| Shatt al-Arab | |
|---|---|
 |
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| Origin | Tigris, Euphrates and Karun |
| Mouth | Persian Gulf |
| Basin countries | Iran, Iraq |
| Length | 200 km (124 mi) |
| Mouth elevation | 0 |
| Avg. The Tigris is the eastern member of the two great Rivers that define Mesopotamia, along with the Euphrates, which flows from the mountains of southeastern The Euphrates ( ( Arabic: ar نهر الفرات; Turkish: tr Fırat Syriac: syr ܦܪܬ; Hebrew: he פרת The Karūn (also spelled as Karoun is Iran 's most effluent and the only navigable River. The Persian Gulf, in the Southwest Asian region is an extension of the A drainage basin is an extent of Land where Water from Rain or Snow melt drains downhill into a body of water such as a River, For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Iran topics. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Iraq topics. The kilometre ( American spelling: kilometer) symbol km is a unit of Length in the Metric system, equal to one thousand A mile is a unit of Length, usually used to measure Distance, in a number of different systems including Imperial units United States discharge | 1750 m³/s |
The Shatt al-Arab (Arabic: شط العرب, literally River of the Arabs), or the Arvand Rūd (Persian: اروندرود, literally Arvand River), is a river in Southwest Asia of some 200 km (125 mi) in length, formed by the confluence of the Euphrates and the Tigris in the town of al-Qurnah in the Basra Governorate of southern Iraq. In Hydrology, the discharge or outflow of a River is the volume of Water transported by it in a certain amount of time Arabic (ar الْعَرَبيّة (informally ar عَرَبيْ) in terms of the number of speakers is the largest living member of the Semitic language "Riverine" redirects here For the use of that term in Maritime geography, see there Southwest Asia or Southwestern Asia (largely overlapping with the Middle East) is the southwestern portion of Asia. The Euphrates ( ( Arabic: ar نهر الفرات; Turkish: tr Fırat Syriac: syr ܦܪܬ; Hebrew: he פרת The Tigris is the eastern member of the two great Rivers that define Mesopotamia, along with the Euphrates, which flows from the mountains of southeastern Al-Qurnah (Qurna is a small village in southern Iraq about 74 km northwest of Basra, within the town of Nahairat Basra province, or Al Basrah province, is a province of Iraq, with an area of. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Iraq topics. The southern end of the river constitutes the border between Iraq and Iran down to the mouth of the river as it discharges into the Persian Gulf. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Iran topics. The Persian Gulf, in the Southwest Asian region is an extension of the It varies in width from about 232 m (760 ft) at Basra to 800 m (2 600 ft) at its mouth. Basra ( BGN: AlBasrah also called Basorah Abillah and Uruk or IRAQ The name that British colony has adopted for Basra It is thought that the waterway formed relatively recently in geologic time, with the Tigris and Euphrates originally emptying into the Persian Gulf via a channel further to the west. The Persian Gulf, in the Southwest Asian region is an extension of the
The Karun river, a tributary which joins the waterway from the Iranian side, deposits large amounts of silt into the river; this necessitates continuous dredging to keep it navigable[1]. The Karūn (also spelled as Karoun is Iran 's most effluent and the only navigable River. Silt is Soil or rock derived Granular material of a Grain size between sand and clay
The region of Shatt al-Arab is considered to be the largest date palm forest in the world. The Date Palm ( Phoenix dactylifera) is a palm in the genus Phoenix, extensively cultivated for its edible Fruit. In the mid-1970s, the region counted some 17–18 million date palms or a fifth of the world's 90 million palm trees. Year 1970 ( MCMLXX) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link shows full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. By 2002, more than 14 million, or 80 percent, of the palms were wiped out. See also 2002 (disambiguation Year 2002 ( MMII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar. [2] In total, war, salt and pests destroyed approximately 14 million palms: around 9 million in Iraq and 5 million in Iran. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Iraq topics. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Iran topics. Moreover, of the remaining 3–4 million palms, many are in poor condition.
In Middle Persian literature and the Shahnama, the name Arvand is used for the Tigris, the confluent of the Shatt al-Arab. Middle Persian is the Middle Iranian language/ethnolect of Southwestern Iran that during Sassanid times (224-654 CE became a Prestige dialect Shāhnāmé, or Shāhnāma ((alternative spellings are Shahnama Shahnameh Shahname Shah-Nama, etc A tributary is a Stream or River which flows into a mainstem (or parent river Iranians begun using this name specifically to designate the Shatt al-Arab during the later Pahlavi period, and continue to do so after the revolution of 1978-79. The Iranian Revolution' (mostly known as the Islamic Revolution, Persian: انقلاب اسلامی Enghelābe Eslāmi was the Revolution that transformed [3]
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Territorial disputes
Conflicting territorial claims and disputes over navigation rights between Iran and Iraq were among the main factors for the Iraq-Iran War that lasted from 1980 to 1988, when the pre-1980 status quo was restored. The Iranian cities of Abadan and Khorramshahr and the Iraqi city and major port of Basra are situated along this river. Abadan (film is also the name of a 2003 Iranian movie from director Mani Haghighi, as well as the name of a town in Turkmenistan Khorramshahr (خرمشهر is a Port city in Khuzestan province in southwestern Iran. Basra ( BGN: AlBasrah also called Basorah Abillah and Uruk or IRAQ The name that British colony has adopted for Basra
Control of the waterway and its use as a border have been a source of contention between the predecessors of the Iranian and Iraqi states since a peace treaty signed in 1639 between the Persian and the Ottoman Empires, which divided the territory according to tribal customs and loyalties, without attempting a rigorous land survey. The Persian Empire was a series of Iranian empires that ruled over the Iranian plateau, the original Persian homeland and beyond in Western Asia The Ottoman Empire (1299–1923 ( Old Ottoman Turkish: دولتْ علیّه عثمانیّه Devlet-i Âliye-yi Osmâniyye, Late Ottoman and Modern Turkish The tribes on both sides of the lower waterway, however, are Marsh Arabs, and the Ottoman Empire claimed to represent them. The Marsh Arabs (عرب الأهوار ˤArab al-Ahwār "Arabs of the Marshlands" also known as the Maˤdān (معدان are inhabitants of the Tensions between the opposing empires that extended across a wide range of religious, cultural and political conflicts, led to the outbreak of hostilities in the 19th century and eventually yielded the Second Treaty of Erzurum between the two parties, in 1847, after protracted negotiations, which included British and Russian delegates. The 19th century of the Common Era began on January 1, 1801 and ended on December 31, 1900, according to the Gregorian calendar The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located Russia (Россия Rossiya) or the Russian Federation ( Rossiyskaya Federatsiya) is a transcontinental Country extending Even afterwards, backtracking and disagreements continued, until British Foreign Secretary, Lord Palmerston, was moved to comment in 1851 that "the boundary line between Turkey and Persia can never be finally settled except by an arbitrary decision on the part of Great Britain and Russia". "Lord Palmerston" and "Henry Temple" redirect here Turkey (Türkiye known officially as the Republic of Turkey ( is a Eurasian Country that stretches The Persian Empire was a series of Iranian empires that ruled over the Iranian plateau, the original Persian homeland and beyond in Western Asia The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located Russia (Россия Rossiya) or the Russian Federation ( Rossiyskaya Federatsiya) is a transcontinental Country extending A protocol between the Ottomans and the Persians was signed in Istanbul in 1913, but World War I canceled all plans. A Treaty is an agreement under International law entered into by actors in international law namely States and International organizations. The Ottoman Empire (1299–1923 ( Old Ottoman Turkish: دولتْ علیّه عثمانیّه Devlet-i Âliye-yi Osmâniyye, Late Ottoman and Modern Turkish Istanbul (historically Byzantium and later Constantinople; see the other Names of Istanbul) is the largest city of Turkey World War I (abbreviated WWI; also known as the First World War, the Great War, and the War to End All
The British advisors in Iraq were able to keep the waterway bi-national under the thalweg principle that has worked in Europe (see Danube River): the dividing line was a line drawn between the deepest points along the stream bed. Thalweg (ˈtɑːlvɛg an English word compounded from the German elements Thal (since Duden 's orthography reform of 1901 written Tal The Danube (In Donau from earlier Danuvius, Celtic *dānu, meaning "to flow run" Slovak and Polish Dunaj All United Nations attempts to intervene as mediators were rebuffed. The United Nations ( UN) is an International organization whose stated aims are to facilitate cooperation in International law, International security Under Saddam Hussein, Baathist Iraq claimed the entire waterway up to the Iranian shore as its territory. Saddam Hussein Abd al-Majid al-Tikriti ( Arabic: ar صدام حسين عبد المجيد التكريتي --> April 28 1937 &ndash December 30 The Arab Socialist Ba'th Party (also spelled Baath or Ba'ath; Arabic: حزب البعث العربي الاشتراكي was founded in Damascus But in 1975, Iraq signed the Algiers Accord in which it recognized a series of straight lines closely approximating the thalweg (deepest channel) of the waterway, as the official border. In 1980, Hussein released a statement claiming to abrogate the treaty that he signed, and Iraq invaded Iran. (International law, however, holds in all cases that any bi-lateral or multi-lateral treaty cannot be abrogated by only one party. ) The main thrust of the military movement on the ground was across the waterway which was the stage for most of the military battles between the two armies. The waterway was Iraq's only outlet to the Persian Gulf, and thus, its shipping lanes were greatly affected by continuous Iranian attacks. When the Al-Faw peninsula was captured by the Iranians in 1987, Iraq's shipping activities virtually came to a halt and had to be diverted to other Arab ports, such as Kuwait and even Aqaba, Jordan. This article is about the Iraqi peninsula See also the Al-Fao artillery system For the town in the West Bank see Aqabah West Bank. Aqaba (العقبة Al-ʻAqabah) is a coastal town in the far south of Jordan, officially the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan (الأردنّ al-Urdunn) is an Arab country in Southwest Asia spanning the southern Later, and as the Persian Gulf War was looming, Saddam again recognized the Algiers Accord in order to appease Iranians before he could undertake an invasion of Kuwait. The State of Kuwait ( دولة الكويت IPA [dawlatt̪ alkuwajt̪]) is a sovereign Arab Emirate on the coast of the Persian Gulf, enclosed
Recent conflicts
In the 2003 invasion of Iraq, the waterway was a key military target for the Coalition Forces. The 2003 invasion of Iraq, from March 20 to May 1 2003 was spearheaded by the United States, backed by British forces and smaller contingents from Australia Since it is the only outlet to the Persian Gulf, its capture was important in delivering humanitarian aid to the rest of the country, and also to stop the flow of illegal smuggling operations. The British Royal Marines staged an amphibious assault to capture the key oil installations and shipping docks located at Umm Qasr on the al-Faw peninsula at the onset of the conflict. The Royal Marines ( RM) are the marine corps and amphibious Infantry of the United Kingdom and along with the Royal Navy Umm Qasr (أم قصر also Transliterated as: Um-qasir, Um-qasser) is a Port city in southern Iraq. This article is about the Iraqi peninsula See also the Al-Fao artillery system
Following the end of the war, the UK was given responsibility, subsequently mandated by United Nations Security Council Resolution 1723, to patrol the waterway and the area of the Persian Gulf surrounding the river mouth. United Nations Security Council Resolution 1723, submitted by Denmark, Japan, Slovakia, the United Kingdom and the United States, The Persian Gulf, in the Southwest Asian region is an extension of the They are tasked to make sure that ships in the area are not being used to transport munitions into Iraq. British forces have also trained Iraqi naval units to take over the responsibility of guarding their waterways.
On two separate occasions, Iranian forces operating on the Shatt al-Arab have captured British Royal Navy sailors who they claim have trespassed into their territory. The Royal Navy of the United Kingdom is the oldest of the British armed services (and is therefore known as the Senior Service)
- In June 2004, several British servicemen were held for two days after purportedly straying into the Iranian side of the waterway. June 2004: January - February - March - April - May - June - July - August - September The 2004 Iranian seizure of Royal Navy personnel took place in the Shatt al-Arab (Arvand Rud in Persian waterway on 21 June. After being initially threatened with prosecution, they were released after high-level conversations between British Foreign Secretary, Jack Straw, and Iranian Minister of Foreign Affairs, Kamal Kharrazi. John Whitaker Straw (born 3 August 1946 most commonly known as Jack Straw, is a senior British Labour Party Politician. Seyed Kamal Kharazi (کمال خرازی (born 1 December, 1944 in Tehran as Ali-Naghi Kharazi علینقی خرازی was the Iranian The initial hardline approach was put down to power struggles within the Iranian government. The British marines' weapons and boats were confiscated.
- In 2007, a seizure of fifteen more British personnel became a major diplomatic crisis between the two nations. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Iranian military personnel seized 15 Royal Navy personnel during 2007 and held them for 12 days It was resolved after thirteen days when the Iranians unexpectedly released the captives under an "amnesty. "
See also
References
- ^ Iraq - Major Geographical Features
- ^ Shatt al-Arab
- ^ Encyclopædia Iranica: article on the Arvand-Ruud. The Arvand Freezone is a 155 square kilometer industrial and security zone that surrounds Khorramshahr, Abadan, and Minoo Island along the Arvand This is a list of places in Iraq. Governorates of Iraq lists the regional administrative provinces and Districts of Iraq lists the subdivisions of those provinces Al-Qurnah (Qurna is a small village in southern Iraq about 74 km northwest of Basra, within the town of Nahairat Encyclopædia Iranica is a project whose goal is to create a comprehensive and authoritative English language Encyclopedia about the history culture and
External links
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