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See also Shipbuilding (song). " Shipbuilding " is a song written by singer/songwriter Elvis Costello and producer Clive Langer.
Men from Francisco de Orellana's expedition building a small brigantine, the San Pedro, to be used in the search for food
Men from Francisco de Orellana's expedition building a small brigantine, the San Pedro, to be used in the search for food

Shipbuilding is the construction of ships. Francisco de Orellana ( Trujillo, Spain, 1511 - Amazon River, November 1546 was a Spanish Explorer and Conquistador. In Sailing, a brigantine is a vessel with two masts only the forward of which is Square rigged Originally the brigantine was a small ship carrying both oars and A ship /ʃɪp/ is a large vessel that floats on water Ships are generally distinguished from Boats based on size It normally takes place in a specialized facility known as a shipyard. Shipyards and dockyards are places which repair and build ships These can be Yachts military Shipbuilders, originally called shipwrights, follow a specialized occupation that traces its roots to before recorded history.

Shipbuilding and ship repairs, both commercial and military, are referred to as the "naval sector". The dismantling of ships is called ship breaking. Ship breaking or ship demolition is a type of Recycling involving the breaking up of Ships for Scrap. The construction of boats is a similar activity called boat building. A boat is a Watercraft of modest size designed to float or plane on water and provide transport over it Boat building, one of the oldest branches of Engineering, is concerned with constructing the hulls of boats and for Sailboats the masts

Contents

History

Archaeological evidence indicates that humans arrived on New Guinea at least 60,000 years ago, probably by sea from Southeast Asia during an ice age period when the sea was lower and distances between islands shorter. New Guinea, located just north of Australia, is the world's second largest island, having become separated from the Australian mainland when the area now known An ice age is a period of long-term reduction in the Temperature of the Earth 's surface and atmosphere resulting in an expansion of continental Ice sheets (See History of Papua New Guinea. The history of Papua New Guinea can be traced back to about 60000 years ago when people first migrated towards the Australian continent. ) The ancestors of Australian Aborigines and New Guineans went across the Lombok Strait to Sahul by boat over 50,000 years ago. This is an article about a class of people as identified and defined within Australian law New Guinea, located just north of Australia, is the world's second largest island, having become separated from the Australian mainland when the area now known The Lombok Strait is a Strait connecting the Java Sea to the Indian Ocean, located between the Islands of Bali and Lombok

Evidence from ancient Egypt shows that the early Egyptians already knew how to assemble planks of wood into a ship hull as early as 3000 BC. Ancient Egypt was an Ancient Civilization in eastern North Africa, concentrated along the lower reaches of the Nile River in what is now This article is about the contemporary North African ethnic group Wood is hard fibrous lignified structural tissue produced as secondary Xylem in the stems of Woody plants notably trees but also shrubs A hull is the body of a Ship or Boat. It is a central concept in floating vessels as it provides the Buoyancy that keeps the vessel from sinking The Archaeological Institute of America reports[1] that the oldest ships yet unearthed, a group of 14 discovered in Abydos, were constructed of wooden planks which were "sewn" together. The Archaeological Institute of America (AIA is a North American Nonprofit organization devoted to the promotion of public interest in Archaeology, Sewing or stitching is the fastening of Cloth, Leather, Furs Bark, or other flexible materials using needle and Discovered by Egyptologist David O'Connor (New York University),[2] woven straps were found to have been used to lash the planks together,[1] and reeds or grass stuffed between the planks sealed the seams. New York University ( NYU) is a private, Nonsectarian, Coeducational Research University in New York City. Serine/threonine kinase receptor associated protein, also known as STRAP, is a human Gene. Papyrus sedge or paper reed ( Cyperus papyrus) is a Monocot belonging to the sedge family Cyperaceae. Grass is the common word that generally describes Monocotyledonous green Plants The family Gramineae ( Poaceae) are the "true grasses" and include [1] Because the ships are all buried together and near a mortuary belonging to Pharaoh Khasekhemwy,[2] originally they were all thought to have belonged to him. Khasekhemwy (d 2686 BC sometimes spelled Khasekhemui) was the fifth and final Pharaoh of the Second dynasty of Egypt. But one of the 14 ships dates to 3000 BC,[2] and the associated pottery jars buried with the vessels also suggest earlier dating. [2] The ship dating to 3000 BC was 75 feet long[2] and is now thought to perhaps have belonged to an earlier pharaoh. [2] According to professor O'Conner the 5000 year old ship may have even belonged to Pharaoh Aha. Hor-Aha is considered the second Pharaoh of the first dynasty of Ancient Egypt in current Egyptology [2]

Early Egyptians also knew how to assemble planks of wood with treenails to fasten them together and pitch for caulking the seams. This article is about the contemporary North African ethnic group A treenail, trenail, or trunnel is a wood peg or Dowel used to fasten pieces of wood together especially in Timber frame construction and wooden Pitch is the name for any of a number of highly viscous Liquids which appear Solid. Caulking is a process used to seal the seams in Wooden Boats or ships and riveted iron or steel ships in order to make them watertight The "Khufu ship", a 43. The Khufu ship is an intact full-size vessel from Ancient Egypt that was sealed into a pit in the Giza pyramid complex at the foot of the Great Pyramid of Giza 6 m long vessel sealed into a pit in the Giza pyramid complex at the foot of the Great Pyramid of Giza in the Fourth Dynasty around 2,500 BC, is a full-size surviving example which may have fulfilled the symbolic function of a solar barque. The Giza Necropolis stands on the Giza Plateau on the outskirts of Cairo, Egypt. The Great Pyramid of Giza, also called Khufu's Pyramid or the Pyramid of Khufu, and Pyramid of Cheops, is the oldest and largest of the three The fourth dynasty of Ancient Egypt is characterized as a Golden age of the Old Kingdom. "Sun god" redirects here For the Ramsey Lewis album see Sun Goddess (album. Early Egyptians also knew how to fasten the planks of this ship together with mortise and tenon joints. This article is about the contemporary North African ethnic group Simple and strong the mortise and tenon joint has been used for millennia by Woodworkers around the world to join pieces of Wood, usually when the pieces [1]

The ships of Ancient Egypt's Eighteenth Dynasty were typically about 25 meters (80 ft) in length, and had a single mast, sometimes consisting of two poles lashed together at the top making an "A" shape. Ancient Egypt was an Ancient Civilization in eastern North Africa, concentrated along the lower reaches of the Nile River in what is now "Amarna period" redirects here For information on Amarna see Amarna The Eighteenth Dynasty (1550-1292 BC is perhaps the best known of The mast of a sailing ship is a tall vertical or near vertical Spar, or arrangement of Spars which supports the Sails Large ships have several masts They mounted a single square sail on a yard, with an additional spar along the bottom of the sail. A sail is any type of surface intended to generate Thrust by being placed in a Wind &mdashin essence a vertically-oriented Wing. A yard (abbreviation yd) is a unit of Length in several different systems including English units Imperial units and United In Sailing, a spar is also know as a round pole of wood or Metal used on a Sailing ship. These ships could also be oar propelled. An oar is an implement used for water-borne propulsion. Oars have a flat blade at one end [3]

The ships of Phoenicia seems to have been of a similar design. Phoenicia ( Phoenician: Phoenician nunsvg|12px|נ]]Phoenician nun The Greeks and probably others introduced the use of multiple banks of oars for additional speed, and the ships were of a light construction and for speed so they could be carried ashore. The term ancient Greece refers to the period of Greek history lasting from the Greek Dark Ages ca

The world's first tidal dock was built in Lothal around 2500 BC during the Harappan civilisation at Lothal near the present day Mangrol harbour on the Gujarat coast in India. Lothal ( Gujarātī: લોથલ ˈloːtʰəl Eng Mound of the Dead was one of the most prominent cities of the ancient Indus valley civilization. The Indus Valley Civilization (Mature period 2600&ndash1900 BCE abbreviated IVC, was an ancient Civilization that flourished in the Indus River basin Lothal ( Gujarātī: લોથલ ˈloːtʰəl Eng Mound of the Dead was one of the most prominent cities of the ancient Indus valley civilization. Gujarat (ગુજરાત Gujǎrāt, pronounced) is a state in western India. India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country Other ports were probably at Balakot and Dwarka. Balakot (بالاکوٹ is a town in Mansehra District in the North-West Frontier Province of Pakistan. WikipediaWikiProject Indian cities for details --> Dwarka, also spelled Dvarka, Dwaraka, and Dvaraka, is a city and a Municipality However, it is probable that many small-scale ports, and not massive ports, were used for the Harappan maritime trade. [4] Ships from the harbour at these ancient port cities established trade with Mesopotamia. Mesopotamia (from the Greek meaning "land between the rivers" is an area geographically located between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers largely corresponding [5] Shipbuilding and boatmaking may have been prosperous industries in ancient India. [6] Native laboureres may have manufactured the flotilaa of boat Alexander the Great used to navigate across the Hydaspes and even the Indus, under Nearchos. Alexander the Great ( or, Mégas Aléxandros; July 20 356 BC June 10 or June 11 323 BC also known as Alexander III of Macedon (el Ἀλέξανδρος Γ' "Hydaspes" redirects here For the historic battle see Battle of the Hydaspes. The Indus River { Sanskrit: सिन्धु Sindhu; Urdu: urd {{Nastaliq سندھ}} Sindh; Sindhi: snd Nearchus (or Nearchos) (c 360 - 300 BC was one of the officers a Navarch, in the army of Alexander the Great. [6] The Indians also exported teak for shipbuilding to ancient Persia. Teak ( Tectona) is a genus of tropical Hardwood Trees in the family Verbenaceae, native to the south and southeast of Asia The Persian Empire was a series of Iranian empires that ruled over the Iranian plateau, the original Persian homeland and beyond in Western Asia [7] Other references to Indian timber used for shipbuilding is noted in the works of Ibn Jubayr. Ibn Jubayr (1145-1217 ابن جبير) was an geographer, traveler and poet from Al-Andalus Biography Early life Born in [7]

The naval history of China stems back to the Spring and Autumn Period (722 BC–481 BC) of the ancient Chinese Zhou Dynasty. The naval history of China dates back thousands of years with archives existing since the late Spring and Autumn Period ( 722 BC - 481 BC) about the The Spring and Autumn Period ( was a period in Chinese history which roughly corresponds to the first half of the Eastern Zhou dynasty (from the second half of the 8th century BC Events and trends 728 BC — Piye invades Egypt, conquering Memphis, and receives the submission of the rulers of the Nile Events By place Persian Empire The Persian King Xerxes I arrives at Sardis and begins to build China ( Wade-Giles ( Mandarin) Chung¹kuo² is a cultural region, an ancient Civilization, and depending on perspective a National The Zhou Dynasty ( POJ: Chiu Tiau 1122 BC to 256 BC was preceded by the Shang Dynasty and followed by the Qin Dynasty in China. The Chinese built large rectangular barges known as 'castle ships', essentially floating fortresses complete with multiple decks with guarded ramparts. The rampART is a squatted Social centre in the Whitechapel area of East London. They also built ramming vessels like in the Greco-Roman tradition of the trireme, although oar-steered ships in China lost their favor very early on since it was in 1st century China that the stern-mounted rudder was first developed. In warfare ramming is a technique that was used in the air sea and land combat In modern Olympic and amateur Wrestling, Greco-Roman wrestling is a particular style and variation Trireme ( τριήρης sing τριήρεις pl triremis sing An oar is an implement used for water-borne propulsion. Oars have a flat blade at one end The stern is the rear or aft part of a Ship or Boat, technically defined as the area built up over the Sternpost, extending upwards from the Counter A rudder is a device used to steer a Ship, Boat, Submarine, Hovercraft, or other conveyance that move through a fluid (generally air or This was dually met with the introduction of the Han Dynasty junk ship design in the same century. The Han Dynasty ( 206 BC–220 AD followed the Qin Dynasty and preceded the Three Kingdoms in China. -HK CityHall Seaview 51217 5png|thumb|300px|A modern junk in Hong Kong]]A junk is a Chinese sailing vessel. The shipbuilding industry in Imperial China reached its height during the Song Dynasty, Yuan Dynasty, and early Ming Dynasty. Chinese civilization originated in various city-states along the Yellow River ( valley in the Neolithic era The Song Dynasty ( Wade-Giles: Sung Ch'ao was a ruling dynasty in China between 960&ndash1279 CE it succeeded the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms The Yuan Dynasty ( Pinyin: Yuáncháo Dai Ön Ulus (Дай Юан Улс was a ruling Dynasty founded by the Mongol leader Kublai The Ming Dynasty ( or Empire of the Great Ming ( was the ruling dynasty of China from 1368 to 1644 following the collapse of the Mongol -led During the Song period (960–1279 AD), the onset of establishing China's first official standing navy in 1132 AD and the enormous increase in maritime trade abroad (from Heian Japan to Fatimid Egypt) allowed the shipbuilding industry in provinces like Fujian to thrive like never before. Events By Place Europe Edgar the Peaceable is crowned King of England. The is the last division of classical Japanese history, running from 794 to 1185. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Japan topics. This article is about the country of Egypt For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Egypt topics. This article is about the People's Republic of China province Some of the largest seaports in the world existed in China during this era, including Guangzhou, Quanzhou, and Xiamen. ||-||-|-||-||-||-||-||-||-|} A port is a facility for receiving Ships and transferring cargo Guangzhou ( Jyutping: Gwong²zau¹; Yale: Gwóngjàu) is the Capital and a Sub-provincial city "Zaytun" redirects here For the South Korean military division in Iraq see Zaytun Division.

Viking longships developed from an alternate tradition of clinker-built hulls fastened with leather thongs. Longships, or longboats were ships primarily used by the Scandinavian Vikings and the Saxon people to raid coastal and inland settlements during the European Clinker building is a method of constructing hulls of Boats and Ships by fixing Wooden planks and in the early nineteenth century Leather is a material created through the Tanning of hides and Skins of Animals primarily Cattlehide The Tanning process Sometime around the 12th century, northern European ships began to be built with a straight sternpost, enabling the mounting of a rudder, which was much more durable than a steering oar held over the side. A sternpost is the upright structural member or post at the Stern of a (generally wooden Ship or a Boat, to which is attached the transoms and A rudder is a device used to steer a Ship, Boat, Submarine, Hovercraft, or other conveyance that move through a fluid (generally air or The steering oar or steering board is an oversized Oar or Board to control the direction of a Ship or other Watercraft prior to the Development in the Middle Ages favored "round ships", with a broad beam and heavily curved at both ends.

The introduction of cannons onto ships encouraged the development of tumblehome, the inward slant of the abovewater hull, for additional stability (reference?), as well as techniques for strengthening the internal frame. | NOTE Throughout this article "cannon" is used as BOTH the || singular and plural In ship design the Tumblehome is the narrowing of a ship's hull with greater distance above the water-line This kind of considerations, as well as the demand for ships capable of operating safely in the open ocean, led to the documentation of design and construction practice in what had previously been a secretive trade, and ultimately the field of naval architecture. Naval architecture is an engineering discipline dealing with the design construction and repair of marine vehicles Even so, construction techniques changed only very gradually; the ships of the Spanish Armada were internally very similar to those of the Napoleonic Wars over two centuries later. The Spanish Armada ( Spanish: Grande y Felicísima Armada, "Great and Most Fortunate Navy" or Armada Invencible, "Invincible The Napoleonic Wars (1803-1815 involved Napoleon's French Empire and a shifting set of European allies and opposing coalitions

Iron was gradually adopted in ship construction, initially in small areas needing greater strength, then throughout, although initially copying wooden construction. Iron (ˈаɪɚn is a Chemical element with the symbol Fe (ferrum and Atomic number 26 Isambard Brunel's Great Britain of 1843 was the first radical new design; built entirely of iron, using stringers for strength, inner and outer hulls, and bulkheads to form multiple watertight compartments. Isambard Brunel may refer to Sir Marc Isambard Brunel (25 April 1769 &ndash 12 December 1849 Isambard Kingdom Brunel (9 April 1806 History The SS Great Britain was designed by Isambard Kingdom Brunel, Thomas Guppy, Christopher Claxton and William Patterson Year 1843 ( MDCCCXLIII) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common A bulkhead is an upright wall within the hull of a Ship. Other kinds of partition elements within a ship are decks and Deckheads Etymology Despite her success, many yards only went so far to use composite construction, with wooden timbers laid over an iron frame (the Cutty Sark is so constructed). Composite construction is a generic term to describe any building construction involving multiple dissimilar materials Etymology The ship is named after the cutty sark ( Scots: a short Chemise or Undergarment) Steel supplanted wrought iron when it became readily available in the latter half of the 19th century. Steel is an Alloy consisting mostly of Iron, with a Carbon content between 0 QtubIronPillarJPG|thumb|right| Iron pillar at Delhi India containing 98% wrought iron]] Wrought iron is commercially pure Iron. The 19th century of the Common Era began on January 1, 1801 and ended on December 31, 1900, according to the Gregorian calendar Wood continued to be favored for the decks, and is still the rule as deckcovering for modern cruise ships. A cruise ship or cruise liner is a Passenger ship used for pleasure voyages where the voyage itself and the ship's amenities are part of the experience

Modern shipbuilding

Design work, also called naval architecture, may be conducted using a ship model basin. Naval architecture is an engineering discipline dealing with the design construction and repair of marine vehicles A ship model basin may be defined as one of two separate yet related entities namely a physical basin or tank used to carry out hydrodynamic Modern ships, since roughly 1940, have been produced almost exclusively of welded steel. Welding is a fabrication process that joins materials usually Metals or Thermoplastics by causing coalescence. Steel is an Alloy consisting mostly of Iron, with a Carbon content between 0 Early welded steel ships used steels with inadequate fracture toughness, which resulted in some ships suffering catastrophic brittle fracture structural cracks (see problems of the Liberty ship). In Materials science, fracture toughness is a property which describes the ability of a material containing a crack to resist Fracture, and is one of the most important A fracture is the (local separation of an object or material into two or more pieces under the action of stress. History and service In 1936 the American Merchant Marine Act was passed to subsidize the annual construction of 50 commercial merchant vessels to be used in wartime by Since roughly 1950, specialized steels such as ABS Steels with good properties for ship construction have been used. ABS Steels are types of Structural steel which are standardized by the American Bureau of Shipping for use in Shipbuilding.

Country/Region Global Share 2007
South Korea Flag of South Korea 37. South Korea, officially the Republic of Korea and often referred to as Korea ( Korean: 대한민국 tɛː 3%
Japan Flag of Japan 27. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Japan topics. 2%
China Flag of the People's Republic of China 21. China ( Wade-Giles ( Mandarin) Chung¹kuo² is a cultural region, an ancient Civilization, and depending on perspective a National 3%
Rest of world 14. "The world " is a proper noun for the planet Earth envisioned from an Anthropocentric or Human Worldview, as a place 3%


Modern shipbuilding makes considerable use of prefabricated sections; entire multi-deck segments of the hull or superstructure will be built elsewhere in the yard, transported to the building dock or slipway, then lifted into place. A superstructure is an upward extension of an existing structure above a baseline This is known as Block Construction. The most modern shipyards pre-install equipment, pipes, electrical cables, and any other components within the blocks, to minimize the effort needed to assemble or install components deep within the hull once it is welded together.

Luxury yacht on a slip in Auckland, New Zealand.
Luxury yacht on a slip in Auckland, New Zealand. The Auckland metropolitan area or Greater Auckland, in the North Island of New Zealand, is the largest and most populous urban area in the country New Zealand is an Island country in the south-western Pacific Ocean comprising two main landmasses (the North Island and the South Island

Shipbuilding (which encompasses the shipyards, the marine equipment manufacturers and a large number of service and knowledge providers) is an important and strategic industry in a number of countries around the world. This importance stems from:

Historically, the industry has suffered from the absence of global rules and a tendency of (state-supported) over-investment due to the fact that shipyards offer a wide range of technologies, employ a significant number of workers and generate foreign currency income (as the shipbuilding market is dollar-based and a global one). Shipbuilding is therefore an attractive industry for developing nations. Japan used shipbuilding in the 1950s and 1960s to rebuild its industrial structure, Korea made shipbuilding a strategic industry in the 1970s and China is now in the process to repeat these models with large state-supported investments in this industry. As a result the world shipbuilding market suffers from over-capacities, depressed prices (although the industry experienced a price increase in the period 2003–2005 due to strong demand for new ships which was in excess of actual cost increases), low profit margins, trade distortions and wide-spread subsidisation. All efforts to address the problems in the OECD have so far failed, with the 1994 international shipbuilding agreement never entering into force and the 2003–2005 round of negotiations being paused in September 2005 after no agreement was possible.

Where state subsidies have been removed and domestic policies do not provide support, in high cost nations shipbuilding has usually gone into steady, if not rapid, decline. The British shipbuilding industry is one of many examples of this. From a position in the early 1970s where British yards could still build the largest types of sophisticated merchant ships, British shipbuilders today have been reduced to a handful specialising in defence contracts and repair work. In the U. S. A. , the Jones Act (which places restrictions on the ships that can be used for moving domestic cargoes) has meant that merchant shipbuilding has continued, but such protection has failed to penalise shipbuilding inefficiencies. The Merchant Marine Act of 1920, one of three federal laws commonly referred to as the Jones Act, is a United States Federal statute that regulates maritime The consequence of this is newbuilding contract prices that are far higher than those of any other nation building oceangoing ships.

Thanks to the productivity of its shipyards, South Korea is the world's largest shipbuilding nation in terms of tonnage and numbers of vessels built, in spite of high labour costs. China is currently the third largest shipbuilding country and poised to overtake Japan in the near future.

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c d Ward, Cheryl. The Finnish Maritime Cluster is a cluster of companies in maritime industries in Finland Marine Engineers are the members of a ship's crew that operate and maintain the propulsion and other systems on board the vessel Naval architecture is an engineering discipline dealing with the design construction and repair of marine vehicles A paddle steamer is a ship or boat driven by a Steam engine that uses one or more Paddle wheels to develop thrust for propulsion. This is a list of shipbuilding companies with mention of their respective shipyards. "World's Oldest Planked Boats," in Archaeology (Volume 54, Number 3, May/June 2001). Archaeological Institute of America, [1]. The Archaeological Institute of America (AIA is a North American Nonprofit organization devoted to the promotion of public interest in Archaeology,
  2. ^ a b c d e f g Schuster, Angela M. H. "This Old Boat," Dec. 11, 2000. Archaeological Institute of America, [2]. The Archaeological Institute of America (AIA is a North American Nonprofit organization devoted to the promotion of public interest in Archaeology,
  3. ^ Robert E. Krebs, Carolyn A. Krebs (2003). Groundbreaking Scientific Experiments, Inventions, and Discoveries of the Ancient World. Greenwood PressScience. ISBN 0313313423.  
  4. ^ Possehl, Gregory. Gregory Possehl is a Professor Emeritus of Anthropology at the University of Pennsylvania and curator of the Asian Collections at the University of Pennsylvania Meluhha. in: J. Reade (ed. ) The Indian Ocean in Antiquity. London: Kegan Paul Intl. 1996, 133–208
  5. ^ (eg Lal 1997: 182–188)
  6. ^ a b Tripathi, page 145
  7. ^ a b Hourani & Carswel, page 90

External links

Dictionary

shipbuilding

-noun

  1. (uncountable) The construction of ships.
  2. A construction of a ship.
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