For the album by Naglfar see: Sheol (album)

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Religions: Ancient Greek view Norse view Buddhist view Chinese view Christian view Hindu view Islamic view Judaic view Words: Diyu Duat Gehenna Hades Hel Jahannam Limbo Naraka Purgatory Sheol Tartarus Yomi Related: Devil Fire and brimstone Harrowing of Hell Problem of Hell Outer darkness Satan This box: view • talk • edit

Sheol (pronounced "Sheh-ole")^[1], in Hebrew שאול (Sh'ol), is the "abode of the dead", the "underworld", "the common grave of humankind" or "pit". Sheol is the third Studio album from Swedish Black metal band Naglfar, and their last to feature Jens Rydén on vocals Hell, according to many Religious beliefs, is a location in the Afterlife, which may be described as a place of suffering In the study of Mythology and Religion, the underworld (gr κάτω κόσμος) is a generic term approximately equivalent to the lay term Afterlife Hades (from Greek, Hadēs, originally, Haidēs or, Aidēs, probably from Indo-European *n̥-wid- 'unseen' refers both to the ancient Niflheimr or Niflheim (" Mist Home" the "Abode of Mist" or "Mist World" Nifl being cognate with the Old English Naraka नरक ( Sanskrit) or Niraya निरय ( Pāli) ( Ch 那落迦 (variant 捺落迦 Nàlùojiā or 地獄 Dì Diyu ( literally "earth prison" is the realm of the dead or " Hell " in Chinese mythology. Naraka is the Sanskrit word for the Underworld; literally of man. Jahannam (جهنم(in Turkish: cehennem in Bosnian: džehennem is the Islamic equivalent to Gei Hinnom, or Hell. for the Polish film see Gehenna (film See also Jewish eschatology Gehennam (or gehenom or gehinom (גהינום is Diyu ( literally "earth prison" is the realm of the dead or " Hell " in Chinese mythology. In Egyptian mythology, Duat (or Tuat (also called Akert, Amenthes, or Neter-khertet) is the Underworld. for the Polish film see Gehenna (film See also Jewish eschatology Gehennam (or gehenom or gehinom (גהינום is Hades (from Greek, Hadēs, originally, Haidēs or, Aidēs, probably from Indo-European *n̥-wid- 'unseen' refers both to the ancient See also Death in Norse paganism In Norse mythology, Hel, the location shares a name with Hel, a female figure associated with the location Jahannam (جهنم(in Turkish: cehennem in Bosnian: džehennem is the Islamic equivalent to Gei Hinnom, or Hell. See also Intermediate state Purgatory|Heaven|Sheol|Hades in Christianity|Hell in Christianity In Roman Catholic theology Limbo (Latin limbus Naraka is the Sanskrit word for the Underworld; literally of man. See also Intermediate state Limbo|Heaven|Sheol|Hades in Christianity|Hell in Christianity Purgatory, in the original sense is the condition or process of purification In classic Greek mythology below Heaven, Earth, and Pontus is Tartarus, or Tartaros ( Greek Τάρταρος deep place Yomi (黄泉 the Japanese word for the underworld in which horrible creatures guard the exits according to Shinto mythology as related in Kojiki The Devil is the The Harrowing of Hell is a doctrine in Christian theology referenced in the Apostles' Creed and the Athanasian Creed (Quicumque vult, which states that The problem of hell is an argument against the existence of God. In Christianity, the outer darkness is a place referred to three times in the Gospel of Matthew (812 2213 and 2530 into which a person may be "cast out" Satan, ( Standard Hebrew Satan'el, English accuser) is a term that originates from the Abrahamic faiths, being traditionally In the study of Mythology and Religion, the underworld (gr κάτω κόσμος) is a generic term approximately equivalent to the lay term Afterlife ^[2] In the Hebrew Bible, it is a place where both the bad and the good, slave and king, pious and wicked must go at the point of death. The term Hebrew Bible is a generic reference to those books of the Bible originally written in Biblical Hebrew (and the related Biblical Aramaic ^[3] Sheol is the common destination of both the righteous and the unrighteous dead, as recounted in Ecclesiastes and Job. Ecclesiastes (often abbreviated Ecc) (קֹהֶלֶת Kohelet, variously transliterated as Qoheleth, Göhalath, Koheles, Koheleth The Book of Job ( איוב) is one of the books of the Hebrew Bible.

Sheol is sometimes compared to Hades, the gloomy, twilight afterlife of Greek mythology. Hades (from Greek, Hadēs, originally, Haidēs or, Aidēs, probably from Indo-European *n̥-wid- 'unseen' refers both to the ancient AfterLife is a film drama set in Scotland directed by Alison Peebles made in 2003 about an ambitious Scottish journalist forced to choose between Greek mythology is the body of stories belonging to the ancient Greeks concerning their gods and Heroes the nature of the world and the origins and significance The word "hades" was in fact substituted for "sheol" when the Hebrew scriptures were translated into Greek (see Septuagint). The Septuagint (ˈsɛptuədʒɪnt or simply " LXX " is the Koine Greek version of the Hebrew Bible, translated in stages between the The New Testament (written in Greek) also uses "hades" to refer to the abode of the dead.

By the second century BC, Jews who accepted the Oral Torah had come to believe that those in sheol awaited the resurrection either in comfort (in the bosom of Abraham) or in torment. According to Rabbinic Judaism, the oral Torah, oral Law, or oral tradition ( is the oral tradition received in conjunction with the written Torah See also Intermediate state The phrase " Bosom of Abraham " refers to the place of comfort in Sheol (Greek hades This belief is reflected in Jesus' story of Lazarus and Dives. Dives and Lazarus or Lazarus and Dives is a narrative attributed to Jesus that is reported only in the Gospel of Luke ( At that time Jews who rejected the Oral Torah believed that Sheol meant simply the grave.

Anglicans, who do not share a concept of "hades" with the Eastern Orthodox, have traditionally translated "sheol" (and "hades") as "hell" (for example in the King James Version). The Eastern Orthodox Church is the second largest single Christian Communion in the world However, to avoid confusion of what are separate concepts in the Bible, modern English versions of the Bible tend either to transliterate the word sheol or to use an alternative term such as the "grave" (e. g. the NIV). The New International Version is an English Translation of the Christian Bible. Roman Catholics generally translate "sheol" as "death. "

Etymology

The origin of the term sheol is obscure.

Biblical scholar William Foxwell Albright suggests that the Hebrew root for SHE'OL is SHA'AL, which means "to ask, to interrogate, to question. William Foxwell Albright ( May 24, 1891 – September 19 / September 20, 1971) was an American archaeologist, " Sheol therefore should mean "asking, interrogation, questioning. " John Tvedtnes, also a Biblical scholar, connects this with the common theme in near-death experiences of the interrogation of the soul after crossing the Tunnel.

An alternative theory is that Sheol is connected ša'al, the root of which means "to burrow" and is thus related to šu'al "fox" or "burrower". ^[4]

As regards the origin not of the term but of the concept, the Jewish Encyclopedia considers more probable the view that it originated in primitive animistic conceits: "With the body in the grave remains connected the soul (as in dreams): the dead buried in family graves continue to have communion (comp. Jer. xxxi. 15). Sheol is practically a family grave on a large scale. Graves were protected by gates and bolts; therefore Sheol was likewise similarly guarded. The separate compartments are devised for the separate clans, septs, and families, national and blood distinctions continuing in effect after death. That Sheol is described as subterranean is but an application of the custom of hewing out of the rocks passages, leading downward, for burial purposes. "^[5]

Sheol in the Hebrew Bible

In the Tanakh, which is the Hebrew Bible (the books that Christians call the Old Testament), the word "sheol" occurs more than sixty times. In Western Christianity, the Old Testament refers to the books that form the first of the two-part Christian Biblical canon. It is used most frequently in the Psalms, wisdom literature and prophetic books. Psalms ( Hebrew: Tehilim, תהילים, or "praises" is a book of the Hebrew Bible (the Christian Old Testament) included

Jacob, not comforted at the reported death of Joseph, exclaims: "I shall go down to my son a mourner unto Sheol" (Genesis 37:35). Jacob ( Hebrew: יַעֲקֹב, Standard   Yaʿaqov Tiberian   Yaʿăqōḇ; Joseph or Yosef (יוֹסֵ Standard Yosef Tiberian Yôsēp̄, يوسف Yusuf; "He Sheol may be personified: Sheol is never satiated (Proverbs 30:16); she "makes wide her throat" (Isaiah 5:14). The Book of Proverbs is one of the books of the Ketuvim of the Tanakh, and thus also one of the books of the Old Testament. Isaiah (; Greek:, Ēsaiās; Arabic: اشعیاء, Ash-ee-yaa; "Salvation of/is YHWH " is

Other examples of its usage:

• Job 7:9 "Just as a cloud dissipates and vanishes, those who go down to Sheol will not come back. The Book of Job ( איוב) is one of the books of the Hebrew Bible. "
• Psalm 18:5-7 "The breakers of death surged round about me; the menacing floods terrified me. Psalms ( Hebrew: Tehilim, תהילים, or "praises" is a book of the Hebrew Bible (the Christian Old Testament) included The cords of Sheol tightened; the snares of death lay in wait for me. In my distress I called out: LORD! I cried out to my God. From his temple he heard my voice; my cry to him reached his ears.
• Psalm 86:13: "Your love for me is great; you have rescued me from the depths of Sheol. "
• Psalm 139:8: "If I ascend to heaven, You are there; If I make my bed in Sheol, behold, You are there. "
• Jonah 2:2: ". . . Out of the belly of Sheol I cried, And You heard my voice. "

The Hebrew concept is paralleled in the Sumerian Netherworld to which Inanna descends. In the study of Mythology and Religion, the underworld (gr κάτω κόσμος) is a generic term approximately equivalent to the lay term Afterlife Inanna ( D INANNA B153ellstpng|100x20px|INANNA]]) is the Sumerian goddess of sexual love fertility and warfare See Irkalla. In Akkadian and Sumerian mythology, Irkalla (also Ir-Kalla, Irkalia) is the Hell -like Underworld from which there

Book of Enoch

The Book of Enoch (ca. The Book of Enoch is any of several works that attribute themselves to Enoch, the great-grandfather of Noah and son of Jared ( 160 BCE) purportedly records Enoch's vision of the cosmos. Enoch ( Hebrew:; Tiberian: Ḥănōḵ, Standard: Ḥanokh, Ashkenazi, Jiddish: jHenosch The author describes Sheol as divided into four sections: one where the faithful saints blissfully await Judgment Day (see Bosom of Abraham), one where the moderately good await their reward, one where the wicked are punished and await their Judgment at the resurrection (see Gehenna), and the last where the wicked who don't even warrant resurrection are tormented. In Christian eschatology, the Last Judgment or Day of the Lord is the judgment by God of every human who ever lived See also Intermediate state The phrase " Bosom of Abraham " refers to the place of comfort in Sheol (Greek hades for the Polish film see Gehenna (film See also Jewish eschatology Gehennam (or gehenom or gehinom (גהינום is

Sheol in the New Testament

The New Testament follows the Septuagint in translating sheol as hades (compare Acts 2:27, 31 and Psalm 16:10). The Septuagint (ˈsɛptuədʒɪnt or simply " LXX " is the Koine Greek version of the Hebrew Bible, translated in stages between the Hades (from Greek, Hadēs, originally, Haidēs or, Aidēs, probably from Indo-European *n̥-wid- 'unseen' refers both to the ancient The New Testament thus seems to draw a distinction between Sheol and "Gehinnom" or Gehenna (Jahannam in Islam). for the Polish film see Gehenna (film See also Jewish eschatology Gehennam (or gehenom or gehinom (גהינום is Jahannam (جهنم(in Turkish: cehennem in Bosnian: džehennem is the Islamic equivalent to Gei Hinnom, or Hell. For other meanings including people named 'Islam' see Islam (disambiguation. The former is regarded as a place where the dead go temporarily to await resurrection (according to some traditions, including Jesus himself), while the latter is the place of eternal punishment for the damned (i. This article concerns itself with Jesus Christ Christian, Islamic and other religious interpretations of resurrection in general e. perdition). Accordingly, in the book of Saint John's Revelation, hades is associated with death (Revelation 1:18, 6:8), and in the final judgment the wicked dead are brought out of hades and cast into the lake of fire, which represents the fire of Gehenna; hades itself is also finally thrown into the lake of fire (Revelation 20:11-15). Revelation is the act of revealing or disclosing (see etymology or in the theological perception making something obvious and clearly understood through active or passive communication

In Luke 16:19-31 (the story of Lazarus and Dives), Jesus portrays hades as a place of torment, at least for the wicked. Dives and Lazarus or Lazarus and Dives is a narrative attributed to Jesus that is reported only in the Gospel of Luke ( Jesus also announces to St. Peter that "the gates of hades" will not overpower the church (Matthew 16:18), and uses hades to pronounce judgment upon the city of Capernaum (Matthew 11:23).

The English word "hell" comes from Germanic mythology, and is now used in the Judeo-Christian sense to translate the Greek word Gehenna—a term which originally referred to a valley outside Jerusalem used for burning refuse, but came to designate the place of punishment for sinners. English is a West Germanic language originating in England and is the First language for most people in the United Kingdom, the United States Hell, according to many Religious beliefs, is a location in the Afterlife, which may be described as a place of suffering for the Polish film see Gehenna (film See also Jewish eschatology Gehennam (or gehenom or gehinom (גהינום is Although older translations (such as the King James Version) also translated Hades as "hell", modern English translations tend to preserve the distinction between the two concepts by transliterating the word hades and reserving "hell fire" for gehenna fire. Hades (from Greek, Hadēs, originally, Haidēs or, Aidēs, probably from Indo-European *n̥-wid- 'unseen' refers both to the ancient

In the Esperanto translation of the New Testament, wherever the word "Hades" might appear, it is merely transliterated; but in places where the New Testament quotes from the Old Testament it uses Sheol, rendered into Esperanto spelling, corresponding with Zamenhof's translation in the original. is by far the most widely spoken constructed International auxiliary language in the world (Cf. Acts 2:31, Psalm 16:10. )

Secular outlook

According to Professors Stephen L. Harris and James Tabor, sheol is a place of "nothingness" that has its roots in the Hebrew Bible (or Old Testament). Stephen L Harris is Professor and Chair Department of Humanities and Religious Studies at California State University Sacramento. James D Tabor is Chair of the Department of Religious Studies at the University of North Carolina at Charlotte where he has taught since 1989

"The ancient Hebrews had no idea of an immortal soul living a full and vital life beyond death, nor of any resurrection or return from death. Human beings, like the beasts of the field, are made of "dust of the earth," and at death they return to that dust (Gen. 2:7; 3:19). The Hebrew word nephesh, traditionally translated "living soul" but more properly understood as "living creature," is the same word used for all breathing creatures and refers to nothing immortal. Nephesh (נפש is the Hebrew word commonly translated as Soul in English . . All the dead go down to Sheol, and there they lie in sleep together–whether good or evil, rich or poor, slave or free (Job 3:11-19). It is described as a region "dark and deep," "the Pit," and "the land of forgetfulness," cut off from both God and human life above (Pss. 6:5; 88:3-12). Though in some texts Yahweh's power can reach down to Sheol (Ps. 139:8), the dominant idea is that the dead are abandoned forever. This idea of Sheol is negative in contrast to the world of life and light above, but there is no idea of judgment or of reward and punishment. If one faces extreme circumstances of suffering in the realm of the living above, as did Job, it can even be seen as a welcome relief from pain–see the third chapter of Job. But basically it is a kind of "nothingness," an existence that is barely existence at all, in which a "shadow" or "shade" of the former self survives (Ps. 88:10). "^[6]

Professor Harris shares similar remarks in his Understanding the Bible: "The concept of eternal punishment does not occur in the Hebrew Bible, which uses the term Sheol to designate a bleak subterranean region where the dead, good and bad alike, subsist only as impotent shadows. When Hellenistic Jewish scribes rendered the Bible into Greek, they used the word Hades to translate Sheol, bringing a whole new mythological association to the idea of posthumous existence. In ancient Greek myth, Hades, named after the gloomy deity who ruled over it, was originally similar to the Hebrew Sheol, a dark underground realm in which all the dead, regardless of individual merit, were indiscriminately housed. "^[7] While some believers in the Bible think that it contains one doctrine of Hell (regardless of what they think about the nature of Hell), Harris and nontheists may view the doctrine as changing throughout the Bible. Nontheism is a term that covers a range of both religious and nonreligious attitudes characterized by the absence of&mdashor the rejection of&mdash Theism or any belief in a

By the time of Jesus, many Jews had come to believe in a future resurrection of the dead. The dead in Sheol were said to await the resurrection either in comfort or in torment, as in the story of Lazarus and Dives. Dives and Lazarus or Lazarus and Dives is a narrative attributed to Jesus that is reported only in the Gospel of Luke (

In popular culture

In the The Wheel of Time book series by Robert Jordan, Shayol Ghul is a giant black mountain in which lies the Pit Of Doom ; an otherworldly place where the Dark One is closest to touching the world and his presence can be most keenly felt. The Wheel of Time (abbreviated by fans to WoT) is a series of epic fantasy novels written by the late American author James Oliver Robert Jordan was the Pen name of James Oliver Rigney Jr ( October 17, 1948 &ndash September 16, 2007) under which he In the Wheel of Time fantasy novel series Shayol Ghul is a mountain beyond the Great Blight in the north of the known world The Dark One is a fictional entity and main antagonist of The Wheel of Time series by Robert Jordan.

Sheol is the name of an album by Swedish blackened-death metal band Naglfar.

In the Robert A. Heinlein science fiction novel Starship Troopers, Sheol is also the name of an Arachnid colony planet, decimated by a Terran military attack. Robert Anson Heinlein (July 7 1907 – May 8 1988 was an American Novelist and Science fiction Writer. Starship Troopers is a Science fiction Novel by Robert A Heinlein, first published (in abridged form as a serial in The Magazine Arachnids are a class ( Arachnida) of joint-legged Invertebrate Animals in the subphylum Chelicerata. This article is about a type of political territory For other uses see Colony (disambiguation. A planet, as defined by the International Astronomical Union (IAU is a celestial body Orbiting a Star or stellar remnant that is Likewise in the Walter Jon Williams novel Voice of the Whirlwind, Sheol is the name of a planet on which a terrible war is waged.

In the book Memnoch the Devil by Anne Rice Sheol is a name given to the realm where the spirits of the dead go, should they not be worthy to go to Heaven. Memnoch the Devil (1995 is the fifth novel in Anne Rice 's Vampire Chronicles series following The Tale of the Body Thief Anne Rice (born Howard Allen O'Brien on October 4, 1941) is a best-selling American Author of gothic and religious-themed This land is turned into Hell by Memnoch as a way to show these souls the error of their ways so that they may pass on into Heaven and so that he can end the suffering of the human race and return to God himself.

Cordwainer Smith used the variant spelling "Shayol" for the Instrumentality of Mankind's prison planet, a world in which humans exposed to the native microbial life would begin growing additional limbs and organs, all the while experiencing horrific pain. Cordwainer Smith — pronounced CORDwainer — was the Pseudonym used by American Author Paul Myron Anthony Linebarger ( July In the Science fiction of Cordwainer Smith, the Instrumentality of Mankind refers both to Smith's personal Future history and universe and to A microorganism (also spelled micro organism or micro-organism and also called a microbe) is an Organism that is Microscopic (usually These organs would then be harvested for transplantation, which was seen as a restitution for their crimes. Eventually, after a pair of children were wrongfully sent there to be imprisoned, the underpeople serving as jailors rebelled, and the prisoners were released from their punishment. In Science fiction, biological uplift is a term for the act of an advanced Civilization helping the development of another Species.

Sheol is the name of an asteroid mining base referred to in the user manual's plot foreword for the computer game Wing Commander: Privateer. Wing Commander Privateer is an adventure space flight simulation computer game released by Origin Systems in 1993

In the Fury3/Hellbender game universe, "red sheol" is a mineral, the "isomorphic decay" of which can be used to attract wormholes for faster than light travel. Fury3 (sometimes stylized as Fury³) is a Video game developed by Terminal Reality and published by Microsoft in 1995 for Microsoft Hellbender is a PC Video game developed by Terminal Reality in 1995&ndash1996 and released by Microsoft in 1996 as the sequel to In Physics, a wormhole is a hypothetical topological feature of Spacetime that is fundamentally a 'shortcut' through Space and Time In Fury3, it is found on the planet Ares, the setting of one of the game's missions.

At Regent's Park College, the Baptist Permanent Private Hall at the University of Oxford, the subterranean complex comprising a laundry and bathrooms is amusingly known as Sheol. Alternate uses Regent's Park (disambiguation Regent's Park College is a Permanent Private Hall in the University of Oxford. Baptist is a term describing individuals belonging to a Baptist church or a Baptist denomination. A Permanent Private Hall at the University of Oxford is an educational institution within the university &mdash not as a constituent college but able to present students for The University of Oxford (informally "Oxford University" or simply "Oxford" located in the city of Oxford, Oxfordshire, England is the

Sheol is the name of one of the Ravers in the series of books, The Chronicles of Thomas Covenant, by Stephen Donaldson. The Chronicles of Thomas Covenant the Unbeliever is a trilogy of Fantasy novels by Stephen R Stephen Donaldson is the name of Stephen Donaldson, US bisexual LGBT rights activist Stephen R

Sheol is the name of one of the TimeKeeper Demons in the series of books, The Wayfarer Redemption by Sara Douglass. Sara Warneke (born 2 June 1957 in Penola, South Australia) better known by her pen name Sara Douglass is an Australian

In the MMORPG Anarchy Online, there is a massive area called "Scheol" in the Shadowlands, an alternate universe that is slowly degrading into nothingness. A massively multiplayer online role-playing game ( MMORPG) is a genre of Computer role-playing games (CRPGs in which a large number of players interact with Anarchy Online is an online role playing video game published by Funcom Productions.

In the Hellboy comics collection, Strange Places, Hellboy's father is described as a "Prince of Sheol". Hellboy is a Fictional character, created by writer-artist Mike Mignola, that first appeared in Comic books published by Dark Horse Comics

Sheol is also the name of a San Francisco bay area rock band. The City and County of San Francisco is the fourth most populous city

On the back cover of the Megadeth album, United Abominations, Vic Rattlehead is carrying a ring of keys; one reads death, one reads Hades, and one reads Sheol. Megadeth is an American heavy metal band led by founder front man guitarist and songwriter Dave Mustaine. United Abominations is the eleventh Studio album by the American heavy metal band Megadeth. Vic Rattlehead is the mascot of the thrash- and speed-metal band Megadeth. Death is the termination of the biological functions that define living Organisms It refers both to a specific Hades (from Greek, Hadēs, originally, Haidēs or, Aidēs, probably from Indo-European *n̥-wid- 'unseen' refers both to the ancient

In the Christian youth fantasy series Dragons In Our Midst, Sheol contains seven circles, the last of which is Hades. A Christian is a person who adheres to Christianity, a monotheistic Religion centered on the life and teachings of Jesus of Nazareth Dragons in our Midst is a Christian fantasy series written by Bryan Davis about two teenagers who are anthrozils or humans Hades (from Greek, Hadēs, originally, Haidēs or, Aidēs, probably from Indo-European *n̥-wid- 'unseen' refers both to the ancient

In a Season 2 episode of Transformers, Smokescreen bargains for his friends' lives in a town on a bleak asteroid, and the town is named Sheol.

Sheol is also referred to in the John Constantine:Hellblazer book Subterranean. in on of the chapters one of the characters refers to the underworld: "some call it Shambala, some call it Sheol"

Shores of Sheol is an Austrian one-man black metal project by Marko Köfler. Black metal is an extreme subgenre of heavy metal. It often employs fast tempos shrieked vocals highly distorted guitars played with Tremolo picking,

See also

• Bosom of Abraham
• Gehenna
• Hades
• Hell
• Resurrection

Notes

1. ^ Strong's Hebrew and Greek Dictionaries and Strong's Concordance
2. ^ Metzger & Coogan (1993) Oxford Companion to the Bible, p277. See also Intermediate state The phrase " Bosom of Abraham " refers to the place of comfort in Sheol (Greek hades for the Polish film see Gehenna (film See also Jewish eschatology Gehennam (or gehenom or gehinom (גהינום is Hades (from Greek, Hadēs, originally, Haidēs or, Aidēs, probably from Indo-European *n̥-wid- 'unseen' refers both to the ancient Hell, according to many Religious beliefs, is a location in the Afterlife, which may be described as a place of suffering This article concerns itself with Jesus Christ Christian, Islamic and other religious interpretations of resurrection in general Strong's Exhaustive Concordance of the Bible, generally known as Strong's Concordance, is a concordance of the King James Bible
3. ^ Sheol entry in Jewish Encyclopedia
4. ^ Brief Communications. "The Original Meaning of Sheol. " Journal of Biblical Literature, Vol. 36, No. 3/4, (1917): 258.
5. ^ Sheol
6. ^ What the Bible says about Death, Afterlife, and the Future, James Tabor
7. ^ Understanding the Bible: the 6th Edition, Stephen L Harris. (McGraw Hill 2002) p 436.

References

• Metzeger, Bruce M. (ed); , Michael D. Coogan (ed) (1993). The Oxford Companion to the Bible. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-504645-5.  

External links

• Sheol entry in Jewish Encyclopedia