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Early American actor William Garwood starred in numerous short films, many of which were only 20 minutes in length
Early American actor William Garwood starred in numerous short films, many of which were only 20 minutes in length

Short subject is a format description originally coined in the North American film industry in the early period of cinema. William Garwood ( April 28, 1884 – December 28, 1950) was an American stage and film Actor The film industry consists of the technological and commercial institutions of filmmaking i The description is now used almost interchangeably with short film; either term is often abbreviated to short (as a noun, e. g. 'a short'). Although the North American definition generally refers to films of between 20 and 40 minutes long, the definition refers to much shorter films in Europe, Latin America and Australasia. Australasia is a Region of Oceania: New Zealand, Australia, Papua New Guinea, and neighbouring Islands in the Pacific In New Zealand, for instance, the description can be used to describe any film that has a duration longer than 1 minute and shorter than 15 minutes. New Zealand is an Island country in the south-western Pacific Ocean comprising two main landmasses (the North Island and the South Island The North American definition also tends to focus much more on character whereas the European and Australasian forms tend to depend much more on visual drama and plot twists. In this way, the North American form can be understood to be a derivation of the feature film form, usually acting as a platform for aspirant Hollywood directors. Elsewhere, short films tend to work as showcases for cinematographers and commercial directors.

Contents

History of Film Making

Early period

The term came to be applied in North America in the 1910s, when the majority of feature films began to be made in much longer-running editions. In the Film industry, a feature film is a Film made for initial distribution in theaters and being the "main attraction" of the screening A typical film program came to be expected to include a feature preceded by one or more short subjects. Short subjects could be live action or animated; comedy was particularly utilized as their style, and well-known comedians such as Charlie Chaplin, Buster Keaton, Laurel and Hardy and others are best known from short subject films. The bouncing ball animation (below consists of these 6 frames Comedy (from the Greek κωμωδίαkomodia has a popular meaning (any discourse generally intended to amuse especially in Television, Film, and A comedian or comic is a person who seeks to entertain an audience primarily by making them laugh Joseph Frank "Buster" Keaton ( October 4 1895 &ndash February 1 1966) was an Academy Award -winning American Laurel and Hardy were the popular American -based comedy team of thin British-born Stan Laurel (1890-1965 and heavy American-born Oliver Hardy (1892-1957

Animated cartoons likewise came principally as short subjects, as did newsreels. The word cartoon has various meanings based on several very different forms of Visual art and Illustration. A newsreel is a Documentary film that is regularly released in a public presentation place containing filmed News stories Less frequently, short subjects might be in the form of travelogues, human interest films or concert films. Travel literature is Travel writing considered to have value as Literature. A human interest story is a News story that discusses a person or persons in an interactive and/or emotional way A concert is a live Performance, usually of Music, before an Audience. The form was so popular that virtually all major film production companies had fully-staffed special units assigned to develop and produce them, and many companies, especially in the silent and very early sound era, produced short subjects exclusively (e. Filmmaking is the process of making a Film, from an initial story idea or commission through scriptwriting shooting editing and finally distribution to an audience g. Keystone Studios, Atlas Educational Film Co. Keystone Studios was an early Movie studio founded in Edendale California in 1912 as the Keystone Pictures Studio by , E. W. Hammons's Educational Pictures). E W Hammons ( 2 December, 1882 &ndash 31 July, 1962) was an American Film producer. For the current and unrelated company of the same name see Educational Pictures (image archive

The rise of the double feature

The death of the two-reel short as a commercially successful product for independent studios put producers such as Mack Sennett out of business. A reel is an object around which lengths of another material (usually long and flexible are wound for storage Mack Sennett ( January 17, 1880 &ndash November 5, 1960) was an Academy Award -winning director and was known as the innovator Hal Roach moved Laurel and Hardy full-time into feature films after 1935, and halved his popular Our Gang films to one reel at the request of distributor Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer. Harold Eugene "Hal" Roach Sr ( January 14, 1892 – November 2, 1992) was an American film and "The Little Rascals" redirects here For other uses see The Little Rascals (disambiguation. Roach, who could no longer afford to produce shorts after 1938, sold out to MGM at that time.

After the 1930s, fewer shorts were made for theatrical release, most of which were one reel long, like George O'Hanlon's Joe McDoakes shorts, and the animated shorts of studios like Leon Schlesinger Productions/Warner Bros. Cartoons, Walter Lantz, and Fleischer/Famous Studios. George O'Hanlon ( November 23 1912 - February 11 1989) was an American screen Actor, Comedian and Voice Joe McDoakes is the protagonist of a series of 63 Black and white Live action comedy one reel Short subjects released between 1942 Warner Bros Cartoons Inc was the Animation division of Warner Bros Walter Benjamin Lantz ( April 27 1899 &ndash March 22 1994) was an American Cartoonist and Animator, best Fleischer Studios Inc is an American corporation which originated as an Animation studio located at 1600 Broadway, New York City New York. Famous Studios, renamed Paramount Cartoon Studios in 1956 was the Animation division of the Hollywood film studio Paramount Pictures from 1942 These shorts and others were produced in-house by, or financed by, motion picture companies that either owned their own theater chains (for example, Loews Theatres), or forced theaters to take their shorts by selling them in the same unalterable package as their big-name features. Loews Theatres, aka Loews Incorporated, founded in 1904 by Marcus Loew, was the oldest theater chain operating in North America until it merged with This practice, called block booking, was declared illegal by the US Supreme Court, who also forced the theater chains to sell off their movie studios. Block booking is a system of selling multiple Films to a theater as a unit The Supreme Court of the United States is the highest judicial body in the United States and leads the federal judiciary. By 1955, thanks to double features, the ban on block booking, and the rise of television, the commercial live-action short was virtually dead, and the cartoon short was on its way to being dead. Television ( TV) is a widely used Telecommunication medium for sending ( Broadcasting) and receiving moving Images, either monochromatic Since the 1960s, short films have been largely reserved for independent filmmakers and special major-studio projects.

The Three Stooges shorts were the only major series of two-reelers to survive the double-feature system, because they were issued by Columbia Pictures using block booking. The Three Stooges were an American Vaudeville and Comedy act of the early to mid–20th century best known for their numerous Short subject films }} Columbia Pictures Industries Inc is an American Film production and distribution company They continued into the late-1950s, largely by reusing footage from previous series entries to reduce costs.

In the 1950s, television programming, including broadcast of older short subjects sold to television stations, eclipsed the value of all but cartoons featuring well-loved characters; but by the end of the 1960s, the cost of manufacturing these had come to outweigh the return, and short subjects effectively disappeared from the most wonderful time of the year. Television ( TV) is a widely used Telecommunication medium for sending ( Broadcasting) and receiving moving Images, either monochromatic

Short subjects in the modern era

Since the 1980s, the term "short subject" has come to be used interchangeably with "short film", an international, academic term used to mean a contemporary non-commercial motion picture that is substantially shorter than the average commercial feature film. In the Film industry, a feature film is a Film made for initial distribution in theaters and being the "main attraction" of the screening There is no clear definition of the maximum length of a short film, the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences classify it as 40 minutes, while the Internet Movie Database refer to any film lasting less than 45 minutes as a short subject. The Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences ( AMPAS) is a professional honorary organization ostensibly dedicated to the advancement of the arts and sciences of Motion The short-film form is to the full length film what the short story is to a full-fledged novel. The short story is a literary genre of Fictional Prose Narrative that tends to be more concise and to the point than longer works of fiction such

Short films often focus on difficult topics which longer, more commercial films usually avoid. Their filmmakers benefit from larger freedoms and can take higher risks with their films, but must rely on festival and art house exhibition to achieve public display. A film director, or filmmaker, is a person who directs the making of a Film. A film festival is the presentation or showcasing of Films in one or more Movie theaters or screening venues An Art film (also called an “art cinema” “art movie” or in the U Most short films are better known outside the United States than within, due to less rigidity of audience expectation as to program content, arrangement, and length outside the U. S. However, film shorts are often a popular extra feature on a film's DVD. DVD (also known as " Digital Versatile Disc " or " Digital Video Disc " - see Etymology)is For instance, Pixar's DVD releases of its feature films typically includes not only a short that was distributed with the feature film in its initial theatrical release, but also an original creation featuring the characters from the feature itself. Pixar Animation Studios is a CGI animation production company based in Emeryville California. Likewise, Warner Brothers often includes selected animated shorts from its considerable archives on DVD releases of its family oriented films that have some relationship in theme. Warner Bros Entertainment Inc (or Warner Bros, Warner Bros Pictures) is one of the world's largest producers of Film and

Short films are often popular as first steps into the cinematic art among young filmmakers. This is because they are cheaper and easier to make, usually don't take very long to produce, and their brevity makes shorts more likely to be watched by financial backers and others who want some demonstration of a filmmaker's ability (or, conversely, the format allows for more experimentation since most of them are unlikely to be seen by a wide audience). There are however exceptions such as films like S. Luciani's Dolls, which show how professional/big-name actors and crews still choose to create short films as alternative form of expression. For the 1987 film by Stuart Gordon, see Dolls (1987 film. For the 2002 film by Takeshi Kitano, see Dolls (film.

Short film making is also growing in popularity among amateurs and enthusiasts, who are taking advantage of affordable equipment. "Prosumer" or semi-professional cameras now cost under USD$3,000, and free or low-cost software is widely available that is capable of video editing, post-production work, and DVD authoring. Prosumer is a Portmanteau formed by contracting either the word pro fessional or pro ducer with the word con' sumer'. The United States dollar ( sign: $; code: USD) is the unit of Currency of the United States; it has also been "NLE" redirects here For the standardized test see National Latin Examination. See also Filmmaking Post-production occurs in the making of motion pictures, television programs, Videos audio recordings DVD (also known as " Digital Versatile Disc " or " Digital Video Disc " - see Etymology)is Such films can also be easily distributed via the Internet; Across the Hall, for example, was solely distributed on the Internet. Across the Hall is an American Short film, made available to view online or downloaded to a Cell phone. Certain websites which encourage the submission of user-created short films, such as YouTube, BritFilms, and Newgrounds have attracted large communities of artists and viewers. YouTube is a video sharing website where users can upload view and share Video clips YouTube was created in February 2005 by three former PayPal employees BritFilms.tv is a popular British Film Website. Since its inception in 2006 it has grown phenomenally in popularity and with over 1 Newgrounds is a Website headquartered in Glenside Pennsylvania, United States and created in 1995 that primarily hosts Adobe Flash animated films A television station in Canada called BITE TV is trying to become the world's first user generated television station, trying to get viewers to send in their videos. Country to "Dominion of Canada" or "Canadian Federation" or anything else please read the Talk Page BITE TV is a Canadian English language category 2 Digital cable Specialty channel.

Categories

The form itself splits into several sub-categories, mainly:

See also

Further Reading

External links

Spiked (also written as sp!ked) is a British Internet magazine focusing on politics culture and society Events 1256 - The Augustinian monastic order is constituted at the Lecceto Monastery when Pope Alexander IV Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. The Open Directory Project ( ODP) also known as dmoz (from directory screenonline is a Web site devoted to the history of British film and television, and to Social history as revealed by film and television The British Film Institute ( BFI) is a charitable organisation established by Royal Charter to encourage the development of the arts of film television
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