The ancient Near East
Regions and States
Mesopotamia • Sumer • Akkadian Empire • Babylonia • Assyria Persia • Elam • Medes • Achaemenid Empire Anatolia • Hittites • Hurrians • Neo-Hittite states • Urartu The Levant • Phoenicia • Neo-Assyrian Empire • Neo-Babylonian Empire Ancient Egypt
Archaeological Periods
Chronology • Bronze Age • Bronze Age collapse • Iron Age
Languages
Assyriology • Cuneiform script Sumerian • Elamite • Akkadian • Hittite • Hurrian • Urartian Phoenician • Aramaic
Literature
Sumerian literature • Babylonian literature • Hittite texts
Mythology
Mesopotamian mythology • Babylonian mythology • Hittite mythology
Other topics
Cuneiform law • Babylonian law • Assyrian law Babylonian mathematics • Babylonian astronomy

The short chronology is one chronology of the Near Eastern Bronze and Early Iron Age, which fixes the reign of Hammurabi to 1728 BC - 1686 BC and the sack of Babylon to 1531 BC. The Ancient Near East refers to early Civilizations within a region roughly corresponding to the modern Middle East: Mesopotamia (modern Iraq Mesopotamia (from the Greek meaning "land between the rivers" is an area geographically located between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers largely corresponding Sumer ( Sumerian: sux-Latn [[Ki (earth ki]]-[[EN (cuneiform en]]-'''ĝir15''', Akkadian: Šumeru; possibly Biblical Shinar Babylonia was an Amorite state in lower Mesopotamia (modern southern Iraq) with Babylon as its capital Early history The most Neolithic site in Assyria is at Tell Hassuna, the center of the Hassuna culture The Persian Empire was a series of Iranian empires that ruled over the Iranian plateau, the original Persian homeland and beyond in Western Asia Elam is the name of an ancient civilization located in what is now southwest Iran. The Medes were an ancient Iranian people who lived in the northwestern portions of present-day Iran. The Achaemenid Empire or Achaemenid Persian Empire ( haχɒmaneʃijɒn (558–330 BC was the first of the Persian Empires to rule over significant portions of Anatolia (Anadolu Ανατολία Anatolía) or Asia minor, comprising most of modern Turkey, is the geographic region bounded by the Black The Hittites were an ancient Anatolian people who spoke a language of the Anatolian branch of the Indo-European language family and established The Hurrians (also Khurrites; cuneiform Ḫu-ur-ri 𒄷𒌨𒊑 were a people of the Ancient Near East, who lived in northern Mesopotamia The states that are called Neo-Hittite, or more recently Syro-Hittite, were Luwian, Aramaic and Phoenician -speaking political entities of Urartu ( Assyrian: Urarṭu Urartian: Biainili Ուրարտու was an Iron Age kingdom in Eastern Anatolia ( Transcaucasia) rising See also Names of the Levant The Levant (lə'vænt is a geographical term that denotes a large area in Western Asia, roughly bounded on the north by the Phoenicia ( Phoenician: Phoenician nunsvg|12px|נ]]Phoenician nun The Neo-Assyrian Empire was a period of Mesopotamian history which began in 934 BC and ended in 609 BC The term Neo-Babylonian or Chaldean refers to Babylonia under the rule of the 11th ("Chaldean" dynasty from the revolt of Nabopolassar Ancient Egypt was an Ancient Civilization in eastern North Africa, concentrated along the lower reaches of the Nile River in what is now See Short chronology for a timeline in absolute dates The Chronology of the Ancient Near East is a framework of dates for The term Bronze Age refers to a period in human cultural development when the most advanced Metalworking (at least in systematic and widespread use included techniques for The Bronze Age collapse is the name given by those historians who see the transition from the This article is about the archaeological period known as the Iron Age for the mythological Iron Age see Ages of Man. Assyriology (from Greek grc Ἀσσυρίᾱ Assyriā; and grc -λογία -logia) is the archaeological historical and linguistic study Sumerian ( " native tongue " was the language of ancient Sumer, spoken in Southern Mesopotamia since at least the 4th millennium BC Elamite is an Extinct language, which was spoken by the ancient Elamites. Hittite or Nesili is the Extinct language once spoken by the Hittites, a people who created an empire centered on ancient Hattusas (modern Hurrian is a conventional name for the language of the Hurrians (Khurrites a people who entered northern Mesopotamia around 2300 BC and had mostly Urartian (also called Vannic, in older literature also "Chaldean" is the conventional name for the language spoken by the inhabitants of the ancient kingdom Phoenician was a language originally spoken in the coastal region then called Pūt in Ancient Egyptian Canaan in Phoenician, Hebrew, and Aramaic is a Semitic language with Sumerian literature is the oldest literature in the worldThe Sumerians invented the first writing system beginning with cuneiform Logograms Babylonian literature is one of the world's oldest Drawing on the traditions of Sumerian literature, the Babylonians compiled a vast textual tradition of mythological The corpus of texts written in the Hittite language is indexed by the Catalogue des Textes Hittites (CTH since 1971, edited by Emmanuel Mesopotamian mythology is the collective name given to Sumerian Akkadian Assyrian and Babylonian mythologies from the land between the Tigris Babylonian mythology is a set of stories depicting the activities of Babylonian deities, Heroes and Mythological creatures While these stories Heavily influenced by Mesopotamian mythology, the religion of the Hittites and Luwians retains noticeable Indo-European elements Cuneiform law refers to any of the Legal codes written in Cuneiform script, that were developed and used throughout the ancient Middle East among the Archaeological material for the study of Babylonian law is singularly extensive Assyrian law was very similar to Sumerian and Babylonian law, however notably more brutal than its predecessors Babylonian mathematics refers to any mathematics of the peoples of Mesopotamia (ancient Iraq) from the days of the early Sumerians to the fall of Babylonian astronomy refers to the astronomical theories and methods that were developed in ancient Mesopotamia, the "land between the rivers" Tigris See Short chronology for a timeline in absolute dates The Chronology of the Ancient Near East is a framework of dates for Hammurabi ( Akkadian from Amorite ˤAmmurāpi, "the kinsman is a healer" from ˤAmmu, "paternal kinsman" and Rāpi Babylonia was an Amorite state in lower Mesopotamia (modern southern Iraq) with Babylon as its capital

The absolute 2nd millennium BC dates resulting from this decision currently have a majority (though not unanimous) support in academia, although the middle chronology (reign of Hammurabi 1792 BC - 1750 BC) is commonly encountered in older literature. The 2nd millennium BC marks the transition from the Middle to the Late Bronze Age.

Contents 1 Early Bronze Age 1.1 Kings of Ebla 1.2 Sumer 2 Middle Bronze Age 3 Late Bronze Age 4 Iron Age 5 Notes 6 See also 7 References 8 External links

Early Bronze Age

Estimation of absolute dates becomes possible in the 2nd half of the 3rd millennium BC. For the first half of the 3rd millennium, only very rough chronological matching of archaeological dates with written records is possible.

Kings of Ebla

Main article: Ebla

The city-states of Ebla and Mari contested for power at this time. Ebla ( Arabic: عبيل، إيبلا modern Tell Mardikh, Syria) was an ancient city about 55 km southwest of Aleppo. Mari (modern Tell Hariri, Syria) was an ancient Sumerian and Amorite city located 11 kilometers north-west of the modern town of Eventually, under Irkab-Damu, Ebla defeats Mari for control of the region just in time to face the rise of Uruk and Akkad. Uruk ( URU UNUG, Sumerian: unug Akkadian: uruk) from the Akkadian rendering of the Sumerian Toponym 'unug' is modern After years of back and forth, bla is destroyed by the Akkadian Empire. Pottery seals of the Egyptian pharoh Pepi I have been found in the wreckage of the city. Ancient Egypt was an Ancient Civilization in eastern North Africa, concentrated along the lower reaches of the Nile River in what is now Pepi I Meryre (reigned 2332 &ndash 2283 BC was the third king of the Sixth dynasty of Egypt. ^[1]

Ruler	Proposed reign	Notes
Igrish-Halam	circa 2300 BC
Irkab-Damu		Contemporary of Iblul-Il of Mari
Ar-Ennum or Reshi-Ennum
Ibrium or Ebrium		Contemporary of Tudiya of Assyria (treaty)
Ibbi-Sipish or Ibbi-Zikir		Son of Ibrium
Dubuhu-Ada		Ebla destroyed by Naram-Sin or Sargon of Akkad

Sumer

Further information: Sumerian king list

Third Dynasty of Uruk

Further information: Uruk

Lugal-zage-si of Umma briefly rules from Uruk after defeating Lagash, eventually falling to the emerging Akkadian Empire. Irkab-Damu (ca 23rd century BC was a king of the ancient city-state of Ebla. Mari (modern Tell Hariri, Syria) was an ancient Sumerian and Amorite city located 11 kilometers north-west of the modern town of Ibrium (ca 23rd century BC was an ancient ruler of the Kingdom of Ebla. Ibrium (ca 23rd century BC was an ancient ruler of the Kingdom of Ebla. Early history The most Neolithic site in Assyria is at Tell Hassuna, the center of the Hassuna culture Ibbi-Sipish (ca 23rd century BC was the fifth king of Ebla. He was the son of the most powerful king of Ebla Ibrium, and the first to succeed in a dynastic Ibbi-Sipish (ca 23rd century BC was the fifth king of Ebla. He was the son of the most powerful king of Ebla Ibrium, and the first to succeed in a dynastic Sargon may refer to Persons Sargon of Akkad (Šarrukînu also known as Sargon the Great, Sargon I) Mesopotamian king The Sumerian king list is an ancient text in the Sumerian language that lists kings of Sumer from Sumerian and foreign dynasties Uruk ( URU UNUG, Sumerian: unug Akkadian: uruk) from the Akkadian rendering of the Sumerian Toponym 'unug' is modern Umma (modern Tell Jokha) was an ancient city in Sumer. History Best known for its long frontier conflict with Lagash. Lagash ( is modern Tell al-Hiba, Iraq. Located northwest of the junction of the Euphrates and Tigris rivers and east of Uruk ^[2]

Ruler	Proposed reign	Notes
Lugal-zage-si	2295 BC – 2271 BC	Defeats Urukagina of Lagash and is in turn defeated by Sargon of Akkad

Dynasty of Akkad

Further information: Akkad

Since Akkad (or Agade), the capital of the Akkadian Empire has not yet been found, available chronological data comes from outlying locations like Elba, Tell Brak, Nippur, Susa and Tell Leilan. Lugal-Zage-Si ( sux-Latn lugal-zag-ge4-si = sux-Latn [[LUGAL]] Urukagina (reigned ca 2380 BC &ndash 2360 BC, Short chronology) alternately rendered as Uruinimgina or Irikagina, was a ruler Lagash ( is modern Tell al-Hiba, Iraq. Located northwest of the junction of the Euphrates and Tigris rivers and east of Uruk You may be looking for the Assyrian kings Sargon I Elba (Ilva is an island in Tuscany, Italy, from the coastal town of Piombino. Nagar (modern Tell Brak, Syria) was an ancient Late Neolithic, Sumerian and Akkadian city on the Khabur River. Nippur (URUENLIL; Sumerian: Nibru Akkadian: Nibbur) from the Sumerian for 'lord wind' (Enlil is modern ? in Afak Al Qadisyah Susa ( Biblical שושן ( Shushan) also Greek: Σοῦσα Transliterated as Sousa; Latin Susa) Tell Leilan, Syria is the site of a city known as Shekhna in ancient times Clearly, the expansion of Akkad came under the rules of Sargon and Naram-sin. The last king of the empire, Shar-kali-sharri managed to mostly hold things together but upon his death, the empire fragmented. Finally, the city of Akkad itself is destroyed by the Guti. Gutium was a tribe that overran southern Mesopotamia when the Akkadian empire collapsed ca ^{[3] [4] [5]}

Ruler	Proposed reign	Notes
Sargon	2270 BC – 2215 BC
Rimush	2214 BC – 2206 BC	Son of Sargon
Man-ishtishu	2205 BC – 2191 BC	Son of Sargon
Naram-sin	2190 BC – 2154 BC	Grandson of Sargon
Shar-kali-sharri	2153 BC – 2129 BC	Son of Naram-sin
Irgigi
Nanum
Imi
Ilulu
Dudu	2125 BC – 2104 BC
Shu-Durul	2104 BC – 2083 BC	City of Akkad falls to the Guti

Gutian Kings

Further information: Gutian dynasty of Sumer

First appearing in the area during the reign of Sargon of Akkad, the Guti became a regional power after the decline of the Akkadian Empire following Shar-kali-sharri. You may be looking for the Assyrian kings Sargon I Rimush is the name of two Mesopotamian kings: Rimush (Akkad, king of the Akkadian Empire Rimush (Assyria, king Manishtushu was a king of the Akkadian Empire from 2276 to 2261 BCE Shar-Kali-Sharri (Akk = "King of all Kings" was a king of the Akkadian Empire. Igigi ( fl 2257 BCE) was a king of the Akkadian Empire. His rule began in 2257 BCE and he fought for power in Akkad after the death of Nanum or Nanium was a king of the Akkadian Empire who ascended the throne in 2257 BC. Imi was a king of the Akkadian Empire from 2257 to (unknown BC Not to be confused with the Sumerian ruler Elulu. Ilulu according to the Sumerian king list was a king of the Akkadian Empire Dudu was a king of Akkad who reigned for 21 years He became king and ended the period of relative anarchy (ca Shu-turul ( Shu-durul) was a king of Akkad from ca 2233 to 2218 BC The Gutian dynasty came to power in Mesopotamia around 2150 BC ( Short chronology) by destabilising Akkad at the end of the reign of king Ur-Utu The Gutian dynasty came to power in Mesopotamia around 2150 BC ( Short chronology) by destabilising Akkad at the end of the reign of king Ur-Utu Sargon may refer to Persons Sargon of Akkad (Šarrukînu also known as Sargon the Great, Sargon I) Mesopotamian king Shar-Kali-Sharri (Akk = "King of all Kings" was a king of the Akkadian Empire. The dynasty ends with the defeat of the last king, Tirigan, by Uruk. Uruk ( URU UNUG, Sumerian: unug Akkadian: uruk) from the Akkadian rendering of the Sumerian Toponym 'unug' is modern Only a handful of the Guti kings are attested to by inscriptions, aside from the Sumerian king list. The Sumerian king list is an ancient text in the Sumerian language that lists kings of Sumer from Sumerian and foreign dynasties ^[6]

Ruler	Proposed reign	Notes
Erridupizir	2141 BC – 2138 BC	Royal inscription at Nippur
Imta or Nibia	2138 BC – 2135 BC
Inkishush	2135 BC – 2129 BC	First Gutian ruler on the Sumerian king list
Sarlagab	2129 BC – 2126 BC
Shulme	2126 BC – 2120 BC
Elulmesh or Silulumesh	2120 BC – 2114 BC
Inimabakesh	2114 BC – 2109 BC
Igeshaush or Igeaus	2109 BC – 2103 BC
Yarlagab or Yarlaqaba	2103 BC – 2088 BC
Ibate	2088 BC – 2085 BC
Yarlangab or Yarla	2085 BC – 2082 BC
Kurum	2082 BC – 2081 BC
Apilkin or Habil-kin or Apil-kin	2081 BC – 2078 BC
La-erabum	2078 BC – 2076 BC	Mace head inscription
Irarum	2076 BC – 2074 BC
Ibranum	2074 BC – 2073 BC
Hablum	2073 BC – 2071 BC
Puzur-Suen	2071 BC – 2064 BC	Son of Hablum
Yarlaganda	2064 BC – 2057 BC	Foundation inscription at Umma
Si-um or Si-u	2057 BC – 2050 BC	Foundation inscription at Umma
Tirigan	2050 BC – 2050 BC	Contemporary of Utu-hengal of Uruk

Second Dynasty of Lagash

Further information: Lagash

Following the collapse of the Akkadian Empire after Shar-kali-sharri of Akkad under pressure from the invading Gutians, Lagash gradually regained prominence. Erridupizir was a Gutian ruler in Sumer from ca 2141 BC to 2138 BC ( Short chronology) Nippur (URUENLIL; Sumerian: Nibru Akkadian: Nibbur) from the Sumerian for 'lord wind' (Enlil is modern ? in Afak Al Qadisyah Imta or Nibia was a Gutian ruler in Sumer from ca 2138 BC to 2135 BC ( Short chronology Imta or Nibia was a Gutian ruler in Sumer from ca 2138 BC to 2135 BC ( Short chronology Inkishush or Inkicuc was a Gutian ruler in Sumer from ca 2135 BC to 2129 BC The Sumerian king list is an ancient text in the Sumerian language that lists kings of Sumer from Sumerian and foreign dynasties Sarlagab was a Gutian ruler in Sumer from ca 2129 BC to 2126 BC Shulme was a Gutian ruler in Sumer from ca 2126 BC to 2120 BC Umma (modern Tell Jokha) was an ancient city in Sumer. History Best known for its long frontier conflict with Lagash. Umma (modern Tell Jokha) was an ancient city in Sumer. History Best known for its long frontier conflict with Lagash. Tirigan was the last Gutian ruler in Sumer, before being defeated by Utu-hengal of Uruk, ca Utu-hengal (also written Utu-heg̃al, Utu-heĝal, and sometimes transcribed as Utu-hegal, Utu-hejal) was one of the first native kings of Uruk ( URU UNUG, Sumerian: unug Akkadian: uruk) from the Akkadian rendering of the Sumerian Toponym 'unug' is modern Lagash ( is modern Tell al-Hiba, Iraq. Located northwest of the junction of the Euphrates and Tigris rivers and east of Uruk Shar-Kali-Sharri (Akk = "King of all Kings" was a king of the Akkadian Empire. As a client state to the Gutian Kings, Lagash was extremely successful, peaking under the rule of Gudea. After the last Gutian King, Tirigan, was defeated, by Utu-hengal, Lagash came under the control of Ur under Ur-Namma. Tirigan was the last Gutian ruler in Sumer, before being defeated by Utu-hengal of Uruk, ca Utu-hengal (also written Utu-heg̃al, Utu-heĝal, and sometimes transcribed as Utu-hegal, Utu-hejal) was one of the first native kings of Ur-Nammu (or Ur-Namma, Ur-Engur, Ur-Gur, ca 2112-2095 BC Middle chronology) founded the Sumerian 3rd dynasty of Ur ^[7] Note that there is some indication that the order of the last two rulers of Lagash should be reversed. ^[8]

Ruler	Proposed reign	Notes
Lugalushumgal
Puzer-Mama
Ur-Utu
Ur-Mama
Lu-Baba
Lugula
Kaku or Kakug
Ur-Bau or Ur-baba	2093 BC – 2080 BC
Gudea	2080 BC – 2060 BC	Son-in-law of Ur-baba
Ur-Ningirsu	2060 BC – 2055 BC	Son of Gudea
Pirigme or Ugme	2055 BC – 2053 BC	Grandson of Gudea
Ur-gar	2053 BC – 2049 BC
Nammahani	2049 BC – 2046 BC	Grandson of Kaku, defeated by Ur-Namma

Fifth Dynasty of Uruk

Further information: Uruk

Uniting various Sumerian city-states, Utu-hengal frees the region from the Gutians. Puzer-Mama was a ruler of Lagash before Gudea. Though he adopted the title of Lugal, Puzer-Mama shows kinship with future Lagashite kings in the religiosity Gudea was a ruler ( ensi) of the city of Lagash in Southern Mesopotamia who ruled ca Ur-Nammu (or Ur-Namma, Ur-Engur, Ur-Gur, ca 2112-2095 BC Middle chronology) founded the Sumerian 3rd dynasty of Ur Uruk ( URU UNUG, Sumerian: unug Akkadian: uruk) from the Akkadian rendering of the Sumerian Toponym 'unug' is modern Gutium was a tribe that overran southern Mesopotamia when the Akkadian empire collapsed ca Note that the Sumerian king list records a preceding 4th Dynasty of Uruk which is as yet unattested. The Sumerian king list is an ancient text in the Sumerian language that lists kings of Sumer from Sumerian and foreign dynasties ^[9]

Ruler	Proposed reign	Notes
Utu-hengal	2055 BC – 2048 BC	Appoints Ur-Namma as governor of Ur

Third Dynasty of Ur (Sumerian Renaissance)

Main article: Third Dynasty of Ur

In an apparently peaceful transition, Ur came to power after the end of the reign of Utu-hengal of Uruk, with the first king, Ur-Namma, solidifying his power with the defeat of Lagash. Utu-hengal (also written Utu-heg̃al, Utu-heĝal, and sometimes transcribed as Utu-hegal, Utu-hejal) was one of the first native kings of Ur-Nammu (or Ur-Namma, Ur-Engur, Ur-Gur, ca 2112-2095 BC Middle chronology) founded the Sumerian 3rd dynasty of Ur Ur ( Sumerian:urim; Akkadian: ?) is modern Tell el-Mukayyar, Iraq, and was a city in ancient Sumer. The Third Dynasty of Ur refers simultaneously to a 21st to 20th century BC ( Short chronology) Sumerian ruling dynasty based in the city of Ur ( Sumerian:urim; Akkadian: ?) is modern Tell el-Mukayyar, Iraq, and was a city in ancient Sumer. Utu-hengal (also written Utu-heg̃al, Utu-heĝal, and sometimes transcribed as Utu-hegal, Utu-hejal) was one of the first native kings of Uruk ( URU UNUG, Sumerian: unug Akkadian: uruk) from the Akkadian rendering of the Sumerian Toponym 'unug' is modern Lagash ( is modern Tell al-Hiba, Iraq. Located northwest of the junction of the Euphrates and Tigris rivers and east of Uruk By the dynasty's end with the destruction of Ur by Elamites and Shimashki, the dynasty included little more than the area around Ur. Elam is the name of an ancient civilization located in what is now southwest Iran. ^{[10][11] [12]}

Ruler	Proposed reign	Notes
Ur-Namma or Ur-Engur	2047 BC – 2030 BC	Defeated Nammahani of Lagash; Contemporary of Utu-hengal of Uruk
Shulgi	2029 BC – 1982 BC	Possible lunar/solar eclipse 2005 BC[13]
Amar-Suena	1981 BC – 1973 BC	Son of Shulgi
Shu-Suen	1972 BC – 1964 BC
Ibbi-Suen	1963 BC – 1940 BC	Son of Shu-Suen

Middle Bronze Age

The Old Assyrian / Old Babylonian period (20th to 15th centuries)

First Dynasty of Isin

Further information: Isin

After Ishbi-Erra of Isin breaks away from the declining Third Dynasty of Ur under Ibbi-Suen, Isin reaches its peak under Ishme-Dagan. Ur-Nammu (or Ur-Namma, Ur-Engur, Ur-Gur, ca 2112-2095 BC Middle chronology) founded the Sumerian 3rd dynasty of Ur Ur-Nammu (or Ur-Namma, Ur-Engur, Ur-Gur, ca 2112-2095 BC Middle chronology) founded the Sumerian 3rd dynasty of Ur Lagash ( is modern Tell al-Hiba, Iraq. Located northwest of the junction of the Euphrates and Tigris rivers and east of Uruk Utu-hengal (also written Utu-heg̃al, Utu-heĝal, and sometimes transcribed as Utu-hegal, Utu-hejal) was one of the first native kings of Uruk ( URU UNUG, Sumerian: unug Akkadian: uruk) from the Akkadian rendering of the Sumerian Toponym 'unug' is modern Shulgi (also formerly read as Dungi) of Urim was the second king of the " Sumerian Renaissance " Amar-Sin (or Bur-Sin) (2046-2037 BCE High chronology) was the third ruler of the Ur III Dynasty. Shu-sin was king of Sumer and Akkad, and was the penultimate king of the Ur III dynasty Ibbi-Sin, son of Shu-Sin, was king of Sumer and Akkad and last king of the Ur III dynasty and reigned Isin (modern Ishan al-Bahriyat was a city of lower Mesopotamia, which flourished during the 20th century BC. The Third Dynasty of Ur refers simultaneously to a 21st to 20th century BC ( Short chronology) Sumerian ruling dynasty based in the city of Ibbi-Sin, son of Shu-Sin, was king of Sumer and Akkad and last king of the Ur III dynasty and reigned Weakened by attacks from the upstart Babylonians, Isin eventually falls to its rival Larsa under Rim-Sin I. Babylonia was an Amorite state in lower Mesopotamia (modern southern Iraq) with Babylon as its capital Larsa (also Larag or Larak, modern Tell as-Senkereh, Iraq, possibly the Biblical Ellasar) was an important city of Rim-Sin I ruled the Ancient Near East city-state of Larsa from 1758 BC to 1699 BC ^[14][15]

Ruler	Proposed reign	Notes
Ishbi-Erra	1953 BC – 1921 BC	Contemporary of Ibbi-Suen of Ur III
Shu-ilishu	1920 BC – 1911 BC	Son of Ishbi-Erra
Iddin-Dagan	1910 BC – 1890 BC	Son of Shu-ilishu
Ishme-Dagan	1889 BC – 1871 BC	Son of Iddin-Dagan
Lipit-Eshtar	1870 BC – 1860 BC	Contemporary of Gungunum of Larsa
Ur-Ninurta	1859 BC – 1832 BC	Contemporary of Abisare of Larsa
Bur-Suen	1831 BC – 1811 BC	Son of Ur-Ninurta
Lipit-Enlil	1810 BC – 1806 BC	Son of Bur-Suen
Erra-imitti or Ura-imitti	1805 BC – 1799 BC
Enlil-bani	1798 BC – 1775 BC	Contemporary of Sumu-la-El of Babylon
Zambiya	1774 BC – 1772 BC	Contemporary of Sin-Iqisham of Larsa
Iter-pisha	1771 BC – 1768 BC
Ur-du-kuga	1767 BC – 1764 BC
Suen-magir	1763 BC – 1753 BC
Damiq-ilishu	1752 BC – 1730 BC	Son of Suen-magir

Kings of Larsa

Further information: Larsa

The chronology of the Kingdom of Larsa is based mainly on the Larsa King List (Larsa Dynastic List), the Larsa Date Lists, and a number of royal inscriptions and commercial records. Ibbi-Sin, son of Shu-Sin, was king of Sumer and Akkad and last king of the Ur III dynasty and reigned The Third Dynasty of Ur refers simultaneously to a 21st to 20th century BC ( Short chronology) Sumerian ruling dynasty based in the city of Ishme-Dagan I was the son of the Amorite king Shamshi-Adad I, put on throne of Ekallatum by his father after a successful military attack Lipit-Ishtar (Lipit-Eshtar was the fifth ruler of the first dynasty of Isin, and ruled from around 1934 BCE to 1924 BCE Gungunum ruled the Ancient Near East city-state of Larsa from 1868 BC to 1841 BC Larsa (also Larag or Larak, modern Tell as-Senkereh, Iraq, possibly the Biblical Ellasar) was an important city of Abisare ruled the Ancient Near East city-state of Larsa from 1841 BC to 1830 BC Larsa (also Larag or Larak, modern Tell as-Senkereh, Iraq, possibly the Biblical Ellasar) was an important city of Sumu-la-El (also Sumulael or Sumu-la-ilu) was a King in the First Dynasty of Babylon. Babylon was a City-state of ancient Mesopotamia, the remains of which can be found in present-day Al Hillah, Babil Province, Iraq Sin-Iqisham ruled the Ancient Near East city-state of Larsa from 1776 BC to 1771 BC Larsa (also Larag or Larak, modern Tell as-Senkereh, Iraq, possibly the Biblical Ellasar) was an important city of Larsa (also Larag or Larak, modern Tell as-Senkereh, Iraq, possibly the Biblical Ellasar) was an important city of The Larsa King List was compiled in Babylon during the reign of Hammurabi, conqueror of Larsa. Babylon was a City-state of ancient Mesopotamia, the remains of which can be found in present-day Al Hillah, Babil Province, Iraq Hammurabi ( Akkadian from Amorite ˤAmmurāpi, "the kinsman is a healer" from ˤAmmu, "paternal kinsman" and Rāpi It is suspected that the list elevated the first several Amorite Isinite governors of Larsa to kingship so as to legitimize the rule of the Amorite Babylonians over Larsa. Amorite ( Sumerian MARTU, Akkadian Tidnum or Amurrūm, Egyptian Amar, Hebrew ’emōrî Isin (modern Ishan al-Bahriyat was a city of lower Mesopotamia, which flourished during the 20th century BC. After a period of Babylonian occupation, Larsa briefly breaks free in a revolt ended by the death of the last king, Rim-Sin II. ^{[16] [17] [18]}

Ruler	Proposed reign	Notes
Naplanum	1961 BC – 1940 BC	Contemporary of Ibbi-Suen of Ur III
Emisum	1940 BC – 1912 BC
Samium	1912 BC – 1877 BC
Zabaia	1877 BC – 1868 BC	Son of Samium, First royal inscription
Gungunum	1868 BC – 1841 BC	Gained independence from Lipit-Eshtar of Isin
Abisare	1841 BC – 1830 BC
Sumuel	1830 BC – 1801 BC
Nur-Adad	1801 BC – 1785 BC	Contemporary of Sumu-la-El of Babylon
Sin-Iddinam	1785 BC – 1778 BC	Son of Nur-Adad
Sin-Eribam	1778 BC – 1776 BC
Sin-Iqisham	1776 BC – 1771 BC	Contemporary of Zambiya of Isin, Son of Sin-Eribam
Silli-Adad	1771 BC – 1770 BC
Warad-Sin	1770 BC – 1758 BC	Possible co-regency with Kudur-Mabuk his father
Rim-Sin I	1758 BC – 1699 BC	Contemporary of Irdanene of Uruk, Defeated by Hammurabi of Babylon, Brother of Warad-Sin
Hammurabi of Babylon	1699 BC – 1686 BC	Official Babylonian rule
Samsu-iluna of Babylon	1686 BC – 1678 BC	Official Babylonian rule
Rim-Sin II	1678 BC – 1674 BC	Killed in revolt against Babylon

First Babylonian Dynasty (Dynasty I)

Main article: First Babylonian Dynasty

Following the fall of the Ur III Dynasty, the resultant power vacuum was contested by Isin and Larsa, with Babylon and Assyria later joining the fray. Naplanum ruled the Ancient Near East city-state of Larsa ca 1961 BC to 1940 BC Ibbi-Sin, son of Shu-Sin, was king of Sumer and Akkad and last king of the Ur III dynasty and reigned The Third Dynasty of Ur refers simultaneously to a 21st to 20th century BC ( Short chronology) Sumerian ruling dynasty based in the city of Emisum or Iemsium ruled the Ancient Near East city-state of Larsa from 1940 BC to 1912 BC Samium ruled the Ancient Near Eastern city-state of Larsa from 1912 BC to 1877 BC Zabaia ruled the Ancient Near East city-state of Larsa from 1877 BC to 1868 BC Gungunum ruled the Ancient Near East city-state of Larsa from 1868 BC to 1841 BC Lipit-Ishtar (Lipit-Eshtar was the fifth ruler of the first dynasty of Isin, and ruled from around 1934 BCE to 1924 BCE Isin (modern Ishan al-Bahriyat was a city of lower Mesopotamia, which flourished during the 20th century BC. Abisare ruled the Ancient Near East city-state of Larsa from 1841 BC to 1830 BC Sumuel or Sumu-El ruled the Ancient Near East city-state of Larsa from 1830 BC to 1801 BC Nur-Adad ruled the Ancient Near East city-state of Larsa from 1801 BC to 1785 BC Sumu-la-El (also Sumulael or Sumu-la-ilu) was a King in the First Dynasty of Babylon. Babylon was a City-state of ancient Mesopotamia, the remains of which can be found in present-day Al Hillah, Babil Province, Iraq Sin-Iddinam ruled the Ancient Near East city-state of Larsa from 1785 BC to 1778 BC Sin-Eribam ruled the Ancient Near East city-state of Larsa from 1778 BC to 1776 BC Sin-Iqisham ruled the Ancient Near East city-state of Larsa from 1776 BC to 1771 BC Isin (modern Ishan al-Bahriyat was a city of lower Mesopotamia, which flourished during the 20th century BC. Silli-Adad ruled the Ancient Near East city-state of Larsa from 1771 BC to 1770 BC Warad-Sin ruled the Ancient Near East city-state of Larsa from 1770 BC to 1758 BC Kudur-Mabuk was a ruler in the Ancient Near East city-state of Larsa from 1770 BC to 1754 BC Rim-Sin I ruled the Ancient Near East city-state of Larsa from 1758 BC to 1699 BC Uruk ( URU UNUG, Sumerian: unug Akkadian: uruk) from the Akkadian rendering of the Sumerian Toponym 'unug' is modern Hammurabi ( Akkadian from Amorite ˤAmmurāpi, "the kinsman is a healer" from ˤAmmu, "paternal kinsman" and Rāpi Babylon was a City-state of ancient Mesopotamia, the remains of which can be found in present-day Al Hillah, Babil Province, Iraq Hammurabi ( Akkadian from Amorite ˤAmmurāpi, "the kinsman is a healer" from ˤAmmu, "paternal kinsman" and Rāpi Babylon was a City-state of ancient Mesopotamia, the remains of which can be found in present-day Al Hillah, Babil Province, Iraq Samsu-Iluna ( Samsuiluna) was the King of Babylon, who reigned from 1749 BC to 1712 BC. Babylon was a City-state of ancient Mesopotamia, the remains of which can be found in present-day Al Hillah, Babil Province, Iraq Rim-Sin II ruled the Ancient Near East city-state of Larsa from 1678 BC to 1674 BC Babylon was a City-state of ancient Mesopotamia, the remains of which can be found in present-day Al Hillah, Babil Province, Iraq The Chronology of the first dynasty of Babylonia is debated as there is a Babylonian King List A and a Babylonian King List B. Isin (modern Ishan al-Bahriyat was a city of lower Mesopotamia, which flourished during the 20th century BC. Larsa (also Larag or Larak, modern Tell as-Senkereh, Iraq, possibly the Biblical Ellasar) was an important city of Early history The most Neolithic site in Assyria is at Tell Hassuna, the center of the Hassuna culture In the second half of the reign of Hammurabi, Babylon became the preminent power, a position it largely maintained until the sack by Mursili I in 1531 BC. Hammurabi ( Akkadian from Amorite ˤAmmurāpi, "the kinsman is a healer" from ˤAmmu, "paternal kinsman" and Rāpi Babylon was a City-state of ancient Mesopotamia, the remains of which can be found in present-day Al Hillah, Babil Province, Iraq Mursili I was a king of the Hittites ca 1556 – 1526 BC ( Short chronology) and was the grandson of his predecessor Hattusili I. Note that there are no contemporary accounts of the sack of Babylon. It is inferred from much later documents. ^{[19] [20]}

Ruler	Proposed reign	Notes
Sumu-abum or Su-abu	1830 BC – 1817 BC	Contemporary of Ilushuma of Assyria
Sumu-la-El	1817 BC – 1781 BC	Contemporary of Erishum I of Assyria
Sabium or Sabum	1781 BC – 1767 BC	Son of Sumu-la-El
Apil-Sin	1767 BC – 1749 BC	Son of Sabium
Sin-muballit	1748 BC – 1729 BC	Son of Apil-Sin
Hammurabi	1728 BC – 1686 BC	Contemporary of Zimri-Lim of Mari, Siwe-palar-huppak of Elam and Shamshi-Adad I
Samsu-iluna	1686 BC – 1648 BC	Son of Hammurabi
Abi-eshuh or Abieshu	1648 BC – 1620 BC	Son of Samsu-iluna
Ammi-ditana	1620 BC – 1583 BC	Son of Abi-eshuh
Ammi-saduqa or Ammisaduqa	1582 BC – 1562 BC	Venus tablet of Ammisaduqa
Samsu-Ditana	1562 BC – 1531 BC	Sack of Babylon

Hittite Old Kingdom

Main article: Hittites

The absolute chronology of the Hittite Old Kingdom hinges entirely on the date of the sack of Babylon. Sumu-abum (also Su-abu) was a the first King of the First Dynasty of Babylon. Sumu-abum (also Su-abu) was a the first King of the First Dynasty of Babylon. Early history The most Neolithic site in Assyria is at Tell Hassuna, the center of the Hassuna culture Sumu-la-El (also Sumulael or Sumu-la-ilu) was a King in the First Dynasty of Babylon. Erishum I was the king of Assyria between 1906 BC to 1867 BC He was the son of the king before him Ilushuma. Early history The most Neolithic site in Assyria is at Tell Hassuna, the center of the Hassuna culture Sabium (also Sabum) was a King in the First Dynasty of Babylon. Sabium (also Sabum) was a King in the First Dynasty of Babylon. Sin-Muballit was the father of Hammurabi. He was the fifth king of the first dynasty of Babylonia, reigning ca Hammurabi ( Akkadian from Amorite ˤAmmurāpi, "the kinsman is a healer" from ˤAmmu, "paternal kinsman" and Rāpi Zimrilim was king of Mari from about 1779 to 1757 BCE He was the son and heir of Iakhdunlim, but was forced to flee to Yamkhad when his father Mari (modern Tell Hariri, Syria) was an ancient Sumerian and Amorite city located 11 kilometers north-west of the modern town of Elam is the name of an ancient civilization located in what is now southwest Iran. Shamshi-Adad I (fl late 18th century BC ( Short chronology) rose to prominence when he carved out a large kingdom in northern Mesopotamia, the Old Assyrian Samsu-Iluna ( Samsuiluna) was the King of Babylon, who reigned from 1749 BC to 1712 BC. Abi-Eshuh was a king of Babylon who reigned from 1711 - 1684 BC. Abi-Eshuh was a king of Babylon who reigned from 1711 - 1684 BC. Ammi-Ditana was a king of Babylon who reigned from 1683 - 1640s BC. Ammi-Saduqa (or Ammisaduqa, Ammizaduga) was a king (ca 1582 – 1562 BC Short chronology) of the First Dynasty of Babylon. Ammi-Saduqa (or Ammisaduqa, Ammizaduga) was a king (ca 1582 – 1562 BC Short chronology) of the First Dynasty of Babylon. The Venus tablet of Ammisaduqa recovered from the library at Nineveh, is a 7th century BC cuneiform tablet that bears much older ( Bronze Age) Samsu-Ditana ( Samsuditana) was the King of Babylon, who reigned from 1626 BC to 1595 BC The Hittites were an ancient Anatolian people who spoke a language of the Anatolian branch of the Indo-European language family and established Babylon was a City-state of ancient Mesopotamia, the remains of which can be found in present-day Al Hillah, Babil Province, Iraq In 1531 BC, for reasons that are still extremely unclear, Mursili I marched roughly 500 miles from Aleppo to Babylon, sacked it, and then promptly returned home, never to return. For other meanings see Aleppo (disambiguation. Halab redirects here for other meanings see Halab (disambiguation. Babylon was a City-state of ancient Mesopotamia, the remains of which can be found in present-day Al Hillah, Babil Province, Iraq Other than that event, all the available chronological synchronisms are local to the region in and near Anatolia. Anatolia (Anadolu Ανατολία Anatolía) or Asia minor, comprising most of modern Turkey, is the geographic region bounded by the Black

Ruler	Proposed reign	Notes
Pusarruma
Labarna I
Hattusili I or Labarna II	1586 BC – 1556 BC	Grandfather of Mursili I
Mursili I	1556 BC – 1526 BC	Sacked Babylon in reign of Samsu-Ditana of Babylon
Hantili I	1526 BC – 1496 BC
Zidanta I	1496 BC – 1486 BC
Ammuna	1486 BC – 1466 BC	Son of Hantili I
Huzziya I	1466 BC – 1461 BC	Son of Ammuna

Late Bronze Age

Further information: Bronze Age collapse

The Middle Assyrian period (14th to 12th centuries)

Third Babylon Dynasty (Kassite)

Main article: Kassites

The Kassites first appeared during the reign of Samsu-Iluna of the First Babylonian Dynasty and after being defeated by Babylon, moved to control the city-state of Mari. PU-Sarruma (PU- LUGAL -ma mPU- Šàr-(rù-ma, possibly representing Hišmi-Šarruma) is a conjectured pre-Empire king of the Hittites Labarna I was the traditional first King of the Hittites, ca the early 16th century BC ( Short chronology) Labarna II was the first king of the Hittite empire to reign from Hattusa (while the earlier kings had been at Neša) taking the throne name of Hattusili Labarna II was the first king of the Hittite empire to reign from Hattusa (while the earlier kings had been at Neša) taking the throne name of Hattusili Mursili I was a king of the Hittites ca 1556 – 1526 BC ( Short chronology) and was the grandson of his predecessor Hattusili I. Samsu-Ditana ( Samsuditana) was the King of Babylon, who reigned from 1626 BC to 1595 BC Babylon was a City-state of ancient Mesopotamia, the remains of which can be found in present-day Al Hillah, Babil Province, Iraq Hantili I was a king of the Hittites (Old Kingdom ruling for 30 years ca Zidanta I was a king of the Hittites (Old Kingdom ruling for 10 years ca Ammunu was King of the Hittites ca 1486 – 1466 BC ( Short chronology) Huzziya I was a king of the Hittites (Old Kingdom ruling for 5 years ca The Bronze Age collapse is the name given by those historians who see the transition from the The Kassites were an Ancient Near Eastern tribe who gained control of Babylonia after the fall of the Old Babylonian Empire after ca The Kassites were an Ancient Near Eastern tribe who gained control of Babylonia after the fall of the Old Babylonian Empire after ca Samsu-Iluna ( Samsuiluna) was the King of Babylon, who reigned from 1749 BC to 1712 BC. The Chronology of the first dynasty of Babylonia is debated as there is a Babylonian King List A and a Babylonian King List B. Babylon was a City-state of ancient Mesopotamia, the remains of which can be found in present-day Al Hillah, Babil Province, Iraq Mari (modern Tell Hariri, Syria) was an ancient Sumerian and Amorite city located 11 kilometers north-west of the modern town of Some undetermined amount of time after the fall of Babylon, the Kassites established a new Babylonian dynasty. Babylon was a City-state of ancient Mesopotamia, the remains of which can be found in present-day Al Hillah, Babil Province, Iraq Babylonia was an Amorite state in lower Mesopotamia (modern southern Iraq) with Babylon as its capital The Babylonian king list identifies 36 kings reigning 576 years, however, only about 18 names are legible. The following is a list of the kings of Babylonia, a major city and empire in ancient lower Mesopotamia, compiled from the traditional Babylonian king lists and modern A few more were identified by inscriptions. There is some confusion in the middle part of the dynasty because of conflicts between the Synchronistic Chronicle and Chronicle P. The Babylonian Chronicles are series of tablets recording major events in Babylonian history The Babylonian Chronicles are series of tablets recording major events in Babylonian history The later kings are well attested from kudurru steles. Kudurru was a type of stone document used as boundary stones and as records of Land grants to Vassals by the Kassites in ancient Mesopotamia A stele (from Greek:, stēlē, ˈstiːli plural stelae,, stēlai, ˈstiːlaɪ also found Latinised singular stela Relative dating is from sychronisms with Egypt, Assyria and the Hittites. Ancient Egypt was an Ancient Civilization in eastern North Africa, concentrated along the lower reaches of the Nile River in what is now Early history The most Neolithic site in Assyria is at Tell Hassuna, the center of the Hassuna culture The Hittites were an ancient Anatolian people who spoke a language of the Anatolian branch of the Indo-European language family and established The dynasty ends with the defeat of Enlil-nadin-ahi by Elam. Elam is the name of an ancient civilization located in what is now southwest Iran. ^{[21] [22] [23] [24]}

Ruler	Proposed reign	Notes
Agum II or Agum-Kakrime|
Burnaburiash I		Treaty with Puzur-Ashur III of Assyria
Kashtiliash III
Ulamburiash		Conquers the first Sealand dynasty
Agum III
Karaindash		Contemporary of Amenophis III of Egypt
Kadashman-harbe I
Kurigalzu I
Kadashman-Enlil I	1374 BC – 1360 BC	Contemporary of Amenophis III of the Egyptian Amarna letters
Burnaburiash II	1359 BC – 1333 BC	Contemporary of Akhenaten and Ashur-uballit I
Kara-hardash	1333 BC	Grandson of Ashur-uballit I of Assyria
Nazi-Bugash or Shuzigash	1333 BC
Kurigalzu II	1332 BC – 1308 BC	Son of Burnaburiash II, Fought Battle of Sugagi with Enlil-nirari of Assyria
Nazi-Maruttash	1307 BC – 1282 BC	Contemporary of Adad-nirari I of Assyria
Kadashman-Turgu	1281 BC – 1264 BC	Contemporary of Hattusili III of the Hittites
Kadashman-Enlil II	1263 BC – 1255 BC	Contemporary of Hattusili III of the Hittites
Kudur-Enlil	1254 BC – 1246 BC
Shagarakti-Shuriash	1245 BC – 1233 BC	Son of Kudur-Enlil
Kashtiliashu IV	1232 BC – 1225 BC	Contemporary of Tukulti-Ninurta I of Assyria
Enlil-nadin-shumi	1224 BC	Assyria installed governor
Kadashman-Harbe II	1223 BC	Assyria installed governor
Adad-shuma-iddina	1222 BC – 1217 BC	Assyria installed governor
Adad-shuma-usur	1216 BC – 1187 BC	Contemporary of Ashur-nirari III of Assyria
Meli-Shipak II	1186 BC – 1172 BC
Marduk-apla-iddina I	1171 BC – 1159 BC
Zababa-shuma-iddin	1158 BC
Enlil-nadin-ahi	1157 BC – 1155 BC	Defeated by Shutruk-Nahhunte of Elam

Mitanni

Main article: Mitanni

Perhaps because the capital of Mitanni, Washukanni, has not yet been found, there are no available king lists, year lists, or royal inscriptions. Puzur-Ashur III was the king of Assyria from 1503 BC to 1479 BC Early history The most Neolithic site in Assyria is at Tell Hassuna, the center of the Hassuna culture The following is a list of the kings of Babylonia, a major city and empire in ancient lower Mesopotamia, compiled from the traditional Babylonian king lists and modern Agum III was a Kassite king of Babylon ca mid 14th century BC Amenhotep III (sometimes read as Amenophis III meaning Amun is Satisfied was the ninth Pharaoh of the Eighteenth dynasty. Ancient Egypt was an Ancient Civilization in eastern North Africa, concentrated along the lower reaches of the Nile River in what is now Kadashman-Enlil I was a Kassite King of Babylon from ca 1374 BC to 1360 BC ( Short chronology) Amenhotep III (sometimes read as Amenophis III meaning Amun is Satisfied was the ninth Pharaoh of the Eighteenth dynasty. Ancient Egypt was an Ancient Civilization in eastern North Africa, concentrated along the lower reaches of the Nile River in what is now The Amarna letters (sometimes "Amarna correspondence" or "Amarna tablets" are an archive of correspondence on Clay tablets mostly diplomatic Burna-Buriash I and II were two kings in the Kassite dynasty of Babylon. Akhenaten (often alt: Akhnaten, or rarely Ikhnaton) (In English ˌɑkəˡnɑtən or approximately "AHK-en-AHT-en" his royal name Amenhotep Ashur-uballit I (Aššur-uballiṭ I, was king of the Assyrian empire (1365 BC-1330 BC or 1353 BC – 1318 BC Ashur-uballit I (Aššur-uballiṭ I, was king of the Assyrian empire (1365 BC-1330 BC or 1353 BC – 1318 BC Early history The most Neolithic site in Assyria is at Tell Hassuna, the center of the Hassuna culture Enlil-nirari was an Assyrian king(1330 BC - 1319 BC or 1317 BC - 1308 BC Early history The most Neolithic site in Assyria is at Tell Hassuna, the center of the Hassuna culture Adad-nirari I (1307 BC – 1275 BC or 1295 BC - 1263 BC was a king of Assyria. Early history The most Neolithic site in Assyria is at Tell Hassuna, the center of the Hassuna culture Hattusili III ( Hittite: "from Hattusa" was a king of the Hittite empire (New Kingdom or Late Empire ca The Hittites were an ancient Anatolian people who spoke a language of the Anatolian branch of the Indo-European language family and established Hattusili III ( Hittite: "from Hattusa" was a king of the Hittite empire (New Kingdom or Late Empire ca The Hittites were an ancient Anatolian people who spoke a language of the Anatolian branch of the Indo-European language family and established Tukulti-Ninurta I was a king of Assyria. (reigned 1243 BC – 1207 BC He succeeded Shalmaneser I, his father as king and won a major victory against the Hittites Early history The most Neolithic site in Assyria is at Tell Hassuna, the center of the Hassuna culture Early history The most Neolithic site in Assyria is at Tell Hassuna, the center of the Hassuna culture Early history The most Neolithic site in Assyria is at Tell Hassuna, the center of the Hassuna culture Early history The most Neolithic site in Assyria is at Tell Hassuna, the center of the Hassuna culture Ashur-nirari III was king of Assyria. (1203 BC – 1198 BC or 1193 BC - 1187 BC Early history The most Neolithic site in Assyria is at Tell Hassuna, the center of the Hassuna culture Elam is the name of an ancient civilization located in what is now southwest Iran. Mitanni ( Hittite cuneiform, also Mittani) or Hanigalbat ( Assyrian Hanigalbat Khanigalbat cuneiform) Tell el Fakhariya, or Tell el Fecheriyeh with variants is an ancient site in the Khabur River basin in the Al Hasakah Governorate of northern Syria Fortunately, a fair amount of diplomatic, Hittite, and Assyrian sources exist to firm up the chronology. The Hittites were an ancient Anatolian people who spoke a language of the Anatolian branch of the Indo-European language family and established Having become powerful under Shaushtatar, Mitanni eventually falls into the traditional trap of dynasties, the contest for succession. Tushratta and Artatama II both claim the kingship and the Hittites and Assyrians take advantage of the situation. After that, Mitanni was no longer a factor in the region. ^{[25] [26]}

Ruler	Proposed reign	Notes
Kirta	ca. Kirta is a legendary Hurrian king He is thought to have founded the dynasty of Mitanni, but no contemporary inscriptions from his time are known to exist 1500 BC
Parshatatar or Parrattarna		Son of Kirta
Shaushtatar		Contemporary of Idrimi of Alalakh, Sacks Ashur
Artatama I		Treaty with Pharoah Thutmose IV of Egypt, Contemporary of Pharoah Amenhotep II of Egypt
Shuttarna II		Daughter marries Pharoah Amenhotep III of Egypt in his year 10
Artashumara		Son of Shutarna II, brief reign
Tushratta	ca. Parshatatar, or Paršatar the name of a Hurrian king of Mitanni in the fifteenth century BC Parshatatar, or Paršatar the name of a Hurrian king of Mitanni in the fifteenth century BC Shaushtatar (or Šauštatar) was a king of the Hurrian kingdom of Mitanni in the fifteenth century BC Idrimi was the king of Alalakh in the 15th century BC Idrimi was a Hurrianised Semitic son of the king of Aleppo who had been deposed by the new regional Alalakh (or Alalah, modern Tell Atchana near Antakya (ancient Antioch) Turkey) is the name of an ancient Amorite Ashur (אַשּׁוּר often also transliterated as Asshur to reflect the pointing of Hebrew letter 'ש' ( Shin) in the Masoretic text which doubles the 'ש' was the Artatama I was a king of the Hurrian kingdom of Mitanni in the late fifteenth century BC Pharaoh is the title given in modern parlance to the ancient Egyptian kings of all periods Thutmose IV (sometimes read as Thutmosis or Tuthmosis IV and meaning Thoth is Born) was the 8th Pharaoh of the 18th dynasty Ancient Egypt was an Ancient Civilization in eastern North Africa, concentrated along the lower reaches of the Nile River in what is now Pharaoh is the title given in modern parlance to the ancient Egyptian kings of all periods Amenhotep II (sometimes read as Amenophis II and meaning Amun is Satisfied) was the seventh Pharaoh of the 18th dynasty of Ancient Egypt was an Ancient Civilization in eastern North Africa, concentrated along the lower reaches of the Nile River in what is now Shuttarna II (or Šuttarna) was a king of the Hurrian kingdom of Mitanni in the early 14th century BC. Pharaoh is the title given in modern parlance to the ancient Egyptian kings of all periods Amenhotep III (sometimes read as Amenophis III meaning Amun is Satisfied was the ninth Pharaoh of the Eighteenth dynasty. Ancient Egypt was an Ancient Civilization in eastern North Africa, concentrated along the lower reaches of the Nile River in what is now Artashumara was a Hurrian pretender to the throne of Mitanni in the fourteenth century BC Tushratta was a king of Mitanni at the end of the reign of Amenhotep III and throughout the reign of Akhenaten -- approximately the late 14th century 1350 BC	Contemporary of Suppiluliuma I of the Hittites and Pharoahs Amenhotep III and Amenhotep IV of Egypt, Amarna letters
Artatama II		Treaty with Suppiluliuma I of the Hittites, ruled same time as Tushratta
Shuttarna III		Contemporary of Suppiluliuma I of the Hittites
Shattiwaza		Mitanni becomes vassal of the Hittite Empire
Shattuara I		Mittani becomes vassal of Assyria under Adad-nirari I
Wasashatta		Son of Shattuara I

Assyrian Middle Kingdom

Main article: Assyria

Long a minor player, after the defeat of its neighbor Mitanni by the Hittites, Assyria rises to the ranks of a major power under Ashur-uballit I. Suppiluliuma I was king of the Hittites (ca 1344 – 1322 BC ( Short chronology) The Hittites were an ancient Anatolian people who spoke a language of the Anatolian branch of the Indo-European language family and established Pharaoh is the title given in modern parlance to the ancient Egyptian kings of all periods Amenhotep III (sometimes read as Amenophis III meaning Amun is Satisfied was the ninth Pharaoh of the Eighteenth dynasty. Akhenaten (often alt: Akhnaten, or rarely Ikhnaton) (In English ˌɑkəˡnɑtən or approximately "AHK-en-AHT-en" his royal name Amenhotep Ancient Egypt was an Ancient Civilization in eastern North Africa, concentrated along the lower reaches of the Nile River in what is now The Amarna letters (sometimes "Amarna correspondence" or "Amarna tablets" are an archive of correspondence on Clay tablets mostly diplomatic Artatama II was an usurper to the throne of king Tushratta of Mitanni in the fourteenth century BC Suppiluliuma I was king of the Hittites (ca 1344 – 1322 BC ( Short chronology) The Hittites were an ancient Anatolian people who spoke a language of the Anatolian branch of the Indo-European language family and established Shuttarna III was a Mitanni king who reigned for a short period in the 14th century BC. Suppiluliuma I was king of the Hittites (ca 1344 – 1322 BC ( Short chronology) The Hittites were an ancient Anatolian people who spoke a language of the Anatolian branch of the Indo-European language family and established Shattiwaza ( Šattiwaza, also Mattiwaza) was a king of the Hurrian kingdom of Mitanni in the fourteenth century BC Hittites is the conventional English-language term for an ancient people who spoke an Indo-European language and established a kingdom centered in Hattusa Shattuara, also spelled Šattuara was a king of the Hurrian kingdom of Hanigalbat in the thirteenth century BC Early history The most Neolithic site in Assyria is at Tell Hassuna, the center of the Hassuna culture Adad-nirari I (1307 BC – 1275 BC or 1295 BC - 1263 BC was a king of Assyria. Wasashatta, also spelled Wasašatta was a king of the Hurrian kingdom of Hanigalbat ca Early history The most Neolithic site in Assyria is at Tell Hassuna, the center of the Hassuna culture Mitanni ( Hittite cuneiform, also Mittani) or Hanigalbat ( Assyrian Hanigalbat Khanigalbat cuneiform) The Hittites were an ancient Anatolian people who spoke a language of the Anatolian branch of the Indo-European language family and established The period is marked by conflict with rivals Babylon and the Hittites as well as diplomatic exchanges with Egypt, in the Amarna letters. Babylon was a City-state of ancient Mesopotamia, the remains of which can be found in present-day Al Hillah, Babil Province, Iraq The Hittites were an ancient Anatolian people who spoke a language of the Anatolian branch of the Indo-European language family and established Ancient Egypt was an Ancient Civilization in eastern North Africa, concentrated along the lower reaches of the Nile River in what is now The Amarna letters (sometimes "Amarna correspondence" or "Amarna tablets" are an archive of correspondence on Clay tablets mostly diplomatic Note that after the excavation, in the late 1800s and early 1900s, of various Neo-Assyrian documents, such as the Assyrian king list, scholars assumed that the chronological data for earlier Assyrian periods could be taken as accurate history. The Neo-Assyrian Empire was a period of Mesopotamian history which began in 934 BC and ended in 609 BC That view has changed over the years and the early Assyrian chronology is being re-assessed. Since there is yet no consensus, the traditional order and regnal lengths will be followed. ^{[27] [28] [29]}

Ruler	Proposed reign	Notes
Eriba-Adad I	1380 BC – 1353 BC
Ashur-uballit I	1353 BC – 1318 BC	Contemporary of Burnaburiash II of Babylon and Suppiluliuma I of the Hittites
Enlil-nirari	1317 BC – 1308 BC	Fought Battle of Sugagi with Kurigalzu II of Babylon, Son of Ashur-uballit I
Arik-den-ili	1307 BC – 1296 BC
Adad-nirari I	1295 BC – 1264 BC	Contemporary of Shattuara I and Wasashatta of Mitanni
Shalmaneser I	1263 BC – 1234 BC	Son of Adad-nirari I
Tukulti-Ninurta I	1233 BC – 1197 BC	Contemporary of Kashtiliashu IV of Babylon
Ashur-nadin-apli	1196 BC – 1194 BC	Son of Tukulti-Ninurta I
Ashur-nirari III	1193 BC – 1188 BC	Contemporary of Adad-shuma-usur of Babylon and Son of Ashur-nadin-apli
Enlil-kudurri-usur	1187 BC – 1183 BC	Son of Tukulti-Ninurta I
Ninurta-apal-Ekur	1182 BC – 1180 BC
Ashur-Dan I	1179 BC – 1134 BC	Son of Ninurta-apal-Ekur

Hittite New Kingdom

Main article: Hittites

Beginning under his father, Suppiluliuma I brought the Hittites from obscurity into an empire that lasts for almost 150 years. Eriba-Adad was king of Assyria from 1392 BC to 1366 BC He was probably a Vassal of Mitanni. Ashur-uballit I (Aššur-uballiṭ I, was king of the Assyrian empire (1365 BC-1330 BC or 1353 BC – 1318 BC Burna-Buriash I and II were two kings in the Kassite dynasty of Babylon. Babylon was a City-state of ancient Mesopotamia, the remains of which can be found in present-day Al Hillah, Babil Province, Iraq Suppiluliuma I was king of the Hittites (ca 1344 – 1322 BC ( Short chronology) The Hittites were an ancient Anatolian people who spoke a language of the Anatolian branch of the Indo-European language family and established Enlil-nirari was an Assyrian king(1330 BC - 1319 BC or 1317 BC - 1308 BC Babylon was a City-state of ancient Mesopotamia, the remains of which can be found in present-day Al Hillah, Babil Province, Iraq Arik-den-ili ( 1319 BC - 1308 BC or 1307 BC – 1296 BC) was an Assyrian king. Adad-nirari I (1307 BC – 1275 BC or 1295 BC - 1263 BC was a king of Assyria. Shattuara, also spelled Šattuara was a king of the Hurrian kingdom of Hanigalbat in the thirteenth century BC Wasashatta, also spelled Wasašatta was a king of the Hurrian kingdom of Hanigalbat ca Mitanni ( Hittite cuneiform, also Mittani) or Hanigalbat ( Assyrian Hanigalbat Khanigalbat cuneiform) Shalmaneser I ( Shulmanu-asharidu) king of Assyria. (1274 BC – 1245 BC or 1265 BC - 1235 BC Son of Adad-nirari I, he succeeded his father as King Tukulti-Ninurta I was a king of Assyria. (reigned 1243 BC – 1207 BC He succeeded Shalmaneser I, his father as king and won a major victory against the Hittites Babylon was a City-state of ancient Mesopotamia, the remains of which can be found in present-day Al Hillah, Babil Province, Iraq Ashur-nadin-apli was an Assyrian king ( 1207 BC – 1204 BC or 1196 BC – 1194 BC) The name of the king meant “the god Ashur Ashur-nirari III was king of Assyria. (1203 BC – 1198 BC or 1193 BC - 1187 BC Babylon was a City-state of ancient Mesopotamia, the remains of which can be found in present-day Al Hillah, Babil Province, Iraq Enlil-kudurri-usur was King of Assyria. Depending on the length of reign one gives to his successor Ninurta-apal-Ekur, this would have been either from 1187 to 1183 Ninurta-apal-Ekur was a King of Assyria. There is some dispute as to how long he reigned based on disputes among various copies of the Assyrian King List Ashur-dan I (Aššur-dān I was one of the longest-reigning Kings of Assyria, reigning for some 46 years according to the Assyrian King List. The Hittites were an ancient Anatolian people who spoke a language of the Anatolian branch of the Indo-European language family and established The Hittite New Kingdom reaches it's height after the defeat of Mitanni, an event which ironically leads to the rise of Assyria. Mitanni ( Hittite cuneiform, also Mittani) or Hanigalbat ( Assyrian Hanigalbat Khanigalbat cuneiform) Early history The most Neolithic site in Assyria is at Tell Hassuna, the center of the Hassuna culture The dynasty ends with the destruction of Hattusa by parties undetermined but which may have included the Sea People and the Kaskians. Hattusa (URU Ḫa-at-tu-ša 𒌷𒄩𒀜𒌅𒊭 Unicode cuneiform article to display these cuneiform characters--> The Sea Peoples is the term used for a confederacy of seafaring raiders of the second millennium BC who sailed into the eastern shores of the Mediterranean, caused political See Kaska for the First Nations people in the Yukon and British Columbia Canada For kas-kas, or poppy seeds refer to Poppy ^{[30] [31] [32] [33]}

Ruler	Proposed reign	Notes
Tudhaliya III	1360 BC – 1344 BC	Son of Tudhaliya II
Suppiluliuma I	1344 BC – 1322 BC	Son of Tudhaliya III, Contemporary of Tushratta of Mitanni
Arnuwanda II	1322 BC – 1321 BC	Son of Suppiluliuma I
Mursili II	1321 BC – 1295 BC	Son of Suppiluliuma I; Mursili's eclipse
Muwatalli II	1295 BC – 1272 BC	Son of Mursili II, Battle of Kadesh in year 5 of Ramses II of Egypt,
Mursili III or Urhi-Teshub	1272 BC – 1267 BC	Son of Muwatalli II
Hattusili III	1267 BC – 1237 BC	Treaty in year 21 of Ramses II of Egypt, Contemporary of Shalmaneser I of Assyria & Kadashman-Turgu of Babylon
Tudhaliya IV	1237 BC – 1209 BC	Son of Hattusili III, Battle of Nihriya
Arnuwanda III	1209 BC – 1207 BC	Son of Tudhaliya IV
Suppiluliuma II	1207 BC – 1178 BC	Son of Tudhaliya IV, Fall of Hattusa

Kings of Ugarit

Further information: Ugarit

A client state of Mitanni and later the Hittites, Ugarit was nonetheless a significant player in the region. Tudhaliya III was a short-lived king of the Hittite Empire (New Kingdom ca Suppiluliuma I was king of the Hittites (ca 1344 – 1322 BC ( Short chronology) Tushratta was a king of Mitanni at the end of the reign of Amenhotep III and throughout the reign of Akhenaten -- approximately the late 14th century Mitanni ( Hittite cuneiform, also Mittani) or Hanigalbat ( Assyrian Hanigalbat Khanigalbat cuneiform) Arnuwanda II was a king of the Hittite Empire (new kingdom ca Mursili II (also spelled Mursilis II) was a king of the Hittite Empire (New kingdom ca The Solar eclipse mentioned in the annals of Mursili II is of great importance for the absolute dating of the Hittite Empire within the Muwatalli II ( m NIRGÁL) was a king of the New kingdom of the Hittite empire (ca } The Battle of Kadesh (also Qadesh) took place between the forces of the Egyptian Empire under Ramesses II and the Hittite Empire under Ancient Egypt was an Ancient Civilization in eastern North Africa, concentrated along the lower reaches of the Nile River in what is now Mursili III, also known as Urhi-Teshub, was the eldest surviving son of Muwatalli II. Mursili III, also known as Urhi-Teshub, was the eldest surviving son of Muwatalli II. Hattusili III ( Hittite: "from Hattusa" was a king of the Hittite empire (New Kingdom or Late Empire ca Ancient Egypt was an Ancient Civilization in eastern North Africa, concentrated along the lower reaches of the Nile River in what is now Shalmaneser I ( Shulmanu-asharidu) king of Assyria. (1274 BC – 1245 BC or 1265 BC - 1235 BC Son of Adad-nirari I, he succeeded his father as King Early history The most Neolithic site in Assyria is at Tell Hassuna, the center of the Hassuna culture Babylon was a City-state of ancient Mesopotamia, the remains of which can be found in present-day Al Hillah, Babil Province, Iraq Tudhaliya IV was a king of the Hittite empire (New kingdom and the younger son of Hattusili III. The Battle of Nihriya was the culminating point of the hostilities between Hittites and Assyrians for control over the remnants of the former empire of Mitanni Arnuwanda III was the penultimate king of the Hittite empire (New kingdom (ca Suppiluliuma II, the son of Tudhaliya IV, was the last known king of the New Kingdom of the Hittite Empire, ruling ca Hattusa (URU Ḫa-at-tu-ša 𒌷𒄩𒀜𒌅𒊭 Unicode cuneiform article to display these cuneiform characters--> Ugarit ( Ugaritic: ʼugrt; Hebrew:; Arabic:) (modern Ras Shamra رأس شمرة ("top/head/cape of the wild Fennel Mitanni ( Hittite cuneiform, also Mittani) or Hanigalbat ( Assyrian Hanigalbat Khanigalbat cuneiform) The Hittites were an ancient Anatolian people who spoke a language of the Anatolian branch of the Indo-European language family and established While regnal lengths and an absolute chronology for Ugarit are not yet available, the known order of kings and some firm synchronisms make it reasonably placeable in time. The fall of Ugarit has been narrowed down to the range from the reign of Pharoah Merneptah to the 8th year of Pharoah Rameses III of Egypt. Pharaoh is the title given in modern parlance to the ancient Egyptian kings of all periods Merneptah (or Merenptah) was the fourth ruler of the Nineteenth Dynasty of Ancient Egypt. Pharaoh is the title given in modern parlance to the ancient Egyptian kings of all periods Usimare Ramses III (also written Ramesses and Rameses) was the second Pharaoh of the Twentieth Dynasty and is considered to be the last great Ancient Egypt was an Ancient Civilization in eastern North Africa, concentrated along the lower reaches of the Nile River in what is now This is roughly the same time that Hattusa is destroyed. Hattusa (URU Ḫa-at-tu-ša 𒌷𒄩𒀜𒌅𒊭 Unicode cuneiform article to display these cuneiform characters--> ^{[34] [35]}

Ruler	Proposed reign	Notes
Ammittamru I	ca. Ammittamru I was the first ruler and king of the Ancient Syrian city of Ugarit who ruled ca 1350 BC
Niqmaddu II		Contemporary of Suppiluliuma I of the Hittites
Arhalba
Niqmepa		Treaty with Mursili II of the Hittites, Son of Niqmadu II,
Ammittamru II		Contemporary of Bentisina of Amurru, Son of Niqmepa
Ibiranu
Niqmaddu III
Ammurapi	ca. Niqmaddu II was the second ruler and king of the Ancient Syrian city of Ugarit ca Suppiluliuma I was king of the Hittites (ca 1344 – 1322 BC ( Short chronology) The Hittites were an ancient Anatolian people who spoke a language of the Anatolian branch of the Indo-European language family and established Arhalba was the third ruler and king of the Ancient Syrian city of Ugarit ca Niqmepa was the fourth and longest serving ruler and king of the Ancient Syrian city of Ugarit ca Mursili II (also spelled Mursilis II) was a king of the Hittite Empire (New kingdom ca The Hittites were an ancient Anatolian people who spoke a language of the Anatolian branch of the Indo-European language family and established Ammittamru II was a ruler and king of the Ancient Syrian city of Ugarit ca Amurru (or Martu) are names given in Akkadian and Sumerian texts to the god of the Amorite /Amurru people often forming part of personal Ibiranu was a ruler and king of the Ancient Syrian city of Ugarit from 1235 - 1220 BC Niqmaddu III was a ruler and king of the Ancient Syrian city of Ugarit ca 1220 - 1215 BC Ammurapi was the last Bronze Age ruler and king of the Ancient Syrian city of Ugarit who ca 1200 BC	Contemporary of Chancellor Bay of Egypt, Ugarit is destroyed

Iron Age

Further information: Neo-Hittite

The Early Iron Age (12th to 7th centuries BC). Chancellor Bay was an important Asiatic official in ancient Egypt who rose to prominence and high office under Seti II Userkheperure Setepenre and later became an influential Ancient Egypt was an Ancient Civilization in eastern North Africa, concentrated along the lower reaches of the Nile River in what is now The states that are called Neo-Hittite, or more recently Syro-Hittite, were Luwian, Aramaic and Phoenician -speaking political entities of This article is about the archaeological period known as the Iron Age for the mythological Iron Age see Ages of Man. The chronology here is well established and not subject to the long/short distinction.

Middle-Assyrian period

The 12th to 11th centuries fall into the Early Iron Age, but are still counted as belonging to the Middle Assyrian period:

Ruler	Reign	Notes
Ashur-Dan I	1179 - 1133 BC
Ninurta-tukulti-Ashur	1133 BC
Mutakkil-nusku	1133 BC
Ashur-resh-ishi I	1133 - 1115 BC
Tiglath-Pileser I	1115 - 1076 BC
Asharid-apal-Ekur	1076 - 1074 BC
Ashur-bel-kala	1074 - 1056 BC
Eriba-Adad II	1056 - 1054 BC
Shamshi-Adad IV	1054 - 1050 BC
Ashur-nasir-pal I	1050 - 1031 BC
Shalmaneser II	1031 - 1019 BC
Ashur-nirari IV	1019 - 1013 BC
Ashur-rabi II	1013 - 972 BC
Ashur-resh-ishi II	972 - 967 BC
Tiglath-Pileser II	967 - 935 BC
Ashur-Dan II	935 - 912 BC

Neo-Assyrian Empire

Main article: Neo-Assyrian Empire

The Assyrian empire rises to become the dominant power in the ancient Near East for over two centuries. Ashur-dan I (Aššur-dān I was one of the longest-reigning Kings of Assyria, reigning for some 46 years according to the Assyrian King List. Ninurta-tukulti-Ashur (Ninurta-tukultī-Aššur was briefly King of Assyria in 1133 BC. Mutakkil-Nusku was King of Assyria briefly in 1133 BC The son of Ashur-dan I, Mutakkil-Nusku usurped the throne from his brother Ninurta-tukulti-Ashur, apparently Ashur-resh-ishi I was King of Assyria from 1133 to 1115 BC He succeeded his father Mutakkil-Nusku, and was succeeded by his son Tiglath-Pileser I Tiglath-Pileser I (from the Hebraic form of Akkadian: Tukultī-apil-Ešarra, "my trust is in the son of Esharra " was a king Asharid-apal-Ekur was King of Assyria from 1076 to 1074 BC He succeeded his father Tiglath-Pileser I, and was succeeded by a brother Ashur-bel-kala. Ashur-bel-kala (also Assur-bel-kala "(the god Aššur is the lord of everything" was King of Assyria from 1074 to 1056 BC Eriba-Adad II was King of Assyria from 1056 to 1054 BC. He succeeded his father Ashur-bel-kala, but reigned for only two years before Shamshi-Adad IV was a King of Assyria from 1054 to 1050 BC He was the son of Tiglath-Pileser I and usurped the throne from his nephew Eriba-Adad II. Ashurnasirpal I was king of Assyria from 1050 BCE to 1031 BCE Shalmaneser II was King of Assyria from 1031 BC to 1019 BC He succeeded his father Ashurnasirpal I and was succeeded by his son Ashur-nirari IV, but Ashur-nirari IV was a King of Assyria. He succeeded his father Shalmaneser II in 1019 BC, and reigned for six years until 1013 BC Ashur-rabi II was one of the longest-reigning kings of Assyria, reigning for 41 years Events and trends 978 BC — Siamun succeeds Osorkon the Elder as king of Egypt. Ashur-resh-ishi II was King of Assyria for five years He succeeded his long-reigning father Ashur-rabi II in 972 and reigned until his death in 967 BC Events and trends 978 BC — Siamun succeeds Osorkon the Elder as king of Egypt. Events and trends 967 BC — Tiglath-Pileser II becomes King of Assyria. Tiglath-Pileser II (from the Hebraic form of Akkadian Tukultī-apil-Ešarra) was King of Assyria from 967 BCE when he succeeded his father Events and trends 967 BC — Tiglath-Pileser II becomes King of Assyria. Events and trends 935 BC — Death of Zhou gong wang, King of the Zhou Dynasty of China. Ashur-Dan II was King of Assyria. He succeeded his father Tiglath-Pileser II, in 935 and reigned until his death in 912 BC when he was succeeded by his son Events and trends 935 BC — Death of Zhou gong wang, King of the Zhou Dynasty of China. Events and trends 915 BC (by William F Albright) — Death of Rehoboam, King of the ancient Kingdom of Judah. The Neo-Assyrian Empire was a period of Mesopotamian history which began in 934 BC and ended in 609 BC Early history The most Neolithic site in Assyria is at Tell Hassuna, the center of the Hassuna culture This occurs despite the efforts of various other strong groups that existed in this period, including Babylon, Urartu, Damascus, Elam, and Egypt. Babylon was a City-state of ancient Mesopotamia, the remains of which can be found in present-day Al Hillah, Babil Province, Iraq Urartu ( Assyrian: Urarṭu Urartian: Biainili Ուրարտու was an Iron Age kingdom in Eastern Anatolia ( Transcaucasia) rising Damascus ( دمشق,, also commonly known as الشام ash-Shām) is the capital and largest city of Syria. Elam is the name of an ancient civilization located in what is now southwest Iran. Ancient Egypt was an Ancient Civilization in eastern North Africa, concentrated along the lower reaches of the Nile River in what is now ^{[36] [37] [38]}

Ruler	Reign	Notes
Adad-nirari II	912 BC – 891 BC
Tukulti-Ninurta II	890 BC – 884 BC	Son of Adad-nirari II
Assur-nasir-pal II	883 BC – 859 BC	Son of Tukulti-Ninurta II
Shalmaneser III	858 BC – 824 BC	Battle of Qarqar
Shamshi-Adad V	823 BC – 811 BC	Treaty with Marduk-zakir-sumi I of Babylon
Adad-nirari III	810 BC – 783 BC	Regent Shammu-ramat
Shalmaneser IV	782 BC – 773 BC	Son of Adad-nirari III
Ashur-Dan III	772 BC – 755 BC	Eclipse on June 15 763 BC
Ashur-nirari V	754 BC – 745 BC
Tiglath-Pileser III	744 BC – 727 BC	Contemporary of Nabonassar of Babylon
Shalmaneser V	726 BC – 722 BC	Contemporary of Rusas I of Urartu
Sargon II	721 BC – 705 BC	Contemporary of Marduk-apla-iddina II of Babylon
Sennacherib	704 BC – 681 BC	Contemporary of Shutruk-Nahhunte II of Elam
Esarhaddon	680 BC – 669 BC	Contemporary of Pharoah Taharqa of Egypt
Assurbanipal	668 BC – 631 BC

Babylon

Further information: Kings of Babylon

Dynasties IV to X of Babylon (post-Kassite):

Ruler	Reign	Notes
Marduk-kabit-ahhešu	1155-1146 BC	Dynasty IV, from Isin
Itti-Marduk-balatu	1146-1132 BC
Ninurta-nadin-šumi	1132-1126 BC
Nabu-kudurri-usur (Nebuchadnezzar I)	1126-1103 BC
Enlil-nadin-apli	1103-1100 BC
Marduk-nadin-ahhe	1100-1082 BC
Marduk-šapik-zeri	1082-1069 BC
Adad-apla-iddina	1069-1046 BC
Marduk-ahhe-eriba	1046 BC
Marduk-zer-X	1046-1033 BC
Nabu-šum-libur	1033-1025 BC
Simbar-šipak	1025-1008 BC	Dynasty V
Ea-mukin-šumi	1008 BC
Kaššu-nadin	1008-1004 BC
Eulma-šakin-šumi	1004-987 BC	Dynasty VI
Ninurta-kudurri-usur	987-985 BC
Širiqti-šuqamunu	985 BC
Mar-biti-apla-usur	985-979 BC	Dynasty VII
Nabu-mukin-apli	979-943 BC	Dynasty VIII
Ninurta-kudurri-usur	943 BC	Dynasty IX
Mar-biti-ahhe-iddina	943-c. Adad-nirari II is generally considered to be the first King of Assyria in the Neo-Assyrian period. Tukulti-Ninurta II was King of Assyria from 891 to 884 BC He was the son of Adad-nirari II and the second king of the Neo-Assyrian period Ashur-nasir-pal II ( Transliteration: Aššur-nâṣir-apli, meaning " Ashur is guardian of the heir" was king of Assyria from 884 BC-859 Shalmaneser III ( Šulmānu-ašarēdu, "the god Shulmanu is pre-eminent" was king of Assyria (859 BC-824 BC and son of the previous ruler The Battle of Karkar (or Qarqar) was fought in 853 BC when the army of Assyria, led by king Shalmaneser III, encountered an allied army Shamshi-Adad V was the King of Assyria from 824 to 811 BC He was the son and successor of Shalmaneser III, the husband of Shammuramat (by some identified Babylon was a City-state of ancient Mesopotamia, the remains of which can be found in present-day Al Hillah, Babil Province, Iraq Adad-nirari III (also Adad-narari) was King of Assyria from 811 to 783 BC Shammuramat or Sammur-amat was Queen of Assyria 811 BC&ndash808 BC Shalmaneser IV was king of Assyria (783 - 773 BC He succeeded his father Adad-nirari III, and was succeeded by his brother Ashur-dan III. Ashur-dan III was King of Assyria from 773 to 755 BC Ashur-dan III was the son of Adad-nirari III, and succeeded his brother Shalmaneser IV in 773 The Assyrian eclipse is also known as Bur-Sagale (Bur-Saggile Pur-Sagale or Par-Sagale eclipse Ashur-nirari V was King of Assyria from 755 to 745 BC He was succeeded by Tiglath-Pileser III. Tiglath-Pileser III (from the Hebraic form of Akkadian: Tukultī-apil-Ešarra, "my trust is in the son of Esharra" was a prominent king Nabonassar (also Nabonasser, Nabu-nasir, Nebo-adon-Assur or Nabo-n-assar) founded a kingdom in Babylon in 747 BC Babylon was a City-state of ancient Mesopotamia, the remains of which can be found in present-day Al Hillah, Babil Province, Iraq Shalmaneser V ( Akkadian: akk Šulmanu-ašarid) was King of Assyria from 727 to 722 BC Urartu ( Assyrian: Urarṭu Urartian: Biainili Ուրարտու was an Iron Age kingdom in Eastern Anatolia ( Transcaucasia) rising Sargon II ( Akkadian Šarru-kinu "legitimate king" reigned 722 – 705 BC was an Assyrian king Marduk-apla-iddina II (the biblical Merodach-baladan, also called Marduk-baladan, Baladan and Berodach-baladan. Babylon was a City-state of ancient Mesopotamia, the remains of which can be found in present-day Al Hillah, Babil Province, Iraq Sennacherib ( Akkadian Sîn-ahhe-eriba "(moon god Sîn has replaced (lost brothers for me" was the son of Sargon II, whom he Elam is the name of an ancient civilization located in what is now southwest Iran. Esarhaddon (Greek and Biblical form Akkadian Aššur-ahhe-iddina " Ashur has given a brother to me" was a king of Assyria who reigned Pharaoh is the title given in modern parlance to the ancient Egyptian kings of all periods Taharqa was pharaoh of Egypt, and a member of the Nubian or Twenty-fifth dynasty of Egypt. Ancient Egypt was an Ancient Civilization in eastern North Africa, concentrated along the lower reaches of the Nile River in what is now Ashurbanipal ( Akkadian: Aššur-bāni-apli, " Ashur has made a son" or "Ashur created an heir" (b The following is a list of the kings of Babylonia, a major city and empire in ancient lower Mesopotamia, compiled from the traditional Babylonian king lists and modern Isin (modern Ishan al-Bahriyat was a city of lower Mesopotamia, which flourished during the 20th century BC. Nebuchadrezzar I, more commonly known as Nebuchadnezzar I ( Akkadian: Nabu-kudurri-usur, meaning " Nebo, protect my eldest son" or "Nebo Enlil-Nadin-Apli was the king of Babylon from 1103 to 1100 BC. Marduk-nadin-ahhe was a king of Babylon from 1100-1082 BC in Dynasty IV of Babylon. Events and trends 984 BC — Osorkon the Elder succeeds Amenemope as king of Egypt. Ninurta ( Nin Ur: Lord of the Earth/Plough in Sumerian and Akkadian mythology was the god of Nippur, identified with Ningirsu Events and trends 984 BC — Osorkon the Elder succeeds Amenemope as king of Egypt. Events and trends 984 BC — Osorkon the Elder succeeds Amenemope as king of Egypt. Events and trends 984 BC — Osorkon the Elder succeeds Amenemope as king of Egypt. Events and trends 984 BC — Osorkon the Elder succeeds Amenemope as king of Egypt. Events and trends 978 BC — Siamun succeeds Osorkon the Elder as king of Egypt. Events and trends 978 BC — Siamun succeeds Osorkon the Elder as king of Egypt. Events and trends 947 BC — Death of Zhou mo wang, King of the Zhou Dynasty of China. Events and trends 947 BC — Death of Zhou mo wang, King of the Zhou Dynasty of China. Events and trends 947 BC — Death of Zhou mo wang, King of the Zhou Dynasty of China. 920 BC
Šamaš-mudammiq	c. Events and trends 928 BC — On the death of King Solomon, his son Rehoboam is unable to hold the tribes of Israel together and 920-900 BC
Nabu-šuma-ukin	900-888 BC
Nabu-apla-iddina	888-855 BC
Marduk-zakir-šumi I	855-819 BC
Marduk-balassu-iqbi	819-813 BC
Baba-aha-iddina	813-811 BC
5 kings	811-c. Events and trends 928 BC — On the death of King Solomon, his son Rehoboam is unable to hold the tribes of Israel together and Events and trends 889 BC — Takelot I succeeds his father Osorkon I as king of Egypt. Events and trends 889 BC — Takelot I succeeds his father Osorkon I as king of Egypt. Events and trends 859 BC — Assurnasirpal II died 859 BC — Shalmaneser attacked Syria and Palestine. Events and trends 859 BC — Assurnasirpal II died 859 BC — Shalmaneser attacked Syria and Palestine. Events and trends 817 BC — Pedubastis I declares himself king of Egypt, founding the Twenty-third Dynasty. Events and trends 817 BC — Pedubastis I declares himself king of Egypt, founding the Twenty-third Dynasty. Events and trends 817 BC — Pedubastis I declares himself king of Egypt, founding the Twenty-third Dynasty. Events and trends 817 BC — Pedubastis I declares himself king of Egypt, founding the Twenty-third Dynasty. Events and trends 817 BC — Pedubastis I declares himself king of Egypt, founding the Twenty-third Dynasty. Events and trends 817 BC — Pedubastis I declares himself king of Egypt, founding the Twenty-third Dynasty. 800 BC
Ninurta-apla-X	c. 800-c. 790 BC
Marduk-bel-zeri	c. Events and trends 797 BC — Ardysus I becomes king of Lydia. 790-c. Events and trends 797 BC — Ardysus I becomes king of Lydia. 780 BC
Marduk-apla-usur	c. Events and trends 783 BC — Shalmaneser IV succeeds his father Adad-nirari III as king of Assyria. 780-769 BC
Eriba-Marduk	769-761 BC
Nabu-šuma-iškun	761-748 BC
Nabonassar (Nabu-nasir)	748-734 BC	From this point on, the Babylonian chronology is securely known via Ptolemy's Canon of Kings and other sources. Events and trends 783 BC — Shalmaneser IV succeeds his father Adad-nirari III as king of Assyria. Events and trends 763 BC — June 15 — A Solar eclipse at this date (in month Sivan) is used to fix the Chronology of the Events and trends 763 BC — June 15 — A Solar eclipse at this date (in month Sivan) is used to fix the Chronology of the Events and trends 763 BC — June 15 — A Solar eclipse at this date (in month Sivan) is used to fix the Chronology of the Events and trends 763 BC — June 15 — A Solar eclipse at this date (in month Sivan) is used to fix the Chronology of the Events and trends 747 BC — February 26 - Nabonassar becomes king of Babylonia. Nabonassar (also Nabonasser, Nabu-nasir, Nebo-adon-Assur or Nabo-n-assar) founded a kingdom in Babylon in 747 BC Nabu is the Babylonian god of Wisdom and Writing, worshipped by Babylonians as the son of Marduk and his consort Sarpanitum, Events and trends 747 BC — February 26 - Nabonassar becomes king of Babylonia. Events and trends 739 BC — Hiram II becomes king of Tyre. 738 BC — King Tiglath-Pileser III of Claudius Ptolemaeus ( Greek: Klaúdios Ptolemaîos; after 83 &ndash ca The Canon of Kings was a dated list of kings used by ancient Astronomers as a convenient means to date astronomical phenomena such as Eclipses The Canon was preserved
Nabu-nadin-zeri	734-732 BC
Nabu-šuma-ukin II	732 BC
Nabu-mukin-zeri	732-729 BC	Dynasty X, Assyrian rule
Tiglath-Pileser III	729-727 BC
Shalmaneser V	727-722 BC
Marduk-apla-iddina II	722-710 BC	the Biblical Merodach-Baladan
Šarrukin (Sargon) II of Assyria	710-705 BC
Sin-ahhe-eriba (Sennacherib) of Assyria	705-703 BC
Marduk-zakir-šumi II	703 BC
Marduk-apla-iddina II	703 BC	(restored)
Bel-ibni	703-700 BC
Aššur-nadin-šumi	700-694 BC	son of Sennacherib of Assyria
Nergal-ušezib	694-693 BC
Mušezib-Marduk	693-689 BC	Assyrian Sack of Babylon, 689 BC; Babylon is rebuilt by Esarhaddon of Assyria in the 670s BC
Sin-ahhe-eriba (Sennacherib) of Assyria	689-681 BC
Aššur-ahha-iddina (Esarhaddon) of Assyria	681-669 BC
Šamaš-šum-ukin	668-648 BC	son of Esarhaddon
Kandalanu	648-627 BC
Sin-shumu-lishir	626 BC	Only parts, included the city Babylon. Events and trends 739 BC — Hiram II becomes king of Tyre. 738 BC — King Tiglath-Pileser III of Events and trends 739 BC — Hiram II becomes king of Tyre. 738 BC — King Tiglath-Pileser III of Events and trends 739 BC — Hiram II becomes king of Tyre. 738 BC — King Tiglath-Pileser III of Events and trends 739 BC — Hiram II becomes king of Tyre. 738 BC — King Tiglath-Pileser III of Events and trends 728 BC — Piye invades Egypt, conquering Memphis, and receives the submission of the rulers of the Nile Tiglath-Pileser III (from the Hebraic form of Akkadian: Tukultī-apil-Ešarra, "my trust is in the son of Esharra" was a prominent king Events and trends 728 BC — Piye invades Egypt, conquering Memphis, and receives the submission of the rulers of the Nile Events and trends 728 BC — Piye invades Egypt, conquering Memphis, and receives the submission of the rulers of the Nile Shalmaneser V ( Akkadian: akk Šulmanu-ašarid) was King of Assyria from 727 to 722 BC Events and trends 728 BC — Piye invades Egypt, conquering Memphis, and receives the submission of the rulers of the Nile Events and trends 728 BC — Piye invades Egypt, conquering Memphis, and receives the submission of the rulers of the Nile Marduk ( Sumerian spelling in Akkadian: AMARUTU 𒀫 𒌓 "solar calf" perhaps from MERI Marduk-apla-iddina II (the biblical Merodach-baladan, also called Marduk-baladan, Baladan and Berodach-baladan. Events and trends 728 BC — Piye invades Egypt, conquering Memphis, and receives the submission of the rulers of the Nile Events and trends Judah, Tyre and Sidon revolt against Assyria. Sargon II ( Akkadian Šarru-kinu "legitimate king" reigned 722 – 705 BC was an Assyrian king Early history The most Neolithic site in Assyria is at Tell Hassuna, the center of the Hassuna culture Events and trends Judah, Tyre and Sidon revolt against Assyria. Sennacherib ( Akkadian Sîn-ahhe-eriba "(moon god Sîn has replaced (lost brothers for me" was the son of Sargon II, whom he Early history The most Neolithic site in Assyria is at Tell Hassuna, the center of the Hassuna culture Marduk ( Sumerian spelling in Akkadian: AMARUTU 𒀫 𒌓 "solar calf" perhaps from MERI Marduk-zakir-shumi II was a Babylonian nobleman who served briefly as King of Babylon for a few months in 703 BC following a revolt against the rule of the Assyrian Marduk ( Sumerian spelling in Akkadian: AMARUTU 𒀫 𒌓 "solar calf" perhaps from MERI Marduk-apla-iddina II (the biblical Merodach-baladan, also called Marduk-baladan, Baladan and Berodach-baladan. Bel-ibni was a Babylonian nobleman who served as King of Babylon for several years as the nominee of the Assyrian king Sennacherib. In Akkadian mythology, Anshar (also spelled Anshur) which means "sky pivot" or "sky axle" is a Sky God. Ashur-nadin-shumi (d694 BC was an ancient King of Babylon. The son of the Assyrian king Sennacherib, Ashur-nadin-shumi was installed by his father as Events and trends 699 BC — Khallushu succeeds Shuttir-Nakhkhunte as king of the Elamite Empire. Sennacherib ( Akkadian Sîn-ahhe-eriba "(moon god Sîn has replaced (lost brothers for me" was the son of Sargon II, whom he The name Nergal (or Nirgal, Nirgali) refers to a Deity in Babylonia with the main seat Nergal-ushezib, originally Shuzub, was a Babylonian nobleman who was installed as King of Babylon by the Elamites in 694 BC after their capture Events and trends 699 BC — Khallushu succeeds Shuttir-Nakhkhunte as king of the Elamite Empire. Events and trends 699 BC — Khallushu succeeds Shuttir-Nakhkhunte as king of the Elamite Empire. Mushezib-Marduk (692 BC - 689 BC Chaldean prince chosen as King of Babylon after Nergal-ushezib. Marduk ( Sumerian spelling in Akkadian: AMARUTU 𒀫 𒌓 "solar calf" perhaps from MERI Events and trends 699 BC — Khallushu succeeds Shuttir-Nakhkhunte as king of the Elamite Empire. Events and trends 689 BC — King Sennacherib of Assyria sacks Babylon. Events and trends 689 BC — King Sennacherib of Assyria sacks Babylon. Esarhaddon (Greek and Biblical form Akkadian Aššur-ahhe-iddina " Ashur has given a brother to me" was a king of Assyria who reigned Events and trends 677 BC — Esarhaddon leads the Assyrian army against rebellious Arab tribes advances as far as the Brook of Egypt Sennacherib ( Akkadian Sîn-ahhe-eriba "(moon god Sîn has replaced (lost brothers for me" was the son of Sargon II, whom he Events and trends 689 BC — King Sennacherib of Assyria sacks Babylon. Events and trends 689 BC — King Sennacherib of Assyria sacks Babylon. In Akkadian mythology, Anshar (also spelled Anshur) which means "sky pivot" or "sky axle" is a Sky God. Esarhaddon (Greek and Biblical form Akkadian Aššur-ahhe-iddina " Ashur has given a brother to me" was a king of Assyria who reigned Events and trends 689 BC — King Sennacherib of Assyria sacks Babylon. Events and trends 669 BC: Ashurbanipal succeeds his father Esarhaddon as king of Assyria. For the Canaanite sun godess see Shemesh Shamash was the common Akkadian name of the Sun-god and god of justice in Babylonia Shamash-shum-ukin was king of Babylon from 668-648 BCHe was the second son of the Assyrian King Esarhaddon. Events and trends 669 BC: Ashurbanipal succeeds his father Esarhaddon as king of Assyria. Events and trends Assyrian king Ashurbanipal founds library which includes our earliest complete copy of the Epic of Gilgamesh. Esarhaddon (Greek and Biblical form Akkadian Aššur-ahhe-iddina " Ashur has given a brother to me" was a king of Assyria who reigned Kandalanu, king of Babylonia, from 648 BC to 627 BC Territory Kandalanu was king over Babylonia with exception of the city Nippur Events and trends Assyrian king Ashurbanipal founds library which includes our earliest complete copy of the Epic of Gilgamesh. Events and trends 628 BC — King Josiah of Judah dies in the Battle of Megiddo against Pharaoh Necho II of Sin-shumu-lishir (or Sin-shum-lishir) was a rebellion king of a part of the Assyrian empire in 626. Events and trends 628 BC — King Josiah of Judah dies in the Battle of Megiddo against Pharaoh Necho II of
Sinsharishkun	ca. Sinsharishkun ( Sin-shar-ishkun, ca 627 - 612 BC who seems to have been the Saràkos (Saracus of Berossus, was one of the last kings of the Assyrian 627 BC - 620	Lost control over Babylonia fast. Events and trends 628 BC — King Josiah of Judah dies in the Battle of Megiddo against Pharaoh Necho II of Events By Place Byzantine Empire The Slavs attack Thessaloniki.

Classical Antiquity

For times after Assurbanipal (died 627 BC), see:

• Median Empire (728 – 549 BC), see List of Kings of the Medes
• Neo-Babylonian Empire (626 – 539 BC)
• Achaemenid Empire (550 – 330 BC)

The Hellenistic period begins with the conquests of Alexander the Great in 330 BC. Ashurbanipal ( Akkadian: Aššur-bāni-apli, " Ashur has made a son" or "Ashur created an heir" (b The Medes were an ancient Iranian people who lived in the northwestern portions of present-day Iran. The term Neo-Babylonian or Chaldean refers to Babylonia under the rule of the 11th ("Chaldean" dynasty from the revolt of Nabopolassar The Achaemenid Empire or Achaemenid Persian Empire ( haχɒmaneʃijɒn (558–330 BC was the first of the Persian Empires to rule over significant portions of This article focuses on the historical aspects of the Hellenistic age for the cultural aspects see Hellenistic civilisation. Alexander the Great ( or, Mégas Aléxandros; July 20 356 BC June 10 or June 11 323 BC also known as Alexander III of Macedon (el Ἀλέξανδρος Γ'

Notes

See also

• Timeline of the Middle East
• Chronology of the ancient Near East

References

• Chronology at the Crossroads: The Late Bronze Age in Western Asia, Bernard Newgrosh, Troubador Publishing, 2007, ISBN 1906221626
• The Kingdom of the Hittites. This timeline tries to compile dates of important historical events that happened in or that lead to the rise of the Middle East See Short chronology for a timeline in absolute dates The Chronology of the Ancient Near East is a framework of dates for (New Edition. ), Trevor Bryce, Oxford University Press, 2005, ISBN 0199281327
• A History of the Ancient Near East ca. 3000 - 323 BC, Marc Van De Mieroop, Wiley-Blackwell, 2006, ISBN 1405149116
• Mesopotamia: The Invention of the City, Gwendolyn Leick, Penguin , 2003, ISBN 0140265740
• H. Gasche, J. A. Armstrong, S. W. Cole and V. G. Gurzadyan, Dating the Fall of Babylon (1998).

External links

• Cuneiform Digital Library Initiative
• Chronicles at Livius.org
• Electronic Text Corpus of Sumerian Literature

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