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Shaolin Kung Fu
Chinese: 少林功夫
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Shaolin Kung Fu refers to a collection of Chinese martial arts that claim affiliation with the Shaolin Monastery. Kung fu and wushu are popular terms that have become synonymous with Chinese Martial arts. The hundreds of different styles and schools of Chinese martial arts (中國武術 are collectively called Kung Fu (功夫 Wushu (武術 Kuoshu This article is specifically about the term "kung fu" This article is specifically about the word "Wushu" For the modern exhibition sport see Wushu (sport. San Soo is a form of Chinese martial arts also known as Kung Fu San Soo and San Soo Kung Fu The Shaolin Monastery or Shaolin Temple ( is a Chan Buddhist temple at Song Shan in Zhengzhou City Henan Province The Wudang Mountains ( also known as Wu Tang Shan or simply Wudang, are a small Mountain range in the Hubei province of China, just Biography Contemporary accounts There are two known extant accounts written by contemporaries of Bodhidharma Dong Haichuan (董海川 was born on the 13th of October 1797 (or 1813) in Zhu village Ju Jia Wu Township Wen An County, Hebei Province Huo Yuanjia ( Fok Yuen Gap (c1868-1910 was a Chinese martial artist and co-founder of the Chin Woo Athletic Association, a martial arts school in Shanghai Wu Ch'uan-yu or Wu Quanyuo (吳全佑 (1834–1902 was an influential teacher of T'ai chi ch'uan in late Imperial China. Yang Lu-ch'an or Yang Luchan, 楊露禪 also known as Yang Fu-k'ui (楊福魁 (1799-1872 born in Kuang-p'ing ( Guangping) was an influential teacher of the Hong Kong action cinema is the reason why Hong Kong film industry 's is so well known Wushu, also known as modern wushu or contemporary wushu, is both an exhibition and a full-contact Sport derived from traditional Chinese martial arts Wuxia or Wǔxiá ( Mandarin ùɕiɑ̌ Hanyu Pinyin: Wǔxiá, Cantonese Pinyin: mou5 hap6 Taiwanese/Hokkien bu hiap Kung fu and wushu are popular terms that have become synonymous with Chinese Martial arts. The Shaolin Monastery or Shaolin Temple ( is a Chan Buddhist temple at Song Shan in Zhengzhou City Henan Province Of the tens of thousands of kung fu wushu styles, several hundred do, in fact, have some relationship to Shaolin; however, aside from a few very well known systems, such as Shaolin Five Animal, the 108 Movements of the Wooden Man Hall, Enchanted Staff, White Eyebrow, etc. Kung fu and wushu are popular terms that have become synonymous with Chinese Martial arts. The Shaolin Monastery or Shaolin Temple ( is a Chan Buddhist temple at Song Shan in Zhengzhou City Henan Province , it would be almost impossible to establish a verifiable connection to the Temple for any one particular art. The Shaolin Monastery or Shaolin Temple ( is a Chan Buddhist temple at Song Shan in Zhengzhou City Henan Province

Contents

Internal and external arts

Huang Zongxi described Chinese martial arts in terms of Shaolin or external arts versus Wudang or internal arts in 1669. Huang Zongxi ( September 24, 1610 – August 12, 1695) Courtesy name Taichong (太冲 was the name of a Chinese Kung fu and wushu are popular terms that have become synonymous with Chinese Martial arts. Wǔdāngquán, is a classification of Chinese martial arts known more generally as Nèijiā. The term " nèijiā " usually refers to Wudangquan or the internal styles of Chinese martial arts, which Sun Lutang identified in the 1920s as [1] It has been since then that Shaolin has been popularly synonymous for what are considered the external Chinese martial arts, regardless of whether or not the particular style in question has any connection to the Shaolin Monastery. The Shaolin Monastery or Shaolin Temple ( is a Chan Buddhist temple at Song Shan in Zhengzhou City Henan Province Some say that there is no differentiation between the so-called internal and external systems of the Chinese martial arts[2][3], while other well known teachers have expressed differing opinions. For example, the Taijiquan teacher Wu Jianquan:

Those who practice Shaolinquan leap about with strength and force; people not proficient at this kind of training soon lose their breath and are exhausted. Tai chi chuan (is an internal Chinese martial art often practiced for Health reasons Wu Chien-ch'uan (吳鑑泉 1870-1942 was a famous teacher of the soft style Martial art of T'ai chi ch'uan in late Imperial and early Taijiquan is unlike this. Strive for quiescence of body, mind and intention. [4]

In 1784 the Boxing Classic: Essential Boxing Methods made the earliest extant reference to the Shaolin Monastery as Chinese boxing's place of origin. [5][6] Again, this is a misconception, as Chinese martial arts pre-date the construction of the Shaolin Temple by at least several hundred years. The Shaolin Monastery or Shaolin Temple ( is a Chan Buddhist temple at Song Shan in Zhengzhou City Henan Province [3][7]

Origin

Legend (Bodhidharma)

According to the Jingde of the Lamp, after Bodhidharma left the court of the Liang emperor Wu in 527, he eventually found himself at the Shaolin Monastery, where he “faced a wall for nine years, not speaking for the entire time”. Biography Contemporary accounts There are two known extant accounts written by contemporaries of Bodhidharma Liang Dynasty ( 梁[[wikt 朝|朝]] Pinyin: Liáng cháo (502-557 also known as Southern Liang Dynasty (南梁 was the third of Southern dynasties Background Xiao Yan was born in 464 during the reign of Emperor Xiaowu of Liu Song.

According to the Yì Jīn Jīng,

after Bodhidharma faced the wall for nine years at Shaolin temple, he left behind an iron chest. The Yì Jīn Jīng (易筋經 Wade-Giles: I Chin Ching; literally "Muscle/Tendon Change Classic" is a Qìgōng manual most notable as the source When the monks opened this chest they found two books: the “Marrow Cleansing Classic,”[8] and the “Muscle Tendon Change Classic”, or "Yi Jin Jing"[9] within. The Yì Jīn Jīng (易筋經 Wade-Giles: I Chin Ching; literally "Muscle/Tendon Change Classic" is a Qìgōng manual most notable as the source The first book was taken by Bodhidharma's disciple Huike, and disappeared; as for the second, the monks selfishly coveted it, practicing the skills therein, falling into heterodox ways, and losing the correct purpose of cultivating the Real. The Shaolin monks have made some fame for themselves through their fighting skill; this is all due to their possession of this manuscript. [10]

History

The attribution of Shaolin's martial arts to Bodhidharma has been discounted by some 20th century martial arts historians, first by Tang Hao on the grounds that the Yì Jīn Jīng is a forgery. The Yì Jīn Jīng (易筋經 Wade-Giles: I Chin Ching; literally "Muscle/Tendon Change Classic" is a Qìgōng manual most notable as the source [11] The oldest available copy was published in 1827[12] and the composition of the text itself has been dated to 1624. [10]

Huiguang and Sengchou were involved with martial arts before they became two of the very first Shaolin monks, reported as practicing martial arts before the arrival of Bodhidharma. [13] Sengchou's skill with the tin staff is even documented in the Chinese Buddhist canon. The Chinese Buddhist Canon ( Chinese character: 大藏經 Cantonese: Dai Zorng Ging Mandarin: Dà Zàng Jīng Korean: Dae Jang Kyung Japanese

Records of the discovery of arms caches in the monasteries of Chang'an during government raids in 446 AD suggests that Chinese monks practiced martial arts prior to the establishment of the Shaolin Monastery in 497. Chang'an ( is an ancient Capital of more than ten dynasties in Chinese history. [14] Monks came from the ranks of the population among whom the martial arts were widely practiced prior to the introduction of Buddhism. There are indications that Huiguang, Sengchou and even Huike, Bodhidarma's immediate successor as Patriarch of Chán Buddhism, may have been military men before retiring to the monastic life. Zen is a school of Mahāyāna Buddhism, referred to in Chinese as Chan. Moreover, Chinese monasteries, not unlike those of Europe, in many ways were effectively large landed estates, that is, sources of considerable regular income which required protection.

In addition, the Spring and Autumn Annals of Wu and Yue, the Bibliographies in the Book of the Han Dynasty and the Records of the Grand Historian all document the existence of martial arts in China before Bodhidharma. The martial arts Shuāi Jiāo and Sun Bin Quan, to name two, predate the establishment of the Shaolin Monastery by centuries. Shuai jiao ( is the modern Chinese term for Wrestling. In a Western context the term refers specifically to Chinese and Mongolian styles Sun Bin ( died 316 BC was a military strategist who lived during the Warring States Period in ancient China. [15]

Tang Dynasty (618–907)

The oldest evidence of Shaolin participation in combat is a stele from 728 that attests to two occasions: a defense of the monastery from bandits around 610 and their role in the defeat of Wang Shichong at the Battle of Hulao in 621. A stele (from Greek:, stēlē, ˈstiːli plural stelae,, stēlai, ˈstiːlaɪ also found Latinised singular stela Early career Wang Shichong's ancestors were surnamed Zhi (支 originally from the Xiyu region and were not Han. The Battle of Hulao (虎牢之戰 of 28 May 621, located just east of Luoyang, was a decisive victory for Li Shimin, through which he was able

Like most dynastic changes, the end of the Sui Dynasty was a time of upheaval and contention for the throne. The Sui Dynasty ( 581 - 618 AD and in the undertaking of other construction projects including the reconstruction of the Great Wall. Wang Shichong declared himself Emperor. He controlled the territory of Zheng and the ancient capital of Luoyang. Zheng (鄭 was a Zhou city-state in the middle of ancient China, modern Henan Province. Luoyang ( is a Prefecture-level city in western Henan province, People's Republic of China.

Overlooking Luoyang on Mount Huanyuan was the Cypress Valley Estate, which had served as the site of a fort during the Jin and a commandery during the Southern Qi. The Jìn Dynasty ( 265 – 420) one of the Six Dynasties, followed the Three Kingdoms period and preceded the Southern and Northern Dynasties The Southern Qi Dynasty 齊朝 ( Pinyin: Qí cháo ( 479 - 502) was the second of the Southern dynasties in China, followed by the [16] Sui Emperor Wen had bestowed the estate on a nearby monastery called Shaolin for its monks to farm but Wang Shichong, realizing its strategic value, seized the estate and there placed troops and a signal tower, as well as establishing a prefecture called Yuanzhou. The Sui Dynasty ( 581 - 618 AD and in the undertaking of other construction projects including the reconstruction of the Great Wall. Background Yang Jian's clan was from Hongnong Commandery (弘農 roughly modern Sanmenxia, Henan) [16] Furthermore, he had assembled an army at Luoyang to march on the Shaolin Temple itself.

The monks of Shaolin allied with Wang's enemy, Li Shimin, and took back the Cypress Valley Estate, defeating Wang's troops and capturing his nephew Renze.

Without the fort at Cypress Valley, there was nothing to keep Li Shimin from marching on Luoyang after his defeat of Wang's ally Dou Jiande at the Battle of Hulao, forcing Wang Shichong to surrender. The Battle of Hulao (虎牢之戰 of 28 May 621, located just east of Luoyang, was a decisive victory for Li Shimin, through which he was able

Li Shimin's father was the first Tang Emperor and Shimin himself became its second. Background and early career Li Yuan's seventh-generation ancestor was Li Gao, the founder of the Sixteen Kingdoms state Western Liang. Emperor Taizong of Tang ( January 23, 599 &ndash July 10 649) personal name Lǐ Shìmín ( was the second emperor of the

Thereafter Shaolin enjoyed the royal patronage of the Tang

Though the Shaolin Monastery Stele of 728 attests to these incidents in 610 and 621 when the monks engaged in combat, note that it does not allude to martial training in the monastery, or to any fighting technique in which its monks specialized. Nor do any other sources from the Tang, Song and Yuan periods allude to military training at the temple.

According to Meir Shahar, this is explained by a confluence of the late Ming fashion for military encyclopedias and, more importantly, the conscription of civilian irregulars, including monks, as a result of Ming military decline in the 16th century. [17]

Ming Dynasty (1368–1644)

From the 8th to the 15th centuries, no extant source documents Shaolin participation in combat; then the 16th and 17th centuries see at least forty extant sources attest that, not only did monks of Shaolin practice martial arts, but martial practice had become such an integral element of Shaolin monastic life that the monks felt the need to justify it by creating new Buddhist lore. [17] References to Shaolin martial arts appear in various literary genres of the late Ming: the epitaphs of Shaolin warrior monks, martial-arts manuals, military encyclopedias, historical writings, travelogues, fiction, and even poetry. [17]

These sources, in contrast to those from the Tang Dynasty period, refer to Shaolin methods of combat unarmed, with the spear, and with the weapon that was the forte of the Shaolin monks and for which they had become famous, the staff. The Tang Dynasty ( Middle Chinese: dhɑng (June 18 618&ndashJune 4 907 was an imperial dynasty of China preceded by the Sui Dynasty and followed by Qiang ( is the Chinese term for Spear. Due to its relative ease of manufacture the spear in many variations was ubiquitous on the pre-modern Chinese battlefield The Chinese word Gun ( refers to a long Chinese staff Weapon used in Chinese martial arts. [17][6] By the mid-16th century military experts from all over Ming China were travelling to Shaolin to study its fighting techniques. The Ming Dynasty ( or Empire of the Great Ming ( was the ruling dynasty of China from 1368 to 1644 following the collapse of the Mongol -led

Around 1560 Yú Dàyóu travelled to Shaolin Monastery to see for himself its monks' fighting techniques, but found them disappointing. Yú Dàyóu (俞大猷 (1503–1579 was a general who like his comrade Qi Jiguang, is best known for the suppression of Wokou piracy along the southeastern coast Yú returned to the south with two monks, Zongqing and Pucong, whom he taught the use of the staff over the next three years, after which Zongqing and Pucong returned to Shaolin Monastery and taught their brother monks what they had learned. Martial arts historian Tang Hao traced the Shaolin staff style Five Tigers Interception to Yú's teachings.

The earliest extant manual on Shaolin Kung Fu, the Exposition of the Original Shaolin Staff Method[18] was written around 1610 and published in 1621 from what its author Chéng Zōngyóu learned during a more than ten year stay at the monastery.

Conditions of lawlessness in Henan—where the Shaolin Monastery is located—and surrounding provinces during the late Ming Dynasty and all of the Qing Dynasty contributed to the development of martial arts. Henan ( is a province of the People's Republic of China, located in the central part of the country The Ming Dynasty ( or Empire of the Great Ming ( was the ruling dynasty of China from 1368 to 1644 following the collapse of the Mongol -led Not to be confused with Qin Dynasty, the first dynasty of Imperial China Meir Shahar lists the martial arts T'ai Chi Ch'üan, Chang Family Boxing, Bāguàquán, Xíngyìquán and Bājíquán as originating from this region and this time period. Tai chi chuan (is an internal Chinese martial art often practiced for Health reasons Bāguàzhǎng is one of the major " internal " (aka Nèijiā) Chinese martial arts. Xingyiquan ( is one of the major "internal" ( Nèijiā) Chinese martial arts. Bājíquán ( 八極拳 Hakkyokuken) is a Chinese martial art that features explosive short range power and is famous for its elbow strikes. [17]

Pirates

In the 1540s and 1550s, Japanese pirates known as wokou raided China's eastern and southeastern coasts on an unprecedented scale. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Japan topics. Piracy is Robbery committed at sea or sometimes on shore without a commission from a sovereign Nation (as distinct from Privateering China ( Wade-Giles ( Mandarin) Chung¹kuo² is a cultural region, an ancient Civilization, and depending on perspective a National

The geographer Zheng Ruoceng provides the most detailed of the 16th century sources which confirm that, in 1553, Wan Biao, Vice Commissioner in Chief of the Nanjing Chief Military Commission, initiated the conscription of monks—including some from Shaolin—against the pirates. [17] Warrior monks participated in at least four battles: at the Gulf of Hangzhou in spring of 1553 and in the Huangpu River delta at Wengjiagang in July 1553, Majiabang in spring of 1554, and Taozhai in autumn of 1555. Hangzhou Bay or the Bay of Hangzhou is an inlet of the East China Sea, bordered by the province of Zhejiang and the municipality of Shanghai. The Huangpu River ( Wade-Giles: Huang-p'u Chiang literally "Yellow Bank River") is a 97km long River [17]

The monks suffered their greatest defeat at Taozhai, where four of them fell in battle; their remains were buried under the Stūpa of the Four Heroic Monks (Si yi seng ta) at Mount She near Shanghai. Shanghai ( 上[[wikt 海|海]] is the largest city in China in terms of population and one of the largest urban areas in the world with over 20 million [17]

The monks won their greatest victory at Wengjiagang. [17] On 21 July 1553, 120 warrior monks led by the Shaolin monk Tianyuan defeated a group of pirates and chased the survivors over ten days and twenty miles. [17] The pirates suffered over one hundred casualties and the monks only four. [17]

Not all of the monks who fought at Wengjiagang were from Shaolin, and rivalries developed among them. Zheng chronicles Tianyuan’s defeat of eight rival monks from Hangzhou who challenged his command. Zheng ranked Shaolin first of the top three Buddhist centers of martial arts. [17] Zheng ranked Mount Funiu in Henan second and Mount Wutai in Shanxi third. Henan ( is a province of the People's Republic of China, located in the central part of the country Mount Wutai () also known as Wutai Mountain, located in Shanxi, China, is one of the Four Sacred Mountains in Chinese Buddhism. ( Postal map spelling: Shansi) is a province in the northern part of the People's Republic of China. The Funiu monks practiced staff techniques which they had learned at the Shaolin Monastery. The Wutai monks practiced Yang Family Spear (楊家槍; pinyin: Yángjiā qīang). Pinyin, more formally Hanyu pinyin, is the most common Standard Mandarin Romanization system in use

Influence outside of China

Some lineages of Karate have oral traditions that claim Shaolin origins. ( or is a martial art developed in the Ryukyu Islands from indigenous fighting methods and Chinese Kenpō. [19] Martial arts traditions in Japan and Korea, and Southeast Asia cite Chinese influence as transmitted by Buddhist monks. Martial arts are systems of codified practices and traditions of training for Combat. Myōan Eisai (明菴栄西 ( April 20, 1141 – July 5, 1215) was a Japanese Buddhist priest credited with bringing the The Hwarang were an elite group of male youth in Silla, an ancient Korean kingdom that lasted until the 10th century

Recent developments in the 20th century such as Shorinji Kempo (少林寺拳法) practised in Japan's Sohonzan Shorinji (金剛禅総本山少林寺) still maintains close ties with China's Song Shan Shaolin Temple due to historic links[20]. —note that the World Shorinji Kempo Organization prefers the Romanization kempo to kenpo —is a Martial art form of Kempo that was founded Japanese Shorinji Kempo Group contributions to Song Shan Shaolin Temple in 2003 received China's recognition. [21]

List of styles presently taught at the temple

See also

This article contains Chinese text. Tongbeiquan (literally "Spreading Power from the Back Boxing" as "tong" means "through" "bei" means "back" and "quan" Meihua Quan ( Chinese: 梅花拳 literally " Plum Flower Fist" is a style of Kung fu that originated in the northern provinces The physical exercise known as Virgin Boy Gong ( Tóngzigōng 童子功 is a form of Qigong exercise stressing flexibility
Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Chinese characters. Mojibake is the happenstance of incorrect unreadable characters (garbage characters shown when Computer software fails to render a text correctly according to its associated A Chinese character, also known as a Han character ( is a Logogram used in writing Chinese (hanzi Japanese (

References

  1. ^ Henning, Stanley (Autumn/Winter 1994). Kalarippayattu or kalaripayattu ( Malayalam കളരിപയറ്റ് kaɭəɾipːajətːɨ̆ is a Martial art with origins in Kerala The Yì Jīn Jīng (易筋經 Wade-Giles: I Chin Ching; literally "Muscle/Tendon Change Classic" is a Qìgōng manual most notable as the source Yue Fei’s biographies Yue Fei Biography A biography of Yue Fei was written 60 years after his death by his grandson the poet and historian Yue Ke (岳柯 Wǔdāngquán, is a classification of Chinese martial arts known more generally as Nèijiā. History Mention in Yue family memoirs Tutelage Despite being literate giving him a chance to become a scholar young Yue Fei chose the military "Ignorance, Legend and Taijiquan". Journal of the Chenstyle Taijiquan Research Association of Hawaii 2 (3): 1–7.  
  2. ^ Francis, B. K. (1998). Power of Internal Martial Arts: Combat Secrets of Ba Gua, Tai Chi, and Hsing-I. North Atlantic Books.
  3. ^ a b Kit, W. K. (2002). Art of Shaolin Kung Fu: The Secrets of Kung Fu for Self-Defense Health and Enlightenment. Tuttle.
  4. ^ Woolidge, Doug (June 1997). "T’AI CHI The International Magazine of T’ai Chi Ch’uan Vol. 21 No. 3". Wayfarer Publications. ISSN 0730-1049. An International Standard Serial Number ( ISSN) is a unique eight-digit number used to identify a print or electronic Periodical publication.  
  5. ^ Zhāng Kǒngzhāo 張孔昭 [c. 1784]. Boxing Classic: Essential Boxing Methods 拳經拳法備要 Quánjīng Quánfǎ Bèiyào (in Chinese).  
  6. ^ a b Henning, Stanley E. (Fall 1999). "Academia Encounters the Chinese Martial arts". China Review International 6 (2): 319–332. ISSN 1069-5834.  
  7. ^ Order of the Shaolin Ch'an (2004, 2006). The Shaolin Grandmaster's Text: History, Philosophy, and Gung Fu of Shaolin Ch'an. Oregon.
  8. ^ 洗髓經; pinyin: Xǐ Suí Jīng
  9. ^ 易筋經; pinyin: Yì Jīn Jīng
  10. ^ a b Lin, Boyuan (1996). Pinyin, more formally Hanyu pinyin, is the most common Standard Mandarin Romanization system in use Pinyin, more formally Hanyu pinyin, is the most common Standard Mandarin Romanization system in use Zhōngguó wǔshù shǐ 中國武術史 (in Chinese). Taipei 臺北: Wǔzhōu chūbǎnshè 五洲出版社, 183.  
  11. ^ Tang Hao 唐豪 [1930] (1968). Shàolín Wǔdāng kǎo 少林武當考 (in Chinese). Hong Kong 香港: Qílín tushu.  
  12. ^ Matsuda Ryuchi 松田隆智 (1986). Ryuchi Matsuda (松田隆智 Matsuda Ryuchi) is the Japanese author behind A Historical Outline of Chinese Martial Arts and the manga Kenji Zhōngguó wǔshù shǐlüè 中國武術史略 (in Chinese). Taipei 臺北: Danqing tushu.  
  13. ^ Canzonieri, Salvatore (February–March 1998). "History of Chinese Martial arts: Jin Dynasty to the Period of Disunity". Han Wei Wushu 3 (9).  
  14. ^ Henning, Stanley (1999b). "Martial arts Myths of Shaolin Monastery, Part I: The Giant with the Flaming Staff". Journal of the Chenstyle Taijiquan Research Association of Hawaii 5 (1).  
  15. ^ Canzonieri, Salvatore. "The Emergence of the Chinese Martial arts". Han Wei Wushu (23).  
  16. ^ a b Shahar, Meir (2000). "Epigraphy, Buddhist Historiography, and Fighting Monks: The Case of The Shaolin Monastery". Asia Major Third Series 13 (2): 15–36.  
  17. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Shahar, Meir (December 2001). "Ming-Period Evidence of Shaolin Martial Practice". Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies 61 (2): 359–413. doi:10.2307/3558572. A digital object identifier ( DOI) is a permanent identifier given to an Electronic document. ISSN 0073-0548.  
  18. ^ Chéng Zōngyóu 程宗猷 [c. 1621]. Exposition of the Original Shaolin Staff Method 少林棍法闡宗 Shàolín Gùnfǎ Chǎnzōng (in Chinese).  
  19. ^ Bishop, Mark (1989). Okinawan Karate: Teachers, Styles and Secret Techniques. A&C Black, London. ISBN 0713656662.  
  20. ^ Japan's Sohonzan Shaolin Temple
  21. ^ Shorinji Kempo
  22. ^ Jin Jing Zhong. Authentic Shaolin Heritage: Training Methods of 72 Arts of Shaolin /Tanjin, 1934/ ISBN-13: 978-1847284068

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