State / Territory / Region	Name used
Algeria	Taxi collectif
Angola	Candongueiro
Botswana	Kombi (After VW's Kombi)
Brazil	Táxi lotação, alternativo
Bulgaria	Marshrutka (маршрутка)
Canada	Jitney In Quebec, taxi collectif or transport collectif par taxi
Colombia	Colectivo, Buseta
Chile	Colectivo
Congo (DRC)	Taxibus
Dominican Republic	Concho, Carro Público
Egypt	Mashrou' (مشروع)
Estonia	Liinitakso or marsruuttakso
Ethiopia	Minibus taxi
Gambia	Tanka tanka
Germany	Sammeltaxi
Ghana	Tro-tro
Haiti	Tap-Tap Cab
Hong Kong	English: Public light bus or minibus Chinese: 公共小型巴士 or 小巴
Indonesia	Bemo, Colt, Oplet or Mikrolet
India	Shared taxi, Six-seater auto, Eight-seater auto, Phat-a-Phat, Polaamboo
Israel	Monit Sherut מונית שירות
Italy	Taxi collettivo
Kazakhstan	Marshrutka (маршрутное такси, or маршрутка)
Kenya	Matatu (Mathree)
Lebanon	Service (سرفيس)
Latvia	Maršruta taksometrs
Lithuania	Maršrutinis taksi
Mali	Sotrouma
Malaysia	Pempena Executive Taxi
Mexico	Auto de Ruta (Ruletero), Colectivo, Rutero, Pesero or Combi, (pesero and combi, usually a small bus)
Morocco	Grand Taxi, Petit Taxi
Mozambique	Chapa (pronounced sha-pa)
New Zealand	Shuttle van
Nigeria	Molue or Danfo
Pakistan	Local Van or Vagon
Peru	Combi
Philippines	Jeepney or V–Hire ( Vehicle for Hire)
Poland	Bus, busik, minibus, mikrobus, nyska
Puerto Rico	Carros Públicos, Guagua, Pisa y Corre
Romania	Maxi-taxi
Russia	Marshrutka (маршрутное такси, or маршрутка)
Rwanda	Taxi or Twegerane
Senegal	Car Rapide
Sierra Leone	Poda-poda
Slovakia	Strely (In Martin, Martinské strely)
Singapore	Minibus
Somalia	Caasi, xaajiqamsiin or koostar
South Africa	Minibus-taxi or Teksi
Syria	Service (سرفيس)
Tanzania	Dala-dala
Thailand	Songthaew
Trinidad and Tobago	Maxi taxi
Tunisia	Louage
Turkey	Dolmuş
Uganda	Kamunye, Matatu or Taxi
Ukraine	Marshrutka (маршрутка)
United Kingdom	Demand Responsive Transport, DRT
United States	Circulator, jitney, dollar van, shuttle service, shared ride limousine
Uzbekistan	Marshrutka (маршрутка)
Venezuela	Por puesto
Zimbabwe	Commuter Omnibus or Tshova
Many West and Central African countries, & Madagascar	Bush taxi (French: Taxi brousse)
Some Latin American countries	Publicos, colectivos

A share taxi is a mode of transport that falls between private transport and conventional bus transport, often with a fixed or semi-fixed route, but with the added convenience of stopping anywhere to pick or drop passengers and not having fixed time schedules. Algeria ( ar [[Arabic]] الجزائر, Al Jaza'ir ælʤæˈzæːʔir Amazigh: ⴷⵥⴰⵢⴻⵔ Dzayer) officially the People's Angola, officially the Republic of Angola (República de Angola Pronounced ʁɛˈpublikɐ dɨ ɐ̃ˈgɔlɐ Repubilika ya Ngola is a country in south-central The Republic of Botswana (Lefatshe la Botswana is a Landlocked nation in Southern Africa. |utc_offset = -2 to -4 |time_zone_DST = BRST |utc_offset_DST = -2 to -5 |cctld The state of Bulgaria (България transliterated bg-Latn ''Balgaria'' The country preserves the traditions (in ethnic name language and alphabet of the First Bulgarian Marshrutka ( Bulgarian, маршру́тка mɘr'ʂrutkɘ from marshrutnoye taksi (Mаршрутное такси is a Share taxi in Country to "Dominion of Canada" or "Canadian Federation" or anything else please read the Talk Page Quebec (kwɨˈbɛk Colombia (kəˈlʌmbɪə officially the Republic of Colombia () is a country in northwestern South America. Colectivo is the name given in Argentina to public transportation vehicles especially those of Argentina's capital city, Buenos Aires. Chile, officially the Republic of Chile ( Spanish:) is a country in South America occupying a long and narrow Coastal strip wedged between the Colectivo is the name given in Argentina to public transportation vehicles especially those of Argentina's capital city, Buenos Aires. The Democratic Republic of the Congo (République démocratique du Congo often referred to as DR Congo, DRC or RDC, and formerly known or referred to The Dominican Republic ( Spanish: República Dominicana;) is a nation located in the Caribbean region and shares the island of Hispaniola with This article is about the country of Egypt For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Egypt topics. Estonia, officially the Republic of Estonia ( Eesti or Eesti Vabariik) is a Country in Northern Europe in the Baltic region NOTE This intro is the result of careful NPOV work Please do not make potentially controversial edits to it without first discussing on the talk page Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. The Republic of Ghana is a country in West Africa. It borders Côte d'Ivoire (Ivory Coast to the west Burkina Faso to the north Togo to the Haiti ( English: ˈheɪ·tiː or haɪ·ˈjiː·tiː French Haïti a·i·ti Haitian Creole: Tap-Tap cabs (also known as 'camionettes' serve as Mass transportation in Haiti. Hong Kong ( officially the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, is a territory located on China 's south coast on the Pearl River Delta, and borders English is a West Germanic language originating in England and is the First language for most people in the United Kingdom, the United States The Republic of Indonesia ( (Republik Indonesia is a Country in Southeast Asia. India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Israel topics. Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest Kazakhstan, also Kazakstan ( Қазақстан, Qazaqstan, qɑzɑqˈstɑn Казахстан, Kazakhstán,) officially the Marshrutka ( Bulgarian, маршру́тка mɘr'ʂrutkɘ from marshrutnoye taksi (Mаршрутное такси is a Share taxi in The Republic of Kenya is a country in East Africa. It is bordered by Ethiopia to the north Somalia to the northeast Tanzania to the south Lebanon (ˈlɛbənɒn Arabic: ar لبنان Lubnān) officially the Republic of Lebanon or Lebanese Republic (ar الجمهورية اللبنانية Latvia ( Latvija officially the Republic of Latvia (Latvijas Republika is a Country in Northern Europe in the Baltic region. Lithuania, officially the Republic of Lithuania (Lietuvos Respublika is a Country in Eastern often referred to as Northern Europe or in the Mali, officially the Republic of Mali (République du Mali is a Landlocked nation in Western Africa. For the biogeographical region see Malesia Malaysia (məˈleɪʒə or /məˈleɪziə/ is a country that consists of thirteen states and The United Mexican States ( or commonly Mexico (ˈmɛksɪkoʊ () is a federal constitutional Republic in North America. A pesero is a form of public transport most commonly seen in Mexico City. Morocco (المغرب "al-Maghrib" officially the Kingdom of Morocco (المملكة المغربية is a country located in North Africa Mozambique, officially the Republic of Mozambique (Moçambique or República de Moçambique, ʁɛ'publikɐ d musɐ̃'bik is a country in southeastern Africa New Zealand is an Island country in the south-western Pacific Ocean comprising two main landmasses (the North Island and the South Island Nigeria, officially named the Federal Republic of Nigeria, is a federal Constitutional republic comprising thirty-six states and one Federal Pakistan () officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, is a country located in South Asia, Southwest Asia, Middle East and Peru (Perú Piruw Piruw officially the Republic of Peru ( reˈpuβlika del peˈɾu is a country in western South America. The Philippines ( Filipino: Pilipinas, officially known as the Republic of the Philippines (fil ''Republika ng Pilipinas'' RP Jeepneys are the most popular means of Public transportation in the Philippines. See also Taxicab A vehicle for hire is a Vehicle providing Shared transportation which transports one or more passengers between locations Poland (Polska officially the Republic of Poland Puerto Rico (ˌpwertoˈriko officially the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico ("Estado Libre Asociado de Puerto Rico" {{lang-en|"Associated Free State of Puerto Rico"}} Romania ( dated: Rumania, Roumania Russia (Россия Rossiya) or the Russian Federation ( Rossiyskaya Federatsiya) is a transcontinental Country extending Marshrutka ( Bulgarian, маршру́тка mɘr'ʂrutkɘ from marshrutnoye taksi (Mаршрутное такси is a Share taxi in The Republic of Rwanda (ruːˈændə or /rəˈwɑːndə/ in English ɾwanda or in Kinyarwanda is a small Landlocked country in the Senegal (le Sénégal officially the Republic of Senegal, is a country south of the Sénégal River in western Africa. Sierra Leone, officially the Republic of Sierra Leone, is a country in West Africa. Slovakia (long form Slovak Republic; Slovak:, long form, is a Landlocked country in Central Europe with a population of over five million Martin ( Turčiansky Svätý Martin until 1950 Turócszentmárton German: Turz-Sankt Martin, Latin: Sanctus Martinus / Martinopolis) Singapore Somalia ( Soomaaliya; الصومال) officially the Somali Republic ( Jamhuuriyadda Soomaaliya, جمهورية الصومال) and formerly known The Republic of South Africa (also known by other official names) is a country located at the southern tip of the continent of Africa Syria ( سوريّة or) officially the Syrian Arab Republic (Arabic ar الجمهورية العربية السورية Tanzania ˌtænzəˈniːə officially the United Republic of Tanzania (Jamhuri ya Muungano wa Tanzania is a country in East Africa bordered by Kenya The Kingdom of Thailand (ˈtaɪlænd ราชอาณาจักรไทย, râːtɕʰa-ʔaːnaːtɕɑ̀k-tʰɑj A songthaew ( Thai สองแถว literally "two rows" also known in English as a baht bus, is a passenger vehicle in Thailand and The Republic of Trinidad and Tobago (ˈtrɪnɪdæd ən təˈbeɪgoʊ is an archipelagic state in the southern Caribbean, lying northeast of the South American Maxi taxis are private owner-operated Minibuses in Trinidad and Tobago that are used in Public transport. Tunisia (تونس Tūnis officially the Tunisian Republic ( is a country located in North Africa. Turkey (Türkiye known officially as the Republic of Turkey ( is a Eurasian Country that stretches The Republic of Uganda is a Landlocked country in East Africa. Ukraine (Україна Ukrayina, /ukrɑˈjinɑ/ is a country in Eastern Europe. Marshrutka ( Bulgarian, маршру́тка mɘr'ʂrutkɘ from marshrutnoye taksi (Mаршрутное такси is a Share taxi in The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Uzbekistan, officially the Republic of Uzbekistan ( Uzbek: O‘zbekiston Respublikasi or Ўзбекистон Республикаси is a doubly Marshrutka ( Bulgarian, маршру́тка mɘr'ʂrutkɘ from marshrutnoye taksi (Mаршрутное такси is a Share taxi in Venezuela (ˌvɛnəˈzweɪlə) officially the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela (Spanish República Bolivariana de Venezuela) is a country on the See also Great Zimbabwe National Monument. For information about the March and June 2008 presidential elections see Zimbabwean presidential election West Africa or Western Africa is the Westernmost Region of the African Continent. Central Africa is a core Region of the African Continent often considered to include Burundi, the Central African Republic, Chad Madagascar, or Republic of Madagascar (older name Malagasy Republic) is an Island nation in the Indian Ocean off the southeastern French ( français,) is a Romance language spoken around the world by 118 million people as a native language and by about 180 to 260 million people Mode of transport (or means of transport or transport mode or transport modality or form of transport) is a general term for the different The vehicles used range from standard 4 seater cars up to minibuses.

Share taxis are the main system of public transport in many countries (especially developing countries) and are known by many different names around the world (see table). Developing countries are countries that haven't reached Western-style standards of democratic government free market economy industrialization social programs and human rights guaranties They are often privately owned and have an anarchic operating style, lacking central control or organisation. In many countries they create problems that are due to the ways in which they are driven and the conditions of their almost always old, polluting and often dangerous vehicles. Indeed in many places such services are illegal or banned.

Over the last few years the attitudes of planners and policy makers has begun to look on them as solutions as well as sources of problems. This interest is also starting to take shape in the more advanced economies which are looking more closely at movement solutions where regulations have changed to allow such services, many of which are supported by advanced information technology, including GPS tracking, internet booking systems and mobile phones to coordinate passengers and vehicles.

Types of vehicle

Share taxis come in various vehicle types, including minibuses, midibuses, covered pickup trucks, station wagons, or lorries. Vehicles, derived from the Latin word vehiculum, are non-living Means of transport. "Microbus" redirects here For the Volkswagen Microbus see Volkswagen Type 2. OptareSolojpg|thumb|right|An Optare Solo midibus]]A midibus is a classification of single decker buses which are identified as neither being Minibuses or full A pickup truck is a light Motor vehicle with an open-top rear cargo area which is almost always separated from the cab to allow for chassis flex when carrying or pulling A station wagon (or simply wagon) in American, Australian, Canadian and New Zealand usage and an estate car (or just estate This article is about the semi-truck For the North American use of the word see Pickup truck.

Operation

Vehicle ownership

Share taxis are operated under two main models:

• Operated by a company, or subcontracted by a public transit authority. ^[1][2] Often, individual vehicles are owned by individual drivers but operate under the same company name. Alternatively, the cars are owned by a single company that pays the drivers.
• Private vehicles. These tend to be more overloaded than company vehicles, sometimes with passengers sitting on the roof, on the bonnet, and in the boot. The hood (North America or bonnet (Commonwealth is the Hinged cover over the Engine of Motor vehicles that allows access They are usually owned by individuals, who do not involve themselves in the day-to-day running of the taxi. Instead they either employ a driver and a conductor, who maintain and operate the vehicle, or they rent it out for a daily fee, allowing the renter to keep all profits. Driving is the controlled operation of a land Vehicle, usually a Motor vehicle such as a Truck or a car. Train Conductor (North America The Conductor is the railway employee charged with the management of a freight passenger or various other types of Train, and is In some countries these private vehicles are illegal, but often operate anyway, attracting customers with lower prices.

The terminus

A minibus share taxi in Cameroon.

A row of minibus share taxis waiting to depart in Kigali, Rwanda.

A given share taxi route usually starts and finishes in central locations known as taxi parks, lorry parks, motor parks, garages, autogares, gares routières, or paragems. These are usually located near the centre of a town or near a major market. Larger towns often have several taxi parks, one for each road out or for each major destination. Other towns have no centralised taxi parks, with taxis departing from the roadside. There will also be smaller taxi parks in the suburbs of large towns, which serve as the terminus for urban share taxis to that destination.

When passengers arrive at a taxi park, they are often assailed by people known as touts, coti-men, or taxi scouts, whose job is to persuade travellers to use their specific vehicle or taxi company with efforts that range from praising the comfort of their vehicle to promising a quick journey or grabbing baggage and throwing it atop their car. Nevertheless, most share taxis only leave the taxi park after all possible seats have been sold, whether that be a matter of minutes, hours, or days. Taxis headed to more popular destinations thus generally have lower wait times, though such locales are often serviced by more than one company. Travellers often opt for the car with the more passengers, leading some companies to sit employees in cars to make them seem fuller than they really are. The cars sometimes follow a loose schedule, though this is seldom made public.

In some towns and villages, taxis are not affiliated with any particular company and several privately owned cars queue up to travel. Despite the fact that they are all in effect competitors, drivers still wait for other cars to depart before they begin to fill up their own vehicles.

Along the route

Share taxis service most major towns on major roads, though more popular destinations tend to have more cars travelling in and out per day. Ticket prices vary, but rates are often set by the government to take into account road conditions, distances, and time of year. Thus, taxis travelling lower-quality roads tend to be more expensive than those servicing towns on paved routes. In addition, taxis that cross international borders cost even more (and are often illegal). With some vehicles, payment must be made towards the beginning of the journey, while in others it is made after alighting. Passengers can usually purchase a ticket for a reduced price if they wish to get out at another destination on the same route. Luggage, which often includes livestock and produce, is usually placed on top of the vehicle for an extra, negotiable fee (though this fee is often not actually required). The earliest vehicles for most destinations leave between 6 and 9 AM, though more remote locations often leave much earlier.

Once the share taxi leaves the taxi park, it then proceeds along its route. Drivers generally stop to drop passengers wherever they want to alight and to pick up those who flag down the vehicle from the side of the road. Usually the vehicle continues along its route even if it is not always full, although prevarication and long delays are common. Passengers picked up en route pay their fare to the conductor, who rides with the passengers (sometimes in a standing position), opens and closes the door, and handles any extra baggage. The conductor and/or driver remembers exactly which passenger got on where; nevertheless, arguments about the price often take place.

Because of the horrible conditions of many roads in developing countries, share taxi rides are often slow-going and physically demanding. Voyages are also hard on the taxis themselves, and vehicles frequently break down en route. Drivers and mechanics are often experts at repairing vehicles despite a serious lack of proper parts. Trips on share taxis can be quite dangerous, as well, since drivers are pressured to arrive as quickly as possible. This also means that with better road conditions drivers can go at even more dangerous speeds than usual. Other travel hazards sometimes encountered are road bandits and police checkpoints.

Traditional systems around the world

Black taxi (Northern Ireland)

In some towns in Northern Ireland, notably certain districts in Ballymena, Belfast, Derry and Newry, share taxi services operate using Hackney carriages. Northern Ireland (Tuaisceart Éireann Ulster Scots: Norlin Airlann) is a Country within the United Kingdom, lying in the northeast of Ballymena ( is a Town in County Antrim, Northern Ireland and the seat of Ballymena Borough Council. Belfast ( is the capital city of Northern Ireland and the seat of government in Northern Ireland. Newry ( short form An tIúr, "The Yew" is the fourth largest city in Northern Ireland and eighth on the island of Ireland. See also Taxicab ||-||-||}A hackney or hackney carriage (also called a cab or hack) is a Carriage or Automobile These services developed during The Troubles as public bus services were often interrupted due to street rioting. Riots are a form of Civil disorders characterized by disorganized groups lashing out in a sudden and intense rash of Violence, Vandalism or other Taxi collectives are closely linked with political groups - those operating in Catholic areas with Sinn Féin, those in Protestant areas with loyalist paramilitaries and their political wings. Sinn Féin () is a political party in Ireland. The current party led by Gerry Adams was formed following a split in January 1970 Ulster loyalism is a militant unionist ideology held mostly by Protestants in Northern Ireland. A paramilitary is a force whose function and organization are similar to those of a professional military force but which are not regarded as having the same status

Typically, fares approximate to those of Translink operated bus services on the same route. Translink is the brand name of the Northern Ireland Transport Holding Company (NITHCo a public corporation in Northern Ireland which provides the Public Service frequencies are typically higher than on bus services, especially at peak times, although limited capacities mean that passengers living close to the termini may find it difficult to find a black taxi with seats available in the rush hour. Rush hour at Shinjuku 02JPG|thumb|right|250px|Rush hour at Shinjuku Station, Yamanote Line]] A rush hour or peak hour is a part of the day during which

Bush taxi (West and Central Africa)

A Toyota Corolla estate bush taxi.

There are three main types of bush taxi (French taxi brousse, Mandinka tanka tanka): the station wagon, the minibus, and the lorry. A station wagon (or simply wagon) in American, Australian, Canadian and New Zealand usage and an estate car (or just estate This article is about the semi-truck For the North American use of the word see Pickup truck. Many are previously owned vehicles imported from Europe or Japan, while others are assembled from parts in regional centres such as Nigeria or Kenya. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Japan topics. Nigeria, officially named the Federal Republic of Nigeria, is a federal Constitutional republic comprising thirty-six states and one Federal The Republic of Kenya is a country in East Africa. It is bordered by Ethiopia to the north Somalia to the northeast Tanzania to the south The original seating of the vehicles is usually stripped out in order to allocate more and longer benches and thus more passenger space. In addition, more people generally sit on each bench than would be the case in more developed countries. They are often in poor condition, though wealthier countries tend to have better-maintained vehicles.

In the past, most station-wagon bush taxis were modified 1980s-model Peugeot 504s. The 1980s was the decade spanning from January 1 1980 to December 31 1989. The Peugeot 504 is a Large family car produced by French automaker Peugeot between 1968 and 1983 in Europe. In some countries they are known as "five-seaters" or "seven-seaters" (French sept-place), but in fact, they may seat nine passengers or more. The cars have three rows of seats. Today, however, other models, such as the Peugeot 505 or the Toyota Corolla have supplanted the 504 in some countries and are gaining ground in others. The Peugeot 505 was an Executive car produced by the French manufacturer Peugeot from 1979 to 1992 in Sochaux, France The Toyota Corolla is a line of subcompact / Compact cars produced by the Japanese Automaker Toyota, which has become very popular throughout

Typically two passengers are seated on the front seat next to the driver, and four passengers in each of the two back rows. Sometimes, in particular on less-frequented routes, bush taxis are even more crowded and passenger might even sit on the roof or the trunk. Bush taxis in wealthier countries tend to be less crowded. For example, in Nigeria bush taxis (of both the station wagon or minibus type) are called three-across if only three passenger sit in each row. If four passengers sit in each row the bush taxi is accordingly called four-across.

The minibus (French minicar) is quickly becoming the most common type of bush taxi in West and Central Africa, especially for longer trips. Minibuses are van-like vehicles that may seat between 12 and 20 passengers. A van is a kind of vehicle used for Transporting goods or groups of people Due to the vehicles' larger size, drivers often also employ a helper who rides in the back portion of the vehicle and tells them when to stop to let people off or helps load and unload baggage. Minibuses tend to travel at a slower pace, and they take longer to fill up and to pass through police checkpoints. These vehicles generally charge more than standard buses but less than Peugeot-type bush taxis.

The lorry bush taxi (French bâché) is also sometimes encountered. It is a typical lorry (or truck) with benches along the sides of the bed for passengers. There is often a cover for the bed as well. Routes serviced by lorries often require travel over worse roads and to more remote areas than the other types.

Carro Público or Concho (Dominican Republic)

Carros Públicos (literally "Public Cars") run fixed routes along main roads and throughout bigger cities in the Dominican Republic from the early morning to late night.

In the cities, different routes are designated by letter and number combinations. In other areas, no such designations exist.

Dala-dala (Tanzania)

The origin of the word is attributed to different sources. One is that it is derived from the Swahili word dala, jargon for 'five'. When Daladala made their first appearance in the late 1960s, the standard fare for a trip was five cents. Daladalas are sometimes known as 'Gobole' and more recently, as 'Vipanya'. In Arusha they are commonly called 'Hiace' after the Toyota minibus model most commonly in use (pronounced 'haice'). This article refers to the city of Arusha For other uses see Arusha (disambiguation. The Toyota Hiace is a motor vehicle produced by the Japanese manufacturer Toyota. Many times the Dala-dala are filled with everything from goats to the daily market produce to the latest entrepreneurial venture of the day. People wanting to board must act fast and hold their position to gain access to the shared Dala-dala as everyone is usually fighting for their space.

Toll collectors are termed "mpigadebe" - literally, 'a person who hits a debe' (a 4 gallon tin container used for transporting gasoline or water). This is in reference to the fact that they are often hitting the roof and side of the van to attract customer attention and to notify the driver when to leave the station.

Dolmuş (Turkey)

A Dolmuş

A dolmuş (pronounced DOLE-moosh) is a privately owned vehicle, normally with a capacity of 14 passengers, that runs on set routes within cities. It also runs to and from outlying towns and villages.

Dolmuşes mostly work on a fixed fee system: whatever the distance, passengers pay a set amount for the route, although there can be different prices for different distance groups in larger cities' dolmuşes. Cities have dedicated dolmuş stops as for buses, but on quieter routes a dolmuş may be hailed at any point on the route.

Dolmuş means "full" or "stuffed", as they depart not on fixed schedules but when sufficient passengers have boarded. It is customary for the passengers to cooperate in passing fares forward to the driver and passing change back.

There are actually two different share taxi systems in Turkey, and dolmuş is one of them, which is rapidly becoming a common name for both systems. In the traditional manner the dolmuşes are somehow vans providing a relatively comfortable transportation. They are also one of the most expensive mass transport alternatives. Minibuses however, are actually minibuses of 14 - 20 people. The picture on the right hand side shows a typical minibus. They are much cheaper and much easier to get access, because the streets are full of them.

Since rapid transit in Turkish cities is still being developed, a dolmuş is often the only alternative. Dolmuş drivers have a reputation for being aggressive, fearless and rude; and driving dangerously fast without paying attention to traffic rules. However, a dolmuş ride is also considered the only reliable form of rapid transit in Istanbul, for being the only form of mass transit running 24 hours a day.

Jeepney (Philippines)

A colorful jeepney

See Main article: Jeepney

Jitney (USA and Canada)

A jitney is a North American English term which originally referred to a livery vehicle intermediate between a taxi and a bus. Jeepneys are the most popular means of Public transportation in the Philippines. It is generally a small-capacity vehicle that follows a rough service route, but can go slightly out of its way to pick up and drop off passengers. In many US cities (e. g. Pittsburgh and Detroit), the term jitney refers to an unlicensed taxi cab.

The name jitney comes from the colloquial term for a five-cent piece in the US. The common fare for the service when it first came into use was five cents, so the five-cent cab or jitney cab came to be known for the price charged.

In some US jurisdictions the limit to a jitney is seven passengers. In Rhode Island a jitney license plate is used for all public passenger buses, even for larger ones.

While jitneys are fairly common in many other countries, such as the Philippines, they have appeared in the past in the U. S. and Canada. The first U. S. jitneys ran in Los Angeles, California in 1914. Los Angeles (lɑˈsændʒələs los ˈaŋxeles in Spanish) is the largest City in the state of California and the American West By 1915, there were 62,000 nationwide . Local regulations, demanded by streetcar companies, killed the jitney in most places. By the end of 1916, only 6,000 jitneys remained. ^[3][4][5] Similarly, in Vancouver, Canada, in the 1920s, jitneys competed directly with the streetcar monopoly, operating along the same routes as the streetcars but charging lower fares. Operators were referred to as "Jitney Men. " They were so successful that the city government banned them at the request of the streetcar operators.

Since the oil crisis of 1973-74, jitneys have reappeared in some areas of the United States, particularly inner city areas once served by streetcars and private buses. (An increase in bus fares usually leads to a significant rise in jitney usage. ) Liberalization of jitneys is often encouraged by libertarian urban economists, such as Rutgers' James Dunn and USC's Peter Gordon, as a more "market-friendly" alternative to public transportation. However, concerns over fares, insurance liabilities, and passenger safety have kept legislative support for jitneys decidedly tepid. Nevertheless, in New York City, jitneys (known as "dollar vans" because of their original price) are regulated and remain popular especially outside of Manhattan. The City of New York A dollar van (also known as commuter van or jitney) is a privately owned transportation vehicle used to carry passengers Manhattan Island, in New York Harbor, is much the largest part of the Borough of Manhattan, one of the Five Boroughs which form the City of New York

Miami has the country's most comprehensive jitney network, sparking from its Caribbean influence. ^[6]

Liinitakso (Estonia)

Share taxis in Estonia are mostly found in Tallinn, the capital. Tallinn (historically known by the German, Swedish and Danish name Reval or the Polish name Rewal, among other names They are called liinitakso (the official name), marsruuttakso (an old name but still widely used) or marsa (a slang name).

Marshrutka (Russia and the Republics of the Former Soviet Union)

Marshrutka ('Marshrutky' plural) can be found from one end of the former Soviet Union to other, from Termez on the border with Afghanistan to Murmansk in Arctic, and from Vladivostok to European Russia.

See Main article: Marshrutka

Matatu (Kenya)

Matatu station in Kampala, Uganda

The origin of the word matatu is ascribed to different sources. Marshrutka ( Bulgarian, маршру́тка mɘr'ʂrutkɘ from marshrutnoye taksi (Mаршрутное такси is a Share taxi in Kampala is the Capital city of Uganda. With a population of 1208544 (2002 it is the largest city in Uganda The Republic of Uganda is a Landlocked country in East Africa. One attribution is that it is derived from the Swahili word tatu, meaning three. When matatus made their first appearance in the late 1960s, the standard fare for a trip was three shillings. The shilling ( ISO 4217 code KES, also often used KSh) is the Currency of Kenya. ^[7] Matatu are sometimes known as 'ma3' as the swahili word for "three" is tatu, normally used in text messaging and more recently, as 'mats' in Sheng, Kenya's creolised swahili language. Matatus are mostly Isuzu minibuses; other popular models include the Nissan Caravan and Toyota Hiace. ( is a Japanese car commercial vehicle and heavy truck manufacturing company, headquartered in Tokyo. The Toyota Hiace is a motor vehicle produced by the Japanese manufacturer Toyota.

Until the Kenyan government enforced new laws to regulate the matatu sector, matatu vehicles were characteristically painted colorfully, commonly featuring pictures and caricatures of anything currently in vogue. If, for example, a single by Beyoncé were at Number One, one might easily find a matatu named after her or her song, with her picture prominent on both the inside and outside of the vehicle. Beyoncé Giselle Knowles (born September 4 1981 commonly known as Beyoncé (biːˈɑn They also use names of famous people all over the world be it singers, sportsmen, etc. like Martina Hingis, Jennifer Lopez, George Bush and so on.

Many Kenyan matatus were also equipped with powerful car audio systems, including high-powered woofers and sub-woofers. Loud music was a popular means of advertising, the theory being that the matatu with the loudest and most fashionable hip-hop or reggae music would appeal to a larger crowd, hence making higher profits. That is why the youth normally use the 'dot-com' mathrees usually referred to as manyanga/nganya and the older people use the more quieter ones-wangora or ya wazazi (for parents). This is because majority of them have no music at all and are always slow.

Unsafe behavior by matatu operators, including speeding and violations of traffic laws, allegedly contributed to increasingly dangerous driving conditions on the streets of Nairobi. For this and other reasons, the government of Kenya implemented laws regulating the matatu industry on 31 January, 2004.

More generally, 'matatu culture' has been characterized by a cut-throat approach to business that emphasizes quick profits. Numerous anti-social practices have allegedly been linked to the matatu business, including:

• Bribery of traffic policemen
• Corruption and sexual molestation of young girls by matatu drivers or crew
• Petty crime: Outright theft from passengers, overcharging, pickpocketing, physical assault, verbal abuse and general intimidation of the travelling public
• Young men dropping out of school to become touts and drivers

See also: Transport in Kenya

Minibus taxi (Ethiopia)

Minibus taxis in Ethiopia are one of the most important modes of transport in big cities like Addis Ababa. Kenya has a relatively well-developed transport system compared to neighbouring countries in Africa They are preferred by the majority of the populace over public buses and more traditional taxicabs because they are generally cheap, operate on diverse routes, and are available in abundance. All minibus taxis in Ethiopia have a standard blue-and-white coloring scheme, much like the yellow color of New York taxicabs. Minibus taxis are usually Toyota Hiace, but other makes, including Volkswagen Kombis have also been observed. The Toyota Hiace is a motor vehicle produced by the Japanese manufacturer Toyota. They typically can carry 11 passengers. The minibus driver has a crew member called a "weyala". A weyala is a conductor who receives fares on minibus taxis in Ethiopia.

To get a ride on a minibus, one has to either go straight to a minibus terminal or hail one that is passing by on the road. In both cases, the weyala will inform potential passengers of the minibus's itinerary simply by shouting out the destination of the minibus. It is the passenger's responsibility to assess the route the minibus is taking with respect to his/her own destination before boarding the minibus. Minibus taxis don't have fixed stops along their route, but instead the passenger is required to inform the weyala, who in turn informs the driver to stop at a desired location.

Despite providing a living for thousands of people and cheap transportation for the masses, minibus taxis have increasingly been making the headlines for all the wrong reasons. In a recent study, minibus taxis were implicated in 85% of all road accidents recorded in metropolitan Addis Ababa. This figure can be attributed to many factors: driving over the speed limit, reckless driving, and the poor maintenance condition of the minibus taxis. Many minibus taxi drivers regularly chew 'chat' (a mild stimulant) to offset fatigue due to their 16-18 hour shifts. This leads them to be aggressive and irritable on the road. Also recently, pickpocketing aboard minibuses is becoming a real problem.

Minibus taxi (South Africa)

Cape Town minibus taxi rank

See also: Taxi wars in South Africa

Over 60% of South Africa's commuters use shared minibus taxis (16 seater commuter buses). Causes Prior to 1987 the taxi industry was highly regulated and controlled with Black taxi operators declined These vehicles are mostly unsafe and not roadworthy, and often dangerously overloaded. Minibus taxi drivers are well known for their disregard of traffic rules.

Prior to 1987, the taxi industry in South Africa was highly regulated and controlled. Black taxi operators were declined permits in the Apartheid era and all minibus taxi operations were, by their very nature, illegal.

Post 1987, the industry was rapidly deregulated, leading to an influx of new minibus taxi operators, keen to make money off the high demand for this service. Taxi operators banded together to form local and national associations. Because the industry was largely unregulated and the official regulating bodies corrupt, these associations soon engaged in anti-competitive price fixing and exhibited gangster tactics - including the hiring of hit-men and all-out gang warfare. Price fixing is an agreement between business competitors to sell the same product or service at the same price During the height of the conflict, it was not uncommon for taxi drivers to carry shotguns and AK-47's to simply shoot rival taxi drivers and their passengers on sight.

Currently the South African Government is attempting to formalize and re-regulate the out-of-control minibus taxi industry. Along with new legislation, the government has instituted a 7-year recapitalization scheme to replace the old and unroadworthy vehicles with new 18 and 35-seater minibuses.

Public light bus (Hong Kong)

A public light bus (left) and a double-decker bus (right) in Hong Kong. A Public light bus is a common public Mode of transport in Hong Kong. A double-decker bus is a Bus that has two levels While double-decker long-distance coaches are in widespread use around the world double-decker city buses are Hong Kong ( officially the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, is a territory located on China 's south coast on the Pearl River Delta, and borders

Public light buses (Chinese: 公共小型巴士), also known as minibus or maxicab (Chinese: 小巴), run the length and breadth of Hong Kong, through areas which the standard bus lines cannot or do not reach as frequently, quickly or directly. Hong Kong ( officially the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, is a territory located on China 's south coast on the Pearl River Delta, and borders Minibuses carry a maximum of 16 seated passengers; no standing passengers are allowed. Minibuses typically offer a faster and more efficient transportation solution due to their small size, limited carrying capacity, frequency and diverse range of routes, although they are generally slightly more expensive than standard buses. The popularity of public light bus services in Hong Kong is due to the high population densities which are needed to support the extensive network of minibus routes. There are two types of public light minibus, Green minibuses and Red minibuses. Both types have a cream coloured body, the distinguishing feature being the colour of the external roof, and the type of service that the colour denotes.

See Main article: Public light bus

Shared Taxi (India)

As one example, "Shared taxis" - and known just as that – have been operating in Mumbai, India, since the early 1970’s. A Public light bus is a common public Mode of transport in Hong Kong. These are more like a point to point service that operates only during the peak hours. During off peak hours, they ply just like the regular taxis, can be hailed anywhere on the roads, and passengers are charged by the meter. But in order to bridge the gap between demand and supply, during peak hours, several of them operate as Shared Taxis, taking a full cab load of passengers to a more or less common destination. The pick-up points for these taxis are fixed, and are marked by a post that says, “Shared Taxis” and cabs line up at this point during peak hours. They display the general destination they are headed for on their windscreens, and passengers just get in and wait for the cab to fill up. As soon as this happens - which takes less than a couple of minutes - the cab moves off. Fares are a fixed amount – fixed between the Taxi Unions and the authorities for the point to point distance - and are far lower than the metered fare to the same destination, but higher than the bus or train fare. Time taken is obviously much less than that by bus. These taxis are very popular because of the lack of waiting time, faster journey speeds, greater comfort, and absence of the crush loads of peak hour commuter traffic in buses and trains. Generally, the taxi drivers choose the locality that they live in, in the suburbs as the destination in the evenings, and in the mornings, the destinations are always the CBD in South Mumbai. "

Sherut (Israel)

Sherut is a Hebrew word meaning "service". It refers to vans which serve as taxis in Israel, that operate on fixed routes, usually similar to bus lines, and take passengers for fixed point-to-point fares, which are similar and sometimes lower than bus fares. Sherut taxis don't have fixed timetable and will normally leave when they fill up with passengers. They are willing to stop at places that aren't designated bus stops if people flag them down or request to get off. In addition, they operate outside of normal bus companies business days, providing a major form of public transportation during weekends and holidays (when no public buses are available).

Shuttle Service (US)

In many places in the US shuttle services offer shared rides, particularly on popular routes, e. g. from/to the airport. Many Limousine and Sedan companies also offer shared rides. Passengers are picked up and dropped off at various destinations, just like with a cab you get "door to door" service, although the trip may take longer with other people being picked up/ dropped off on the way. Rates are lower than for cabs, even if the driver does not manage to pick up other riders for that particular tour.

Tap-Tap Cab (Haiti)

Tap-tap cab in Port-au-Prince.

The Tap-Tap cab serves as mass transportation in Haiti. Urban Tap-Taps are small pick-up trucks with benches and a sun cover, able to manoeuvre in heavy traffic. For longer journeys between cities larger trucks and buses are used. Both are elaborately decorated by their owner/drivers, bright spots in the drab streets. They operate over fixed routes, departing only when full. Tapping on the metal panels at the back of the benches signals the chauffeur to stop for a passenger. One can ride a city tap-tap for five Gourdes.

Taxi collectif (Algeria)

These are generally sedans, minivans, or sometimes compacts with a capacity of four to nine passengers. A minivan, multi-purpose vehicle (abbreviated MPV) people-carrier, people-mover or multi-utility vehicle (shortened The taxi collectif is owned by the driver (who is given a state licence), and must follow a strict route, dropping off and picking up passengers on the way. They usually bear the name of the route on the windshield, and slow down at common taxi stops, which are places where people usually wait for taxis to come.

The passenger pays when he gets off, and the fare depends on the distance he made, calculated according to the distance between common taxi stops, added to a minimum fare. This minimum fare, and the fare from one stop to another is state regulated, but sometimes driver syndicates disagree with the state fares and charge more. However, the fare is always the same from taxi to taxi.

The driver must remember who got in, and when, to be able to get paid accordingly. These taxis are slightly more expensive than buses, but have the advantage of coming more often, and being faster. Also, in villages, these are commonly used to go to nearby cities, and buses have disappeared due to people preferring taxis.

Ordinary taxis, with a meter, are almost non-existent in Algeria. A taximeter is a mechanical or electronic device installed in Taxicabs that calculates passenger fares based on a combination of distance travelled and waiting time However, there are taxis (often labelled as taxis collectifs, even though they only take passengers to one single destination) at bus terminals, airports and such places which can take one anywhere in the city for 200 Algerian dinars. An airport is a location where Aircraft such as airplanes, Helicopters and blimps take off and land The dinar ( Arabic: دينار ISO 4217 code DZD) is the currency of Algeria and it is subdivided into 100 santeem (سنتيم If the driver judges the destination too far, he will charge extra. The price is negotiable.

Due to the problems posed by taxis collectifs, the Canadian Foreign Affairs Ministry^[8] and US State Department^[9] recommend against using them. The Minister of Foreign Affairs (Ministre des Affaires étrangères is the Minister of the Crown in the Canadian Cabinet who is responsible for overseeing the federal

Taxi collectifs (Quebec)

In Quebec share taxis or jitneys are called "taxis collectifs"^[10] (in English "collective taxis"^[11]) or "Transport collectif par taxi"^[12] (in English "Taxibus"^[13]) and are operated by subcontractors to the local transit authorities^{[14][15][16][17]} on fixed routes. Quebec (kwɨˈbɛk In the case of the STM the fare is the same as the local bus fare, but no cash, and transfers are issued or accepted^[18] In case of the STL only monthly passes are accepted. The Société de transport de Montréal ( English: Montreal Transit Corporation) is the agency that operates Buses and the Métro in Société de transport de Laval (STL is the public transit system in the city of Laval, Quebec, Canada. ^[19][20] The Réseau de transport de Longueuil accepts regular RTL tickets and all RTL and TRAM passes (zone 3 and up). Réseau de transport de Longueuil ( RTL) (Longueuil Transit Network is a Public transit carrier in the city of Longueuil, Quebec, Canada The Agence métropolitaine de transport (AMT or (Metropolitan Transportation Agency is the Umbrella organization that plans integrates and coordinates Public transportation ^[21]

See also: Montreal taxibus, RTL shared taxi

Taxi colectivo (México)

Often share-taxi routes in Mexico are ad hoc arrangements to fill in gaps in regular public transportation, (although they may be locally regulated as to fares and routes) and many operate inter-city as well as local routes, in many rural areas, they are the only public transportation. The Société de transport de Montréal ( English: Montreal Transit Corporation) is the agency that operates Buses and the Métro in Réseau de transport de Longueuil ( RTL) (Longueuil Transit Network is a Public transit carrier in the city of Longueuil, Quebec, Canada Ad hoc is a Latin phrase which means "for this [ Purpose ]" In some cases truck-taxi combination vehicles have evolved to transport light goods as well as passengers. Heavily used share-taxi routes often evolve into regulated microbus public transit routes, as has occurred in Mexico City. Mexico City (in Spanish: Ciudad de México, México DF, México or simply Méjico) is the Capital city of Mexico See Pesero. A pesero is a form of public transport most commonly seen in Mexico City.

Tro Tro (Ghana)

Tro tros or just tros are van-like vehicles, ranging from small minibuses within cities to large vans to go between large cities. Typically, within the city, tro-tros seat about 14 people-two in the front seat, and then three rows of four bench seats, which have a folding partition in order to maximise space. The larger vehicles can seat anywhere up to 26 people, although competition for space and limited routes often means that they will be packed to beyond their limits. The ride is packed and uncomfortable, and there is often a great deal of jostling as people try to get out and in from seats at the back.

The tro-tros operate on a commission system, meaning that they will try to get as many people aboard as possible. You can pick up a tro-tro along the road, but all cities in Ghana have a main tro-tro station in order for you to find a route to almost anywhere within the country by some means or another, the biggest being Accra's New Tema Station. Accra is the capital, and most populous city of Ghana. The city also doubles as the capital of the Greater All tro-tros operate with a driver and a ride-along mate whose job it is to take money, open and close the door, and lean out the window looking for passengers.

These vehicles are maintained by the driver, and often they are rickety and unreliable, and fairly dangerous, but they remain the main source of transport across the country or within the city for many people, with Ghana lacking a workable railway system. They should not be confused with the 'line' or 'drop' taxi's, which are, like the bush taxis described above, old cars which will run routes with shared passengers and one driver, or will be available for hire should the traveller pay for it.

Modern technology-based services

Paratransit

Modern Paratransit services, also known as Demand Responsive Transport Systems in the UK, can provide shared transport services in situations where scheduled services are not viable. Paratransit is an alternative mode of flexible passenger transportation that does not follow fixed routes or schedules Traditionally these services had to be booked a day in advance, but are becoming increasingly responsive using modern communications systems with a central booking system accessed by phone or internet and instant communications with GPS tracked vehicles. Unlike scheduled services the vehicles need not operate on fixed routes of timetables, although they do often have constrained routes.

Commercial shared taxis booking services

Some newer taxi share systems now use internet and mobile phone communications for booking and scheduling purposes, with the actual service provided by normal hackney carriage or Private Hire vehicles. See also Taxicab ||-||-||}A hackney or hackney carriage (also called a cab or hack) is a Carriage or Automobile Prospective passengers make bookings and supply destination details using SMS to a central server which aggregates these travel requests and creates packages of trips which are then communicated to drivers.

A Liverpool Hackney Cab Driver.

Commercially operated airport shuttle buses

There are many operators of airport shuttle services between Airports and Hotels around the world that operate on flexible routing and timing to offer a service that is both cheaper than a sole-occupancy taxi and also often more convenient that other forms of public transport. The requirement to carry luggage offers an added incentive to use such services over scheduled transport which will normally require a walk from the drop-off location to the final destination. Services from these operators are starting to spread from airports to railway stations and to other locations.

References

• Burke, Andre, et al (2002). Lonely Planet: West Africa (5th ed. ). Victoria: Lonely Planet Publications Pty Ltd.
• Hudgens, Jim; and Trillo, Richard (2000). West Africa: The Rough Guide (3rd ed. ). London: Rough Guides Ltd.
• Newton, Alex (1994). Lonely Planet: Central Africa. Victoria: Lonely Planet Publications Pty Ltd.
• Google on Shared Taxis

See also

External links

• Warped code of conduct for matatu operators - The Daily Nation
• Road Traffic Injury Statistics
• Nigerian Music Video about the DANFO driver
• xTransit - new role for taxi share in the Information Age New Mobility Agenda