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A shared universe is a literary technique in which several different authors create works of fiction that share aspects such as settings or characters and that are intended to be read as taking place in a single universe. A literary technique or literary device is an identifiable Rule of thumb, convention or Structure that is employed in Literature Fiction is the telling of stories which are not real More specifically fiction is an imaginative form of Narrative, one of the four basic Rhetorical modes. A fictional universe is a self-consistent fictional setting with unique background elements such as an imaginary history or geography and possibly fantasy or science This can be contrasted with collaborative writing, in which multiple authors work on a single story. The term collaborative writing refers to projects where written works are created by multiple people together ( collaboratively) rather than individually Storytelling is the ancient art of conveying events in Words Images and Sounds often by Improvisation or embellishment Shared universes are more common within fantasy and science fiction than in other genres. Fantasy is a Genre that uses magic and other Supernatural forms as a primary element of plot, theme, and/or setting The DC Universe, Marvel Universe, and Star Wars franchise are examples. The DC Universe ( DCU) is the fictional Shared universe where most of the comic stories published by DC Comics take place The Marvel Universe is the fictional Shared universe where most of the comic stories published by Marvel Comics take place Star Wars is an epic Space opera franchise initially conceived by George Lucas during the 1970s and significantly expanded

There is no formalized definition of when the appearance of fictional characters in another author's work constitutes a shared universe. Fiction in some media, such as most television programs and many comic book titles, is understood to require the contribution of multiple authors and does not by itself create a shared universe. "Popular press" redirects here note that the University of Wisconsin Press publishes under the imprint "The Popular Press" A television program (US television programme (UK or television show (U A comic book (often shortened to simply comic and sometimes called a comic paper or comic magazine) is a Magazine or Book of narrative Incidental appearances, such as that of d'Artagnan in Cyrano de Bergerac, may instead be considered literary cameos. Charles de Batz-Castelmore Comte d'Artagnan (c Lupiac 1611 - 25 June, Maastricht Cyrano de Bergerac is a play written in 1897 by Edmond Rostand based on the life of the real Cyrano de Bergerac. A cameo role or cameo appearance (often shortened to just cameo) is a brief appearance of a known person in a work of the Performing arts, such as More substantial interaction between characters from different sources is often marketed as a crossover. A fictional crossover is the placement of two or more otherwise discrete Fictional characters, settings or universes into the context of a single While crossovers occur in a shared universe, not all crossovers are intended to merge their settings' back-stories and are instead used for marketing, parody, or to explore what-if scenarios. In Narratology, a back-story (also back story or backstory) is the history behind the situation extant at the start of the main story Alternate history or alternative history is a subgenre of Speculative fiction (or Science fiction) and Historical fiction [1][2]

The term has also been used in a wider, non-literary sense to convey interdisciplinarity[3] or social commonality,[4] often in the context of a "shared universe of discourse. In Academia, Pedagogy, Physical sciences, Earth sciences, Human sciences and Social sciences "

Contents

Characteristics

The modern definition of copyright, especially under United States copyright law, considers the expansion of a previous work's setting or characters to be a derivative work. Copyright is a legal concept enacted by Governments, giving the creator of an original work of authorship Exclusive rights to control its distribution usually for United States copyright law governs the legally enforceable rights of creative and artistic works in the United States. In Copyright law, a derivative work is an expressive creation that includes major basic copyrighted aspects of an original previously created first work [5][6] Especially for material being considered for publication, this often necessitates licensing agreements. The verb license or grant license means to give permission The noun license is the document demonstrating that permission [7] For this reason, some fan fiction and other amateur works written in established settings without permission, are sometimes distinguished from shared universe writings or even described as a "stolen universe". Fan fiction (alternately referred to as fanfiction, fanfic, FF or fic) is a broadly defined term for Fiction about characters or settings [8] However, fair use claims have been raised,[9] and not all authors believe that fan fiction should be distinguished from other literature in this manner at all. Fair use is a doctrine in United States copyright law that allows limited use of copyrighted material without requiring permission from the rights holders such as use for [10] In a process similar to brand licensing, the intellectual property owners of established fictional settings at times allow others to author new material, creating an expanded universe. Brand licensing is the process of creating and managing Contracts between the owner of a Brand and a company or individual who wants to use the brand in association Intellectual property ( IP) is a legal field that refers to creations of the mind such as musical literary and artistic works inventions and symbols names For the Robert A Heinlein short story collection see Expanded Universe (Heinlein. Such franchises, generally based on television programs or film, allow for series of novels, video games, original sound recordings and other media. A media franchise is an Intellectual property involving the characters, setting, and Trademarks of an original work of media (usually A video game is a Game that involves interaction with a User interface to generate visual feedback on a video device. Not all shared universe settings are simply the expansion or combination of pre-existing material by new authors. At times, an author or group of authors has created a setting specifically for development by multiple authors, often through collaboration. Collaborative fiction is a form of writing by two or more authors who take it in turns to write a portion of the story.

Especially when a shared universe grows to include a large number of works, it becomes difficult for writers to maintain an internally consistent continuity and to avoid contradicting details in earlier works. In Fiction, continuity (also called time-scheme) is consistency of the characteristics of persons plot, objects places and events seen by the reader or The version that is deemed official by the author or company controlling the setting is known as canon. This article is not about Literary canons of influential works of fiction but about the concept of a canon which defines the world of a particular fictional series Not all shared universes have a controlling entity capable of or willing to determine canonicity, and not all fans agree with these determinations when they occur. [11] A fanon may instead find some degree of consensus within the setting's fandom. This article is not about Literary canons of influential works of fiction but about the concept of a canon which defines the world of a particular fictional series Fandom (from the noun fan and the affix -dom, as in kingdom, dukedom, etc [12] Some writers, in an effort to ensure that a canon can be established and to keep details of the setting believable, employ tools to correct contradictions and errors that result from multiple contributors working over a long period of time. One such tool is retconning, short for "retroactive continuity", where later adjustments result in the invalidation of previously-written material. Retroactive continuity is the deliberate changing of previously established facts in a work of serial fiction [13] The most severe form of retcon involves a wholesale rewrite of the groundwork for the entire setting. These reboots, most closely associated with DC Comics, are not always effective at resolving underlying problems and may meet with a negative reaction from fans. Reboot, in serial Fiction, means a discarding of much or even all previous continuity in the series to start anew DC Comics is an American comic book and related media company [14] Contributors to expanded universes, also known as tie-in writers, have sometimes been stereotyped as "hacks" because such writing is perceived as less creative or of consistently poor quality. Hack writer is a Colloquial, usually Pejorative, term used to refer to a Writer who is paid to write low-quality quickly put-together articles or books [15] These stereotypes have been disputed by authors who consider contributing to a larger setting "intellectually demanding. "[16]

Readers may also object when a story or series is integrated into a shared universe, feeling it "requir[es] one hero's fans to buy other heroes' titles"[17] or leads to mischaracterizations and inappropriate comparisons. [18]

Expansion of existing material

Cover of All Star Comics #3 (Winter 1940-1941), considered the beginning of the DC Universe
Cover of All Star Comics #3 (Winter 1940-1941), considered the beginning of the DC Universe

In 1941, writer Gardner Fox at All-American Comics (later part of DC Comics) created the Justice Society of America in All-Star Comics #3, credited with being the first superhero team-up and laying the groundwork for the DC Universe, the first comic book shared universe. Gardner Francis Cooper Fox (Speed Saunders was initially credited to "E All-American Comics was the flagship title of Comic book Publisher All-American Publications. The Justice Society of America, or JSA, is a DC Comics Superhero group the first team of superheroes in Comic book history All Star Comics is a 1940s Comic book series from All-American Publications, one of the early companies that merged with National Periodical Publications The DC Universe ( DCU) is the fictional Shared universe where most of the comic stories published by DC Comics take place [19] By 1961, Marvel Comics writer and editor Stan Lee, working with artists Jack Kirby and Steve Ditko, merged the bulk of the publisher's comics characters into the Marvel Universe. Marvel Comics is an American comic book company owned by Marvel Publishing Inc Stan Lee (born Stanley Martin Lieber; December 28, 1922) is an American Writer, editor, creator of comic book characters Jack Kirby (born Jacob Kurtzberg, August 28, 1917 &ndash February 6, 1994) was an American Comic book Steve Ditko (born 2 November 1927) is an American Comic book Artist and Writer best known as the co-creator of the The Marvel Universe is the fictional Shared universe where most of the comic stories published by Marvel Comics take place [17] Both settings have suffered from the creative difficulties of maintaining a complex shared universe handled by large numbers of writers and editors. DC has substantially altered its in-universe chronology several times, in series such as Crisis on Infinite Earths in 1985, Zero Hour in 1994, and Infinite Crisis in 2005. Definition A chronology may be either relative &mdashthat is locating related events relative to each other&mdashor ''absolute'' &mdashlocating Crisis on Infinite Earths is a twelve-issue American comic book Limited series (identified as a "12-part maxi-series" and crossover Zero Hour Crisis in Time is a five-issue Comic book Limited series and crossover storyline published by DC Comics in 1994 Infinite Crisis is a seven-issue Limited series of Comic books written by Geoff Johns and illustrated by Phil Jimenez, George As of 2007, Marvel has rebooted its continuity only once, in Spider-Man: One More Day. "Spider-Man One More Day" is a four part 2007 Comic book crossover storyline connecting all of the main Spider-Man series published They instead set stories in an increasing number of alternate realities, each with an assigned number in a greater multiverse. Parallel universe or alternative reality is a self-contained separate reality coexisting with one's own Within Marvel Comics, most tales take place within the fictional Marvel Universe, which in turn is part of a larger multiverse. [20] DC and Marvel have also periodically co-published series in which their respective characters meet and interact. These intercompany crossovers have typically been written as self-limiting events that avoid implying that the DC Universe and Marvel Universe co-exist. In Comic books, an intercompany crossover (also called cross-company or company crossover) is a comic or series of comics where characters published by Exceptions include 24 comics released under the metafictional imprint Amalgam Comics in 1996, depicting a shared universe populated by hybridizations of the two companies' characters. Metafiction is a literary term for a type of Fiction that systematically and self-consciously addresses the devices of fiction including the relationship between fiction and In the Publishing Industry, an imprint can refer to two different things It can mean a Brand name under which a work is published Dc2005svg|New DC logo from 2005|125px|right]] Amalgam Comics was an American Comic book publisher of Metafiction; it was a collaboration between Marvel Marvel has since referred to this as part of its setting's greater multiverse by labeling it Earth-692. [20]

The Star Wars franchise takes a unique view regarding the canon properties of its expanded universe, introducing a four-tier system based on compatibility with the six films. Star Wars is an epic Space opera franchise initially conceived by George Lucas during the 1970s and significantly expanded The Star Wars canon consists of the six Star Wars feature films along with all officially licensed non-contradicting spin-off works to the The Star Wars Expanded Universe encompasses all of the officially licensed fictional background of the Star Wars universe outside of the six feature films Star Wars is an epic Space opera franchise initially conceived by George Lucas during the 1970s and significantly expanded Star Trek canon is less well-defined, generally excluding not only licensed works such as books and video games and acknowledging that "even events in some of the movies have been called into question". The Star Trek canon is usually defined as comprising the television series ''Star Trek'', Star Trek The Next Generation, Star Trek Deep Space [21] Furthermore, both franchises have blurred the lines between canon and non-canon content by adopting unofficial material into later official productions. [22][23] The shared universe of Doctor Who licensed fiction is particularly complex due to the permissive stance on licensing and canon taken by the BBC. Doctor Who is a British science fiction television programme produced by the BBC. Doctor Who spin-offs refers to material created outside of but related to the long-running British science fiction television series Doctor Contradictory material has appeared in various media, including novels, comics, and audio dramas, dividing the Whoniverse into competing subsets that vary from source to source, such as the Big Finish universe, the New Adventures universe, or a universe based on Marvel Comics appearances. This article is about audio performance for other uses see Radio (disambiguation. The Whoniverse is the Fictional universe in which Doctor Who, Torchwood, The Sarah Jane Adventures and Big Finish Productions is a British company that produces books and audio plays (released straight to Compact disc and The Virgin New Adventures ( NA s were a series of novels from Virgin Publishing based on the British science-fiction television series [24] Reviewer Robert F. W. Smith attempted to summarize the conflicting continuities:[25]

As far as I understand it, the situation is this: the New Adventures universe is inside the bottle universe seen in Interference, which was built by BBC universe Time Lords, and in it, the NA Time Lords are all gone – they’ve gone to another bottle and left the NA universe to the Gods/Kings of Space. The Time Lords are a fictional race and civilization in the British Science fiction television series Doctor Who, of which the series' Most of the New Adventures happened in the BBC universe anyway, except in that universe, the 7th Doctor was the reincarnation of the Other and Rassilon escaped to roam the universe – in the BBC universe, he may or may not have been, and Rassilon probably didn’t. Rassilon is a Fictional character in the British science fiction television series Doctor Who. In the BBC universe, Faction Paradox, the Doctor and the Enemy between them have vaped the Time Lords, with the result that there are no longer any Time Lords in the BBC universe, except for five, the fundamental laws of the universe (the magic-and-science thing) have changed, and the Doctor is no longer a Time Lord at all originally but a crystal man named Soul from the end of time. Also in the BBC universe, an infinity of different universes have been released, which helpfully explains how all the shock companion-killings in the novels ever since Eternity Weeps either did or didn’t happen in our universe, according to whatever criteria you like, but Gallifrey didn’t survive in any of them. Eternity Weeps is an original novel written by Jim Mortimore and based on the long-running British science fiction television series Gallifrey is a fictional planet in the long-running British science fiction television series Doctor Who and is the homeworld Despite this, Gallifrey will still be rebuilt in the BBC universe in some form, but it will presumably be much less powerful because it will now be a planet without the original’s special relationship with time, and it won’t have always been there. Where the Big Finish audios fit in is anybody’s guess; the new series can just about be assumed to follow on from the end of The Gallifrey Chronicles, even though the Doc says he’s a Time Lord – not a crystal man from the end of time – in the second episode. The Gallifrey Chronicles is the title of two distinct books related to the long-running British science fiction television series Doctor Who There.

Even Smith's summary does not address spin-offs such as the Bernice Summerfield novels and the Faction Paradox series that are legally distinct from the origins of their characters in officially licensed novels. A spin-off (or spinoff) is a new Organization or Entity formed by a split from a larger one such as a Television series based on a pre-existing Bernice Surprise Summerfield (later Professor Bernice Summerfield or just Benny) is a Fictional character originally created by author Paul Cornell Faction Paradox is a fictional Time travelling Cult / Rebel group/ Organized crime syndicate created by Lawrence Miles.

The expansion of existing material into a shared universe is not restricted to settings licensed from movies and television. For example, Larry Niven opened his Known Space setting to other writers initially because he considered his lack of military experience to prevent him from adequately describing the wars between mankind and the Kzinti. Laurence van Cott Niven (born April 30, 1938 Los Angeles California) is a US Science fiction author. Known Space is the fictional setting of several Science fiction novels and short stories written by author Larry Niven. The Kzinti (singular Kzin) are a Fictional, very warlike and bloodthirsty race of Cat-like aliens in Larry Niven 's Known Space series [26] The degree to which he has made the setting available for other writers became a topic of controversy, when Elf Sternberg created an erotic short story set in Known Space following an author's note from Niven indicating that "[i]f you want more Known Space stories, you'll have to write them yourself". Elf Mathieu Sternberg, born May 7, 1966, is the former keeper of the Alt Erotic literature comprises fictional and factual stories and accounts which sexually arouse the reader whether written with that intention or not [27] Niven has since clarified that his setting is still to be used only "under restricted circumstances and with permission",[28] which Niven granted to the several authors of the Man-Kzin Wars series. The Man-Kzin Wars is a series of Military science fiction short story collections (and is the name of the first collection as well as the Eponymous conflicts By contrast, author Eric Flint has edited and published collaborations with fan fiction writers directly, expanding his 1632 series. Eric Flint (born 1947 is an American Alternate history and Fantasy author, editor, and e-publisher. [29]

A setting may also be expanded in a similar manner after the death of its creator, although this posthumous expansion does not meet some strict definitions of a shared universe. One such example is August Derleth's development of the Cthulhu Mythos from the writings of H. P. Lovecraft, an approach whose result is considered by some to be "completely dissimilar" to Lovecraft's own works. August William Derleth ( February 24 1909 &ndash July 4 1971) was an American writer and anthologist The Cthulhu Mythos is a Shared universe created in the 1920s by American horror writer H Howard Phillips Lovecraft ( August 20, 1890 – March 15, 1937) was an American author of horror, fantasy [30] Less controversial posthumous expansions include Ruth Plumly Thompson's and later authors' sequels to L. Frank Baum's Oz stories and the further development of Isaac Asimov's Foundation universe by Greg Bear, Gregory Benford, and David Brin. Ruth Plumly Thompson ( July 27, 1891 - April 6, 1976) was an American writer of children's stories Lyman Frank Baum ( May 15 1856 &ndash May 5 1919) was an American Author, Actor, and Independent filmmaker Oz is a fairy Isaac Asimov (c January 2 1920 &ndash April 6 1992 ˈaɪzək ˈæzɪmʌv originally Исаак Озимов but now transcribed into Russian as, was a Russian The Foundation Series is an epic Science fiction series written over a span of forty-four years by Isaac Asimov. Gregory Dale Bear (born August 20, 1951) is an American Science fiction and mainstream author Gregory Benford (born January 30, 1941 in Mobile Alabama) is an American science fiction author and Astrophysicist who is on the Glen David Brin, PhD (born October 6, 1950) is an American scientist and award-winning author of Science fiction. [31]

Original settings

Promotional poster for Crossgen Chronicles, listing some of the interconnected titles in the Sigilverse.
Promotional poster for Crossgen Chronicles, listing some of the interconnected titles in the Sigilverse.

Although DC and Marvel's successful shared universe approaches to comics have set them apart from competitors in the industry,[32] other companies attempted similar models. Valiant Comics and Crossgen both produced titles primarily set from their inception in a single, publisher-wide shared universe, known respectively as Unity[33] and the Sigilverse. Valiant Comics was an American Comic book Publishing company founded by former Marvel Comics editor-in-chief Jim Shooter, writer/artists Cross Generation Entertainment, or CrossGen, was an American comic book publisher that operated from 1998 to 2004. Unity was a company-wide " crossover " story published by Valiant Comics in the summer of 1992. The Sigilverse, also known as the CrossGen Universe, is a fictional Shared universe which served as a setting for most titles published by CrossGen [34]

Many other published works of this nature take the form of a series of short-story anthologies with occasional standalone novels. ANThology is the first Major label album by Alien Ant Farm released on March 6, 2001 in the USA and March 19 Examples include Robert Lynn Asprin's Thieves' World,[35] C. J. Cherryh's Merovingen Nights,[36] and George R. R. Martin's Wild Cards series. Robert Lynn Asprin ( June 28, 1946 – May 22, 2008) was an American Science fiction and fantasy author best known Thieves' World is a Carolyn Janice Cherry (born September 1, 1942) better known by the Pseudonym C Merovingen Nights is a series of Shared world Science fiction books set in writer C George Raymond Richard Martin ( September 20, 1948) sometimes referred to as GRRM, is an American Author and Screenwriter Wild Cards is a Science fiction and Superhero anthology series set in a Shared universe

Role-playing games are inherently designed to include some aspects of the shared universe concept, as individual games are derived from the core material. A role-playing game ( RPG; often roleplaying game) is a Game in which the participants assume the roles of Fictional characters. Campaign settings, such as Dungeons & Dragons's Faerûn and Eberron, provide a more detailed world in which novels and other related media are additionally set. A campaign setting is usually a Fictional world which serves as a setting for a Role-playing game or Wargame campaign Dungeons & Dragons (abbreviated as D&D or DnD) is a Fantasy Role-playing game (RPG originally designed by Faerûn is a Fictional Subcontinent, the primary setting of the Dungeons & Dragons world of Forgotten Realms. Eberron is a Campaign setting for the Dungeons & Dragons Role-playing game, set in a period after a vast destructive war on the continent of Living campaigns, including the RPGA's Living Greyhawk[37] or the AEG-sanctioned Heroes of Rokugan,[38] provide an opportunity for individual games hosted worldwide to take part in a single continuity. Living Campaigns are part Marketing tool part volunteer Campaign settings, which allow people all over the world to play Role-playing games in a The RPGA (previously called the Role-Playing Game Association the Role-Playing Gamers Association and the RPGA Network is part of the organized play arm of Wizards of the Coast Living Greyhawk ("LG" is an on-going living campaign using the Dungeons & Dragons Role playing game (RPG rules and based on the World of This is about the games publisher For information on the German electronics producer see AEG.

The influence of the Internet on collaborative and interactive fiction has also resulted in a large number of amateur shared universe settings. The Internet is a global system of interconnected Computer networks Collaborative fiction is a form of writing by two or more authors who take it in turns to write a portion of the story. Amateur authors have created shared universes by contributing to mailing lists, story archives and Usenet. A mailing list is a collection of names and addresses used by an individual or an organization to send material to multiple recipients An archive refers to a collection of historical records and also refers to the location in which these records are kept Usenet, a Portmanteau of "user" and "network" is a world-wide distributed Internet discussion system One of the earliest of these settings, SFStory, saw its spin-off setting Superguy cited as illustrative of the potential of the Internet. SFStory, a Parody of the Science fiction Genre, is one of the first and currently longest lasting shared universes on the Internet Superguy was originally a creative fiction writing group on the now-defunct UMNEWS Mailing list service which began in February 11, 1989 with the story [39] Another example is the furry-themed Tales from the Blind Pig created at the Transformation Story Archive, which differs from many amateur settings both by having an organized effort to maintain consistent canon[40] and by having seen at least limited publication. Furry fandom is a Fandom devoted to anthropomorphic animal The Transformation Story Archive (TSA was a website archiving Amateur Fiction featuring a personal physical transformation or its aftermath [41][42] Other early examples include the Dargon Project[43] and Devilbunnies. DargonZine is a periodically published Ezine or Online magazine whose origins pre-date the mainstream use of the Internet[http //nethistory The fictional Devilbunnies are the focus of a Shared universe story-writing group based on the Usenet Newsgroup alt [44]

At least one publisher has introduced a division specifically for encouraging and handling shared universe fiction. Publishing is the process of production and dissemination of Literature or Information &ndash the activity of making information available for public view [45]

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  28. ^ Ladies and Gentlemen, Dr. Larry Niven. Slashdot (2003-03-10). Year 2003 ( MMIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 241 BC - First Punic War: Battle of the Aegates Islands - The Romans sink the Carthaginian fleet bringing Retrieved on 2007-01-13. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 532 - Nika riots in Constantinople. 888 - Odo Count of Paris becomes King of the Franks
  29. ^ Eves, David (Sep 2005). 1632: About this Site. Retrieved on 2007-06-14. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1276 - While taking exile in Fuzhou in southern China, away from the advancing Mongol invaders, the remnants of the
  30. ^ Tierney, Richard L. (2004-09-09). "MMIV" redirects here For the Modest Mouse album see " Baron von Bullshit Rides Again " Events 1000 - Battle of Svolder, Viking Age. 1379 - Treaty of Neuberg, splitting the Austrian The Derleth Mythos. Nightscapes. Retrieved on 2007-01-14. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1129 - Formal approval of the Order of the Templar at the Council of Troyes.
  31. ^ Following Asimov's Foundation. Cyberhaven (1999). Retrieved on 2007-06-14. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1276 - While taking exile in Fuzhou in southern China, away from the advancing Mongol invaders, the remnants of the
  32. ^ Fowler, Brant W. (2006-06-05). Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 70 - Titus and his Roman Legions breach the middle wall of Jerusalem in the Siege of Jerusalem Myth Conceptions: 'Summer Blockbusters'. Silver Bullet Comics. Retrieved on 2007-01-10. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 49 BC - Julius Caesar crosses the Rubicon, signaling the start of civil war.
  33. ^ Smith, Andy (2006-07-10). Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 48 BC - Battle of Dyrrhachium, Julius Caesar barely avoids a catastrophic defeat to Pompey in Macedonia. The Valiant Comics F.A.Q.. Sequart. Retrieved on 2007-01-12. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 475 - Basiliscus becomes Byzantine Emperor, with a coronation ceremony in the Hebdomon palace in Constantinople
  34. ^ Lander, Randy. Negation War #1. The 4th Rail. Retrieved on 2007-01-12. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 475 - Basiliscus becomes Byzantine Emperor, with a coronation ceremony in the Hebdomon palace in Constantinople
  35. ^ Silver, Steven H. (Oct 2002). A Conversation with Lynn Abbey. SF Site. Retrieved on 2007-06-14. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1276 - While taking exile in Fuzhou in southern China, away from the advancing Mongol invaders, the remnants of the
  36. ^ Cherryh, C. J. . C.J.Cherryh's Book Order Page. Retrieved on 2007-01-10. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 49 BC - Julius Caesar crosses the Rubicon, signaling the start of civil war.
  37. ^ Living Greyhawk. Wizards of the Coast. Retrieved on 2007-01-14. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1129 - Formal approval of the Order of the Templar at the Council of Troyes.
  38. ^ Heroes of Rokugan. Retrieved on 2007-01-14. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1129 - Formal approval of the Order of the Templar at the Council of Troyes.
  39. ^ Engst, Adam C. and William Dickson (1994-01-15). Internet Explorer Kit. Hayden Books. ISBN 978-1568300894.  
  40. ^ "About the TBP Setting" . Anthro.  
  41. ^ "Index" . Anthro.  
  42. ^ "Stories" (Apr/May 2002). TSAT: Transformation Stories, Art, Talk (21).  
  43. ^ Carlson, Jeff, ed. (1995). The World's Best Online Fiction 1995 (pdf). eSCENE. Retrieved on 2007-05-13. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1497 - Pope Alexander VI excommunicates Girolamo Savonarola.
  44. ^ Miller, Steve (Jul 1994). "alt.pave.the.earth". Wired (2. 07).  
  45. ^ The Shared Universe Project. Windstorm Creative (2006-12-27). Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 537 - The Hagia Sophia is completed 1512 - The Spanish Crown issues the Laws of Burgos, governing the Retrieved on 2007-01-14. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1129 - Formal approval of the Order of the Templar at the Council of Troyes.
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