article is about the contemporary North African ethnic group Berbers are the indigenous peoples of North Africa west of the Nile Valley. The Aramaeans (also Arameans) ( Aramaic / Syriac: ܐܪܡܝܐ, Ārāmāye' were a Semitic (West Semitic language group ^[2]

In Al-Andalus

Two centuries after the end of the Shu'ubiyyah movement in the east, another form of the movement came about in Islamic Spain. Al-Andalus (الأندلس was the Arabic name given to those parts of the Iberian Peninsula governed by Muslims or Spain () or the Kingdom of Spain (Reino de España is a country located mostly in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. It was fueled mainly by the Berbers, but included many European cultural groups as well including Galicians, Franks and Calabrians. Berbers are the indigenous peoples of North Africa west of the Nile Valley. The Galicians ( Galician: Galegos) are an Ethnic group or Nationality whose homeland is Galicia, which is a historical region The Franks or Frankish people (Franci or gens Francorum) were West Germanic tribes first identified in the 3rd century as an Ethnic group A notable example of Shu'ubi literature is the epistle of the Andalusian poet Ibn Gharsiya (Garcia). According to the Encyclopedia of Arabic Literature, this epistle was of minor importance, and its few exponents tended to repeat clichés adopted from the earlier Islamic East.

See also

• Islamicization in post-conquest Iran
• Ajam
• Mawali
• Islamistan, movement of non-Arab Islamic unity
• Bashar ibn Burd, famous Shu'ubi poet

Notes

References

Wehr, Hans; J M. Cowan (1994). Arabic-English Dictionary. Urbana, IL: Spoken Language Services Inc. . ISBN 0-87950-003-4.  

Hughes, Thomas Patrick (1994). Dictionary of Islam. Chicago, IL: Kazi Publications Inc. USA. ISBN 0-935782-70-2.  

Bosworth, C. E. ; E. van Donzel, W. P. Heinrichs & G. leComte (1997). Encyclopedia of Islam, the. Leiden Brill. ISBN 90-04-05745-5.  

Mottahedeh, Roy, "The Shu'ubiyah Controversy and the Social History of Early Islamic Iran," International Journal of Middle East Studies, Vol. 7, No. 2. (Apr. , 1976), pp. 161-182

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