Shopping is the examining of goods or services from retailers with intent to purchase. Jerusalem (יְרוּשָׁלַיִם, he-Latn Yerushaláyim; Arabic: ar القُدس, ar-Latn al-Quds) is the A service is the non-material equivalent of a good. A service provision is an economic activity that does not result in Ownership, and this is what differentiates Trade is the willing exchange of goods, services, or both Trade is also called Commerce. Shopping is the activity of selection and/or purchase. In the context of Evolution, certain traits or Alleles of a Species may be subject to selection Purchasing refers to a business or organization attempting to acquire goods or services to accomplish the goals of the enterprise In some contexts it is considered a leisure activity as well as an economic one. Leisure or free time, is a period of Time spent out of work and essential domestic Activity. An economy is the realized social system of production exchange distribution and consumption of goods and services of a country or other area
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Shopping in ancient societies
Shopping can be traced back to many civilisations in history. In ancient Rome, there was Trajan's Market with tabernas that served as retailing units. Ancient Rome was a Civilization that grew out of a small agricultural community founded on the Italian Peninsula as early as the 10th century BC Trajan's Market ( Mercatus Traiani) is a large complex of Ruins in the city of Rome, located on the Via dei Fori Imperiali, at the opposite end A taberna (the plural form is tabernae is a single room shop covered by a Barrel vault within great indoor markets of ancient Rome Shopping list are known to be used by Romans as one was discovered by Hadrian's wall dated back 75-125 AD written for a soldier. A shopping list is a list of items to be purchased by a shopper Hadrian's Wall ( Latin: perhaps Vallum Aelium, "the Aelian wall" is a stone and turf Fortification built by the Roman Year 75 was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Julian calendar. [1]
Participants
The shopper
To many it is considered a recreational activity in which one visits a variety of stores in search of a suitable product to purchase. Window shopping is an activity that shoppers engage in by browsing though glass windows of a shop for entertainment. Might try on the item(s) or imagine purchasing these items without actually purchasing, possibly just to pass the time between other activities, or planning a purchase.
To some, shopping is a task of inconvenience and vexation. Shoppers sometimes go though great lengths to wait in long lines to buy popular products as typically observed with early adopters shoppers and holiday shoppers. Diffusion is the process by which a new Idea or new product is accepted by the Market. Sometimes buyers feel ripped-off because they did not get what they paid for often asking for a refund. A ripoff (or rip-off) is a bad deal Usually it refers to an incident in which a person pays too much for something A money back guarantee is essentially a simple Guarantee that if a buyer is not satisfied with a product or service a refund will be made Sometimes shoppers get caught up in a scam. A confidence trick or confidence game (also known as a bunko, con, flim flam, gaffle, grift, scam, scheme
More recently compulsive shopping has been recognised as an addiction. The term " addiction " is used in many contexts to describe an obsession compulsion or excessive Physical dependence or psychological dependence such as Commonly referred as compulsive shopping, shopping addiction, shopaholic or formally oniomania, these shoppers have an impulsive uncontrollable need to go shopping to get a rush or high. Oniomania is a medical term (from Greek onios = "for sale" mania = insanity coined by German psychiatrist Emil Kraepelin for the compulsive Some people, in order to cover up their addiction, call shopping "retail therapy. Retail therapy is shopping with the primary purpose of improving the buyer's mood or disposition "
The merchant
Sellers of products come by various names. They may be called vendors, merchants, salesman. Merchants function as professionals who deal with Trade, dealing in commodities that they do not produce themselves in order to produce Profit.
Shopping venues
Shopping hubs
A larger commercial zone can be found in city downtown or Arab city souk. Toronto (təˈrɒntoʊ colloquially pronounced or) is the largest city in Canada and is the provincial capital of Ontario Zoning is a term used in Urban planning for a system of land-use Regulation in various parts of the world including North America the United Kingdom Downtown is a term primarily used in North America to refer to a city's core usually in a geographical commercial and community sense The araB gene Promoter is a bacterial promoter activated by e L-arabinose binding A souk (سوق also sook, souq, or suq, or shuq in Hebrew שוק is a highly fashioned commercial quarter in an Arab or Berber Shopping hubs, or shopping centers, are collection of stores that is a grouping of several businesses. A shopping mall or shopping centre is a building or set of buildings that contain Retail units with interconnecting Walkways enabling visitors A business (also called firm or an enterprise) is a legally recognized organizational entity designed to provide goods and/or services to Typical examples include shopping malls, town squares, flea markets, and bazaars. A shopping mall or shopping centre is a building or set of buildings that contain Retail units with interconnecting Walkways enabling visitors Public square and city square redirect here For Public Square Cleveland see Public Square and for City Square in Leeds see Leeds City Square. A flea market or swap meet is a type of Bazaar where inexpensive or secondhand goods are sold or bartered A bazaar ( بازار) (pazar is a permanent merchandising area Marketplace, or street of shops where goods and services are exchanged or sold
Stores
Shops are divided into multiple categories of stores which sell a selected set of goods or services. Usually they are tiered by target demographic based on the amount disposable income of the shopper. Disposable income is Gross income minus Income tax on that income They can be tiered from cheap to pricey.
Some shops sell second-hand goods. Often the public can also sell goods to such shops. In other cases, especially in the case of a nonprofit shop, the public donates goods to the shop to be sold though thrift stores in the USA, charity shops in the UK. A non-profit organization ( abbreviated "NPO" also "not-for-profit" is a legally constituted Organization whose objective is to support or engage A charity shop, second-hand shop ( UK) thrift shop, thrift store, hospice shop ( U A charity shop, second-hand shop ( UK) thrift shop, thrift store, hospice shop ( U In give-away shops goods can be taken for free. Give-away shops, freeshops, or free stores are second-hand stores where all goods are free In antique shops, the public can find goods that are older and harder to find. Sometimes people are broke and borrow money from a pawn shop using an item of value as collateral. A pawnbroker is an individual or business entity that offers monetary loans in exchange for an item of value to the given pawn broker College students are known to resell books back though college textbook bookstores. Old used items are often distributed though surplus stores. A surplus store sells items that are used or purchased but unused and no longer needed
Many shops are part of a shopping chain that carry the same trademark (company name) and logo using the same branding, same presentation, and sell the same products but in different locations. A trademark or trade mark, represented by the symbols ™ and ®, or mark is a distinctive sign or indicator used by an individual A logo ( Greek el λογότυπος = el-Latn logotypos is a graphical element ( Ideogram, Symbol, Emblem, Icon, Sign) The shops may be owned by one company, or there may be a franchising company that has franchising agreements with the shop owners often found in relation to restaurant chains. Franchising refers to the methods of practicing and using another person's Philosophy of business. Chain stores are Retail outlets that share a Brand and central management and usually have standardized business methods and practices
Various types of retail stores that specialise in the selling of goods related to a theme include bookstores, candy shops, liquor stores, gift shops, hardware stores, hobby stores, pet stores, pharmacys, sex shops, supermarkets. A liquor store dore is the American and Canadian name for a type of Convenience store which specializes in the sale of Alcoholic beverages in A gift shop is a store primarily selling Souvenirs relating to a particular topic often to simply provide evidence that the consumer has visited that location Hardware stores sell Hardware: for instance Fasteners keys, locks, Hinges Wire, chains Plumbing A hobby store is a place dedicated to the selling of things that people usually employ for their personal satisfaction A pet store or pet shop is a retail business which sells different kinds of animals Pharmacy (from the Greek φάρμακον 'pharmakon' = drug is the Health profession that links the Health sciences with the chemical sciences sex shop, erotic shop is a shop that sells products such as Sex toys Pornography, erotic Lingerie, erotic books and Safer sex Customer divider barjpg|thumb|In supermarkets sellers periodically change prices for classes of goods in response to market conditions rather than negotiating the price of each good
Other stores such as big-box stores, hypermarkets, convenience stores, department stores, general stores, dollar stores sell a wider variety of products not horizontally related to each other. Big-box store is a term that refers to a style of physically large Chain store, and by extension to the company behind the store In Commerce, a hypermarket is a superstore which combines a Supermarket and a Department store. A convenience store is a small store or shop. They are often located alongside busy roads or at gas/petrol stations. A department store is a Retail establishment which specializes in selling a wide range of products without a single predominant merchandise line. "Corner shop" redirects here For the British band see Cornershop. A variety store or price-point retailer is a Retail store that sells inexpensive items usually with a single Price point for all items in the A horizontal market is a Market which meets a given need of a wide variety of industries rather than a specific one
Travel agency is example of a store that sells services.
Home shopping
With modern technology such as television and telephone and the Internet, users could be described as home shopping though online retail stores. Home Shopping commonly refers to the electronic retailing / home Shopping channels industry which includes such billion dollar companies as HSN, QVC, Electronic commerce and business-to-consumer electronic commerce systems in combination of home mail delivery systems make this possible. Electronic commerce, commonly known as e-commerce' or eCommerce, consists of the buying and selling of products or services over electronic Business-to-consumer ( B2C, sometimes also called Business-to-Customer) describes activities of businesses serving end consumers with products and/or services Mail, or post, is a method for transmitting information and tangible objects wherein written Documents typically enclosed in Envelopes and also Typically a consumer could make purchases though online shopping, shopping channels, mail order, etc. Online shopping is the process consumers go through to purchase products or services over the Internet. Shopping channels are Television Specialty channels that present Shopping related content particularly for Home shopping enthusiasts Mail order is a term which describes the Buying of goods or services by Mail delivery Sometimes peddlers and ice cream trucks pass though the neighborhoods offering services and goods. An ice cream van ( British) or ice cream truck ( American) is a Commercial vehicle which serves as a travelling Retail outlet for Also, neighborhood shopping takes place though various garage sales found in United States. A garage sale, also known as a yard sale, rummage sale, tag sale, attic sale, moving sale, or junk sale, is an informal The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Online shopping has completely redefined the way people make their buying decisions; they have access to a lot of information about a particular product which can be looked at and evaluated, at any given time. Also, with time always racing ahead of us, online shopping allows us to save that precious time- window which would have been spent traveling to the store or mall.
Shopping time
Shopping time is anytime. When the stores are closed, go online. Watch TV, use your mobile phone or look at catalogues. Make sure to always look at the shipping time and price, because that's when shopping outside of the stores starts to get expensive. Make sure to always spend money wisely. (See Pricing and Negotiation below. ) Some countries and stores don't open on a certain day for religious, political, or economical reasons. See reasons.
Regulation
Some business have shopping hours but some are open 24 hours 7 days a week. Customs and regulations for shopping hours (times that shops are open vary from country to country Some nations regulate the operation of businesses for religious reasons and do not allow shopping on particular days or dates.
Shopping seasons
Shopping seasons are periods where a burst of spending occurs - typically near holidays in the United States, where Christmas shopping is the biggest shopping spending season. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the "Christmas season" redirects here For other uses see Christmas season (disambiguation. Some famous target dates are Black Friday and Cyber Monday. Black Friday is the Friday after Thanksgiving in the United States, where it is the beginning of the traditional Christmas shopping season The term Cyber Monday refers to the Monday immediately following Black Friday, the ceremonial kick-off of the holiday Online shopping season in the United States between
Some religions regard such spending seasons against their religion and dismiss the practice. Many question the over-commercialization and the response by stores who downplay the shopping season often cited in the Christmas controversy or War on Christmas. Christmas controversy refers to controversy or disagreement surrounding the celebration or acknowledgement of the Christmas Holiday in government media advertising
The National Retail Federation (NRF) also highlights the importance of back-to-school shopping for retailers which comes second behind holiday shopping where buyers often buy clothing and school supplies for their children. The National Retail Federation is the world's largest Retail Trade association. [2] In 2006, Americans spend over $17 billion on their kids according to NRF survey. [3]
Pricing and negotiation
The pricing technique used by most retailers is cost-plus pricing. Pricing is one of the Four p's of the Marketing mix. The other three aspects are product promotion and place. Cost-plus pricing is a Pricing method used by companies It is used primarily because it is easy to calculate and requires little information This involves adding a markup amount (or percentage) to the retailers cost. Markup is a term used in Marketing to indicate how much the price of a product is above the cost of producing and distributing the product Another common technique is manufacturers suggested list pricing. The ( manufacturer's) suggested retail price ( MSRP or SRP) list price or recommended retail price ( RRP) (originally This simply involves charging the amount suggested by the manufacturer and usually printed on the product by the manufacturer. In Marketing, a product is anything that can be offered to a Market that might satisfy a want or need
In Western countries, retail prices are often so-called psychological prices or odd prices: a little less than a round number, e. Price in Economics and Business is the result of an exchange and from that trade we assign a numerical Monetary value to a good, Psychological pricing or price ending is a Marketing practice based on the theory that certain prices have a Psychological impact g. $ 6. 95. In Chinese societies, prices are generally either a round number or sometimes some lucky number. This creates price points. Price points are Prices at which Demand is relatively high In introductory Microeconomics, a Demand curve is downward sloping to the right and
Often prices are fixed and displayed on signs or labels. Alternatively, there can be price discrimination for a variety of reasons. Price discrimination exists when sales of identical goods or services are transacted at different Prices from the same provider The retailer charges higher prices to some customers and lower prices to others. For example, a customer may have to pay more if the seller determines that he or she is willing to. The retailer may conclude this due to the customer's wealth, carelessness, lack of knowledge, or eagerness to buy.
Price discrimination can lead to a bargaining situation often called haggling, a negotiation about the price. Bargaining or Haggling is a type of Negotiation in which the buyer and seller of a good or service dispute the price which will be paid and the exact nature For Wikipedia's negotiation policy see WikipediaNegotiation. For other uses see Negotiation (disambiguation. Economists see this as determining how the transaction's total surplus will be divided into consumer and producer surplus. The term surplus is used in Economics for several related quantities Neither party has a clear advantage, because the threat of no sale exists, whence the surplus vanishes for both.
In popular culture
There was television shopping game shows called Shop 'Til You Drop and Supermarket Sweep. Shop 'til You Drop was an American Game show that aired on a number of Broadcast television networks and in syndication. For more information on the British version of Supermarket Sweep see Dale's Supermarket Sweep.
The Pet Shop Boys wrote a song called "Shopping" for their 1987 album Actually. The capitalisation of song titles in this article is disputed Actually is the third Album, the second of entirely new music by the UK Electronic music group Pet Shop Boys. It takes the totally consumerist approach many shoppers have, and turns it into a satire on the privatisation culture of Britain in the 1980s. Consumerism is the equation of personal Happiness with the purchase of material possessions and consumption. Privatization is the incidence or process of transferring ownership of business from the Public sector (government to the Private sector (business The 1980s was the decade spanning from January 1 1980 to December 31 1989.
In the Gilmore Girls fourth season episode "Scene in a Mall," a significant part of the episode is devoted to window shopping, which is Lorelai and Rory's main plan for the day. Gilmore Girls was an Emmy Award -winning Golden Globe -nominated American Comedy-drama series created by Amy Sherman-Palladino
In the famous shopping quote by Bo Derek, "whoever said money can't buy happiness simply didn't know where to go shopping. Bo Derek (born Mary Cathleen Collins on November 20 1956 Long Beach California, U "
Internet shopping bargain aggregation sites such as have become a favorite shopping channel for busy people. Hundreds of merchant sites are reviewed for favorable pricing. Coupons for reduced pricing or free shipping are presented with the item which help deliver additional value to the shoppers.
References
- ^ Roman shopping list deciphered. Australian Broadcasting Corporation (2001-03-05). The Australian Broadcasting Corporation, commonly abbreviated to the 'ABC' is Australia's national public broadcaster. Year 2001 ( MMI) was a Common year starting on Monday according to the Gregorian calendar. Events 363 - Roman Emperor Julian moves from Antioch with an army of 90000 to attack the Sassanid Empire, in a Retrieved on 2007-09-23. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1122 - Concordat of Worms. 1459 - Battle of Blore Heath, the first major battle of the English
- ^ Back-to-school sales' mixed grades. CNNMoney. com. CNN. Retrieved on 2008-01-27. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 98 - Trajan becomes Roman Emperor after the death of Nerva.
- ^ Back-to-school sales expected to surpass $18 billion. The Examiner. Retrieved on 2008-01-27. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 98 - Trajan becomes Roman Emperor after the death of Nerva.
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