| Municipality of Shanghai 上海市 |
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| Chinese transliteration(s) | |
| - Mandarin (Pinyin) | Shànghǎi |
|---|---|
| - Wu (Long-short) | Zånhae |
| - Shanghainese (IPA) | [zɑ̃'he] |
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| Coordinates: | |
| Country |  China |
| Settled | 5th - 7th century |
| Incorporated - Town |
AD 751 |
| - County | 1292 |
| - Municipality | July 17, 1854 |
| Divisions - County-level - Township-level |
18 districts, 1 county 220 towns and villages |
| Government | |
| - Type | Municipality |
| - CPC Municipal Sec. Standard Mandarin, also known as Standard Spoken Chinese, is the official modern Chinese spoken language used in mainland China and Taiwan Pinyin, more formally Hanyu pinyin, is the most common Standard Mandarin Romanization system in use Northern Wu Romanization Scheme So called "Long-short" (长短音 because its use of assigning 2 vowel letters for long vowels and 1 vowel letter for short vowels (those syllables that Shanghainese (上海閒話 in Shanghainese sometimes referred to as the Shanghai dialect, is a dialect of Wu Chinese spoken in the city of Shanghai The International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA is a system of phonetic notation based on the Latin alphabet, devised by the International Phonetic Talk People's Republic of China) PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA ARTICLE GUIDELINES The 5th century is the period from 401 to 500 in accordance with the Julian calendar in Anno Domini / Common Era. The 7th century is the period from 601 to 700 in accordance with the Julian calendar in the Christian / Common Era. Events By Place Europe Pepin the Short is elected as king of the Franks by the Frankish nobility marking the end of the Events 180 - Twelve inhabitants of Scillium in North Africa are executed for being Christians Year 1854 ( MDCCCLIV) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common year See also Administrative divisions of the Republic of China Due to China 's large Population and area the political divisions of China have consisted See also Administrative divisions of the Republic of China Due to China 's large Population and area the political divisions of China have consisted Shanghai is administratively equal to a province and is divided into 19 county-level divisions: 18 districts and 1 county. Direct-controlled municipality (直辖市 zhíxiáshì) is the highest level classificiation for Cities used by Chinese governments with status equal to The Communist Party of China ( CPC) ( also known as the Chinese Communist Party ( CCP) is the founding and ruling political party of the | Yu Zhengsheng |
| - Mayor | Han Zheng |
| Area [1][2] | |
| - Municipality | 7,037 km² (2,717 sq mi) |
| - Land | 6,340 km² (2,447. Yu Zhengsheng ( born April 1945) is the current CPC party chief in Shanghai, China, a post which makes him first-in-charge of China's largest A mayor (from the Latin māior, meaning "greater" is a modern title used in many countries for the highest ranking officer in a municipal government Han Zheng (Chinese) (born in Cixi, Zhejiang province April 1954 is the current Mayor of Shanghai, the 13th to serve in the position since the founding Area is a Quantity expressing the two- Dimensional size of a defined part of a Surface, typically a region bounded by a closed Curve. Square Kilometre ( US spelling square kilometer) symbol km2, is a decimal multiple of the SI unit of The square mile is an imperial and US unit of Area equal the area of a square of one statute mile. 9 sq mi) |
| - Water | 679 km² (262. 2 sq mi) |
| - Urban | 5,299 km² (2,046 sq mi) |
| Elevation [3] | 4 m (13 ft) |
| Population (2007)[4] | |
| - Municipality | 18,450,000 |
| - Density | 2,621. The elevation of a Geographic location is its height above a fixed reference point often the mean sea level. The metre or meter is a unit of Length. It is the basic unit of Length in the Metric system and in the International A foot (plural feet or foot; symbol or abbreviation ft or sometimes &prime – the prime symbol) is a non-SI unit Population density (in agriculture standing stock and Standing crop) is a measurement of Population per unit area or unit volume 9/km² (6,790. 6/sq mi) |
| Time zone | China Standard Time (UTC+8) |
| Postal code | 200000 – 2021000 |
| Area code(s) | 21 |
| GDP[5] | 2007 estimate |
| - Total | US$171. China standard time or Beijing time is the Time zone observed in the People's Republic of China ( PRC) UTC+8 is a band of Timezones separated from the Greenwich Mean Time by 8 hours The Postal code for the People's Republic of China uses a numeric six-digit System for the whole country A telephone numbering plan is a plan for allocating Telephone number ranges to countries regions areas and exchanges and to non-fixed telephone networks The United States dollar ( sign: $; code: USD) is the unit of Currency of the United States; it has also been 55 billion (7th) |
| - Per capita | US$9,298 (1st) |
| - Growth | ▲ 13. This is a list of the first-level administrative divisions of Mainland China (including all provinces autonomous regions and municipalities in order of their total Gross This list hopes to rank cities of the People's Republic of China by GDP Per capita in Renminbi ( 人[[wikt 民|民]] 币) aka yuan 3% |
| HDI (2005) | 0. The Human Development Index ( HDI) is an index combining normalized measures of Life expectancy, Literacy, Educational attainment, and GDP 909 (2nd) |
| License plate prefixes | 沪A, B, D, E, F,G 沪C (outer suburbs) |
| City flower | Yulan magnolia |
| Website: www.shanghai.gov.cn | |
Shanghai (Chinese: 上海) is the largest city in China in terms of population and one of the largest urban areas in the world, with over 20 million people in its extended metropolitan area. The People's Republic of China issues vehicles Licence plates at its Vehicle Management Offices under the administration of the Ministry of Public Security Magnolia denudata, known as the Yulan magnolia, is native to central and eastern China. China ( Wade-Giles ( Mandarin) Chung¹kuo² is a cultural region, an ancient Civilization, and depending on perspective a National The question of which are the World's largest cities is a complex one to which there is no single correct answer simply because there are many different ways of defining a "city" A metropolitan area is a large population center consisting of a large Metropolis and its adjacent zone of influence or of more than one closely adjoining neighboring central [6] Located on China's central eastern coast at the mouth of the Yangtze River, the city is administered as a municipality with province-level status. Direct-controlled municipality (直辖市 zhíxiáshì) is the highest level classificiation for Cities used by Chinese governments with status equal to See also Administrative divisions of the Republic of China Due to China 's large Population and area the political divisions of China have consisted [7]
Originally a fishing and textiles town, Shanghai grew to importance in the 19th century due to its favorable port location and as one of the cities opened to foreign trade by the 1842 Treaty of Nanking. ||-||-|-||-||-||-||-||-||-|} A port is a facility for receiving Ships and transferring cargo The Treaty of Nanking (Treaty of Nanjing signed 29 August, 1842, was the unequal treaty which marked the end of the First Opium War between [8] The city flourished as a center of commerce between east and west, and became a multinational hub of finance and business by the 1930s. The Far East is a term often used by people in the Western world to refer to the countries of East Asia. The term Western world, the West or the Occident ( Latin: occidens -sunset -west as distinct from the Orient) can have multiple meanings [9] However, Shanghai's prosperity ground to a sharp halt after the 1949 Communist takeover and the subsequent cessation of foreign investment. After being allowed economic reforms in 1990, Shanghai is booming once more with intense development and financing, and in 2005 became the world's largest port. The Chinese economic reform ( refers to the program of economic reforms called " Socialism with Chinese characteristics " in the People's Republic of [10]
The city is an emerging tourist destination renowned for its historical landmarks such as the Bund and Xintiandi, its modern and ever-expanding Pudong skyline including the Oriental Pearl Tower, and its new reputation as a cosmopolitan center of culture and design. Tourism is Travel for Recreational or Leisure purposes The World Tourism Organization defines tourists as people who "travel The Bund ( is an area of Huangpu District in Shanghai, People's Republic of China. Xintiandi ( is a car-free shopping eating and entertainment area of Shanghai, China. Pudong ( officially known as Pudong New Area (浦東新区 Pinyin: Pǔdōng Xīn Qū is a district of Shanghai, China that The Oriental Pearl Tower ( Official Name 东方明珠电视塔 is a TV tower in Shanghai, China. [11][12] Today, Shanghai is recognized as China's most important centre of commerce and finance, and is widely regarded as a future global city and as the showpiece of the world's fastest-growing economy. Talk People's Republic of China) PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA ARTICLE GUIDELINES China has the second-largest economy in the world with a GDP of over $ 6 [13][14]
Contents |
Etymology
The two Chinese characters in the name "Shanghai", (上, shàng; and 海, hǎi) literally mean "up, on, or above" and "sea", respectively, evident of Shanghai's location next to the East China Sea. A Chinese character, also known as a Han character ( is a Logogram used in writing Chinese (hanzi Japanese ( The East China Sea is a Marginal sea east of China. It is a part of the Pacific Ocean and covers an area of 1249000 km² The earliest occurrence of this name dates from the Song Dynasty (11th century), at which time there was already a river confluence and a town with this name in the area. The Song Dynasty ( Wade-Giles: Sung Ch'ao was a ruling dynasty in China between 960&ndash1279 CE it succeeded the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms There are disputes as to how the name should be interpreted, but official local histories have consistently said that it means "the upper reaches of the sea". However, another reading, especially in Mandarin, also suggests the sense of "go onto the sea," which is consistent with the seaport status of the city. A more poetic name for Shanghai switches the order of the two characters, Hǎishàng (海上), and is often used for terms related to Shanghainese art and culture.
Shanghai is abbreviated in Chinese as Hù (沪) or Shēn (申). The former is derived from an ancient name for Suzhou Creek, Hu Du (沪渎), while the latter is derived from the name of Chunshen Jun (春申君), a nobleman and locally-revered hero of the Chu Kingdom in the 3rd century BC whose territory included the Shanghai area. Suzhou Creek ( Wade-Giles: Su-chou-ho literally "Suzhou River") is a river in China that passes through the Shanghai city centre Chǔ ( 楚) was a kingdom in what is now central and southern China during the Spring and Autumn period ( 722 - 481 BC) and Sports teams and newspapers in Shanghai often use the character Shēn (申) in their names. Shanghai is also commonly called Shēnchéng (申城, "City of Shēn"). The city has also had various nicknames in English, including "Paris of the East" and "Queen of the Orient".
History
Before the formation of Shanghai city, the area was part of Songjiang county (松江縣), governed by Suzhou prefecture (蘇州府). The history of Shanghai, spanning at least eight Dynasties in Chinese history, closely parallels the development of modern China. Suzhou ( ancient name 吳) is a City on the lower reaches of the Yangtze River and on the shores of Lake Taihu in the province of Jiangsu The zhōu (州 was a historical political division of China. First established during the Han Dynasty, zhou continued to exist until the establishment From the time of the Song Dynasty (AD 960–1279), Shanghai gradually became a busy seaport. The Song Dynasty ( Wade-Giles: Sung Ch'ao was a ruling dynasty in China between 960&ndash1279 CE it succeeded the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms ||-||-|-||-||-||-||-||-||-|} A port is a facility for receiving Ships and transferring cargo A city wall was built in AD 1553, which is generally accepted as the start of the city of Shanghai. See also List of cities with defensive walls A defensive wall is a Fortification used to defend a city or settlement from potential aggressors During the Qianlong era of the Qing Dynasty, Shanghai became an important regional port for the Yangtze and Huangpu rivers. Emperor Qianlong (Chinese 乾隆 Qiánlóng, Wade-Giles' Ch'ien-Lung', Mongolian Tengeriig Tetgesen Khaan, born Hongli (弘历 September Not to be confused with Qin Dynasty, the first dynasty of Imperial China The Huangpu River ( Wade-Giles: Huang-p'u Chiang literally "Yellow Bank River") is a 97km long River It also became a major seaport for the nearby Jiangsu and Zhejiang provinces, although overseas commerce was still forbidden at that time. ( Postal map spelling: Kiangsu) is a province of the People's Republic of China, located along the east coast of the country Zhejiang ( is an eastern coastal province of the People's Republic of China. A historically important area of this era is Wujiaochang (五角场) (now in Yangpu District), the foundation of the city center. Yangpu District ( meaning "Poplar Bank" is one of the 19 districts in Shanghai. Around the end of the Qianlong era, Shiliupu (十六铺) (now in Huangpu District) became the largest port in East Asia. Huangpu can refer to several places in China: Huangpu District Shanghai (黄浦区 a district of Shanghai municipality
The importance of Shanghai grew radically in the 19th century, as the city's strategic position at the mouth of the Yangtze River made it an ideal location for trade with the West. During the First Opium War in the early 19th century, British forces temporarily held Shanghai. The First Opium War or the First Anglo-Chinese War was fought between the British East India Company and the Qing Dynasty in China from 1839 The war ended with the 1842 Treaty of Nanjing, which saw the treaty ports, Shanghai included, opened for international trade. The Treaty of Nanking (Treaty of Nanjing signed 29 August, 1842, was the unequal treaty which marked the end of the First Opium War between This article refers to ports in East Asia For the Anglo-Irish Treaty ports see Treaty Ports (Ireland. The Treaty of the Bogue signed in 1843, and the Sino-American Treaty of Wangsia signed in 1844 together saw foreign nations achieve extraterritoriality on Chinese soil, the start of the foreign concessions. The Treaty of the Bogue ( was an agreement between China and the United Kingdom, which was concluded in October 1843 in order to supplement the previous The Treaty of Wanghia ( is a diplomatic agreement between the Qing Empire and the United States, signed on 3 July 1844 in the.
1854 saw the first meeting of the Shanghai Municipal Council, created in order to manage the foreign settlements. The Shanghai Municipal Council (工部局 literally "Works Department" from the standard English local government title of 'Board of works' was the governing body which administered In 1863, the British settlement, located to the south of Suzhou creek (Huangpu district), and the American settlement, to the north of Suzhou creek (Hankou district), joined in order to form the International Settlement. The French opted out of the Shanghai Municipal Council, and maintained its own French Concession, located to the south of the International Settlement. Citizens of many countries and all continents came to Shanghai to live and work during the ensuing decades; those who stayed for long periods — some for generations — called themselves "Shanghighlanders". Foreigners who lived in Shanghai from the mid-19th century until the mid-20th century called themselves Shanghailanders. In the 1920s and 1930s, almost 20,000 so-called White Russians and Russian Jews fled the newly-established Soviet Union and took up residence in Shanghai. These Shanghai Russians constituted the second-largest foreign community. The term Shanghai Russians refers to a sizable Russian diaspora that flourished in Shanghai, China between the World Wars.
The Sino-Japanese War concluded with the Treaty of Shimonoseki, which saw Japan emerge as an additional foreign power in Shanghai. The First Sino-Japanese War ( 日清戦争 Romaji: Nisshin Sensō ( 1 August 1894 – 17 April 1895) was a war fought between The Treaty of Shimonoseki ( Japanese: 下関条約 "Shimonoseki Jōyaku") known as the Treaty of Maguan ( in China was signed at For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Japan topics. Japan built the first factories in Shanghai, which were soon copied by other foreign powers to effect the emergence of Shanghai industry. Shanghai was then the most important financial center in the Far East. The Far East is a term often used by people in the Western world to refer to the countries of East Asia. Under the Republic of China, Shanghai was made a special city in 1927, and a municipality in May 1930. REPUBLIC OF CHINA ARTICLE GUIDELINES
The Imperial Japanese Navy Air Service bombed Shanghai on January 28, 1932, nominally in an effort to crush down Chinese student protests of the Manchurian Incident and the subsequent Japanese occupation of northeast China. The Imperial Japanese Navy Air Service ( Japanese:" 海軍航空本部 Dai-Nippon Teikoku Kaigun Koku Hombu) was the air branch of the Imperial Japanese Events 1077 - Walk to Canossa: The Excommunication of Henry IV Holy Roman Emperor is lifted Year 1932 ( MCMXXXII) was a Leap year starting on Friday of the Gregorian calendar. On September 18, 1931, near Mukden (now Shenyang) in southern Manchuria, a section of railroad owned by Japan 's South Manchuria The Chinese fought back in what was known as the January 28 Incident. The January 28 Incident ( January 28 – March 3 1932) was a short war between the armies of the Republic of China and the Empire of Japan The two sides fought to a standstill and a ceasefire was brokered in May. The Battle of Shanghai in 1937 resulted in the occupation of the Chinese administered parts of Shanghai outside of the International Settlement and the French Concession. The Battle of Shanghai was the first of the twenty-two major engagements fought between the National Revolutionary Army, Republic of China and the Imperial The International Settlement was occupied by the Japanese on 8 December 1941 and remained occupied until Japan's surrender in 1945. Events 1609 - Biblioteca Ambrosiana opens its reading room the second public library of Europe. Year 1941 ( MCMXLI) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (the link will display 1941 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. According to historian Zhiliang Su, at least 149 "comfort houses" for sexual slaves were established in Shanghai during the occupation. Comfort women is a Euphemism for women forced into Prostitution and Sexual slavery for Japanese military brothels during World War [15].
On May 27, 1949, the Communist Party of China controlled the People's Liberation Army and took control of Shanghai, which was one of the only three former Republic of China (ROC) municipalities not merged into neighbouring provinces over the next decade (the others being Beijing and Tianjin). Events 927 - Simeon the Great, Tsar of Bulgaria, dies 1120 - Richard III of Capua is anointed Year 1949 ( MCMXLIX) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The Communist Party of China ( CPC) ( also known as the Chinese Communist Party ( CCP) is the founding and ruling political party of the The People's Liberation Army ( PLA) ( is the unified Military organization of all land sea and air forces of the People's Republic of China. REPUBLIC OF CHINA ARTICLE GUIDELINES ( Postal map spelling: Tientsin) is the second largest city in northern coastal China. Shanghai underwent a series of changes in the boundaries of its subdivisions, especially in the next decade. After 1949, most foreign firms moved their offices from Shanghai to Hong Kong, as part of an exodus of foreign investment due to the Communist victory. Hong Kong ( officially the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, is a territory located on China 's south coast on the Pearl River Delta, and borders
During the 1950s and 1960s, Shanghai became an industrial center and center for revolutionary leftism. Yet, even during the most tumultuous times of the Cultural Revolution, Shanghai was able to maintain high economic productivity and relative social stability. The Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution in the People’s Republic of China was a struggle for power within the Communist Party of China that manifested into In most of the history of the People's Republic of China (PRC), Shanghai has been the largest contributor of tax revenue to the central government compared with other Chinese provinces and municipalities. Talk People's Republic of China) PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA ARTICLE GUIDELINES This came at the cost of severely crippling Shanghai's infrastructure and capital development. Its importance to China's fiscal well-being also denied it economic liberalizations that were started in the far southern provinces such as Guangdong during the mid-1980s. Guangdong ( EFEO: Kouangtong; Pinyin Guǎngdōng; Postal map spelling: Kwangtung) is a province on the At that time, Guangdong province paid nearly no taxes to the central government, and thus was perceived as fiscally expendable for experimental economic reforms. Shanghai was finally permitted to initiate economic reforms in 1991, starting the huge development still seen today and the birth of Lujiazui and Pudong. Lujiazui ( is an important financial district in Pudong, Shanghai. Pudong ( officially known as Pudong New Area (浦東新区 Pinyin: Pǔdōng Xīn Qū is a district of Shanghai, China that
Geography and climate
Shanghai sits on the Yangtze River Delta on China's east coast roughly equidistant between Beijing and Hong Kong. The Yangtze River Delta or Yangtze Delta, also called Chang Jiang Delta, or the Golden Triangle of the Yangtze ( Hanyu Pinyin:) generally Talk People's Republic of China) PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA ARTICLE GUIDELINES Hong Kong ( officially the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, is a territory located on China 's south coast on the Pearl River Delta, and borders The municipality as a whole consists of a peninsula between the Yangtze and Hangzhou Bay, China's third largest island Chongming, and a number of smaller islands. A peninsula is a piece of land that is nearly surrounded by Water but connected to Mainland via an Isthmus. Hangzhou Bay or the Bay of Hangzhou is an inlet of the East China Sea, bordered by the province of Zhejiang and the municipality of Shanghai. Chongming County ( Wu: Dzonmin Jeu is the only county under the jurisdiction of Shanghai, China. It is bordered on the north and west by Jiangsu Province, on the south by Zhejiang Province, and on the east by the East China Sea. ( Postal map spelling: Kiangsu) is a province of the People's Republic of China, located along the east coast of the country Zhejiang ( is an eastern coastal province of the People's Republic of China. The East China Sea is a Marginal sea east of China. It is a part of the Pacific Ocean and covers an area of 1249000 km² The city proper is bisected by the Huangpu River, a tributary of the Yangtze. The Huangpu River ( Wade-Giles: Huang-p'u Chiang literally "Yellow Bank River") is a 97km long River The historic center of the city, the Puxi area, is located on the western side of the Huangpu, while the new Pudong financial district has developed on the eastern bank. Puxi ( is the largest section of Shanghai, China, home to approximately 90% of Shanghai's residents Pudong ( officially known as Pudong New Area (浦東新区 Pinyin: Pǔdōng Xīn Qū is a district of Shanghai, China that
The vast majority of Shanghai's 6,218 km² (2,401 sq mi) land area is flat, apart from a few hills in the southwest corner, with an average elevation of 4 m (13 ft). Square Kilometre ( US spelling square kilometer) symbol km2, is a decimal multiple of the SI unit of The square mile is an imperial and US unit of Area equal the area of a square of one statute mile. The metre or meter is a unit of Length. It is the basic unit of Length in the Metric system and in the International A foot (plural feet or foot; symbol or abbreviation ft or sometimes &prime – the prime symbol) is a non-SI unit [16] The city's location on the flat alluvial plain has meant that new skyscrapers must be built with deep concrete piles to stop them sinking into the soft ground. An alluvial plain is a relatively flat Landform created by the deposition of sediment over a long period of time by one or more Rivers coming from highland regions A skyscraper is a tall continuously habitable Building. There is no official definition or a precise cutoff height above which a building may clearly be classified as a skyscraper The highest point is at the peak of Dajinshan Island at 103 m (340 ft). [17] The city has many rivers, canals, streams and lakes and is known for its rich water resources as part of the Taihu drainage area. Lake Tai ( literally "Grand Lake") is a large Lake in the Yangtze Delta plain on the border of the Jiangsu and Zhejiang
Public awareness of the environment is growing, and the city is investing in a number of environmental protection projects. Environmentalism is a broad philosophy and Social movement centered on a concern for the conservation and improvement of the environment. A 10-year, US$1 billion cleanup of Suzhou Creek, which runs through the city center, is expected to be finished in 2008,[18] and the government also provides incentives for transportation companies to invest in LPG buses and taxis. The United States dollar ( sign: $; code: USD) is the unit of Currency of the United States; it has also been Suzhou Creek ( Wade-Giles: Su-chou-ho literally "Suzhou River") is a river in China that passes through the Shanghai city centre Liquefied petroleum gas (also called LPG, GPL, LP Gas, or Autogas) is a mixture of Hydrocarbon Gases used as a Fuel Air pollution in Shanghai is low compared to other Chinese cities such as Beijing, but the rapid development over the past decades means it is still high on worldwide standards, comparable to Los Angeles. Air pollution is the human introduction into the atmosphere of Chemicals Particulate matter, or Biological materials that cause harm or discomfort Los Angeles (lɑˈsændʒələs los ˈaŋxeles in Spanish) is the largest City in the state of California and the American West [19]
Shanghai has a humid subtropical climate (Koppen climate classification Cfa) and experiences four distinct seasons. Humid subtropical climate ( Köppen Cfa or Cwa) is a climate zone characterized by hot humid summers and chilly to mild winters The Köppen climate classification is one of the most widely used climate classification systems It was developed by Wladimir Köppen, a German climatologist In winter, cold northerly winds from Siberia can cause nighttime temperatures to drop below freezing, and although not usually associated with snow, the city can receive one or two days of snowfall per year. "Snowfall" redirects here For other uses see Snow (disambiguation or Snowfall (disambiguation. In contrast, and in spite of being the peak tourist season, summer in Shanghai is very warm and humid, with occasional downpours or freak thunderstorms. The city is also susceptible to typhoons, none of which in recent years has caused considerable damage. [20] The most pleasant seasons are Spring, although changeable, and Autumn, which is generally sunny and dry. Shanghai experiences on average 1,778 hours of sunshine per year, with the hottest temperature ever recorded at 39 °C (102 °F), and the lowest at −5 °C (23 °F). [16] The average number of rainy days is 112 per year, with the wettest month being June. [21] The average frost-free period is 276 days. [16]
| Weather averages for Shanghai | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | |
| Average high °C (°F) | 8 (46) | 8 (46) | 13 (55) | 19 (66) | 25 (77) | 28 (82) | 32 (90) | 32 (90) | 28 (82) | 23 (73) | 17 (63) | 17 (63) | |
| Average low °C (°F) | 1 (34) | 1 (34) | 4 (39) | 10 (50) | 15 (59) | 19 (66) | 23 (73) | 23 (73) | 19 (66) | 14 (57) | 7 (45) | 2 (36) | |
| Precipitation mm (inches) | 48 (1. In Meteorology, precipitation (also known as one class of hydrometeors, which are atmospheric water phenomena is any product of the condensation of atmospheric 9) | 58 (2. 3) | 84 (3. 3) | 94 (3. 7) | 94 (3. 7) | 180 (7. 1) | 147 (5. 8) | 142 (5. 6) | 130 (5. 1) | 71 (2. 8) | 51 (2) | 36 (1. 4) | |
| Source: BBC[21] 2008 | |||||||||||||
Politics
Shanghai has been a political hub of China since the 20th century. The Politics of Shanghai is structured in a dual party-government system like all other governing institutions in the mainland of the People's Republic of China Politics Politics is the process by which groups of people make decisions Many of China's top government officials in Beijing are known to have risen in Shanghai in the 1980s on a platform that was critical of the extreme leftism of the Cultural Revolution, giving them the tag "Shanghai Clique" during the 1990s. The Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution in the People’s Republic of China was a struggle for power within the Communist Party of China that manifested into The Shanghai clique or Shanghai faction ( is the name given to an informal group of officials in the Communist Party of China, especially those who serve in the central Many observers of Chinese politics view the more right-leaning Shanghai Clique as an opposing and competing faction of the current Chinese administration under President Hu Jintao and Premier Wen Jiabao. Hu Jintao ( born 21 December 1942 is currently the Paramount Leader of the People's Republic of China, holding the titles of General Secretary of the Communist This is a Chinese name; the family name is Wen. Wen Jiabao ( (born 15 September 1942 is the Premier of the Shanghai's top jobs, the Party Chief and the position of Mayor, have always been prominent on a national scale. Four Shanghai mayors eventually went on to take prominent Central Government positions, including former President Jiang Zemin, former Premier Zhu Rongji, and current Vice-President Xi Jinping. Jiang Zemin ( born 17 August 1926 was the "core of the third generation " of Communist Party of China leaders serving as General Secretary of Zhū Róngjī (born 1 October 1928) is a prominent Chinese politician who served as the Mayor and Party chief in Shanghai between 1987 and 1991 before serving as Vice-Premier Xi Jinping ( POJ: Sip Kin-ping born 1953) is a senior leader of the People's Republic of China. The top administrative jobs are always appointed directly by the Central Government.
The current Shanghai government under Mayor Han Zheng has openly advocated transparency in the city's government. Han Zheng (Chinese) (born in Cixi, Zhejiang province April 1954 is the current Mayor of Shanghai, the 13th to serve in the position since the founding However, in previous years a complicated system of relationships between Shanghai's government, banks, and other civil institutions has been under scrutiny for corruption, motivated by faction politics in Beijing; these allegations from Beijing did not go anywhere until late 2006. Since Jiang's departure from office there has been a significant amount of clash between the local government in Shanghai and the Central People's Government, an evolving example of de facto Chinese federalism. The Central People's Government is the Central government of the People's Republic of China in Beijing. Chinese federalism refers to political theories which argue that China 's central government either does or should devolve large amounts of power to local entities The Shanghai government looks after almost all of the city's economic interests without interference from Beijing.
By 2006, Shanghai's actual level of autonomy has arguably surpassed that of any autonomous regions, raising alarm bells in Beijing. An autonomous area is an area of a Country that has a degree of Autonomy, or freedom from an external authority In September 2006, the Shanghai Communist Party Secretary Chen Liangyu, Shanghainese in origin and often clashing with central government officials, along with a number of his followers, were removed from their positions after a probe into the city's pension fund. Chen Liangyu ( Simplified Chinese: 陈良宇 Traditional Chinese: 陳良宇 Pinyin: Chén Liángyǔ (born October 1946 is a Politician of Over a hundred investigators, sent by the Central Government, reportedly uncovered clues of money diversion from the city's pension fund to unapproved loans and investments. Chen's abrupt removal is viewed by many Chinese as a political manoeuvre by President Hu Jintao to further secure his power in the country, and retain administrative centralism. Hu Jintao ( born 21 December 1942 is currently the Paramount Leader of the People's Republic of China, holding the titles of General Secretary of the Communist In March 2007 the central government appointed Xi Jinping, who is not a Shanghai native, to become the Party Secretary, the most powerful office in the city. Xi Jinping ( POJ: Sip Kin-ping born 1953) is a senior leader of the People's Republic of China. Xi would eventually be transferred to work for the central government in Beijing and was replaced by Yu Zhengsheng in November 2007. Yu Zhengsheng ( born April 1945) is the current CPC party chief in Shanghai, China, a post which makes him first-in-charge of China's largest
Administrative divisions
Shanghai is administratively equal to a province and is divided into 19 county-level divisions: 18 districts and one county. Puxi ( is the largest section of Shanghai, China, home to approximately 90% of Shanghai's residents Yangpu District ( meaning "Poplar Bank" is one of the 19 districts in Shanghai. Hongkou District ( is a northern district of Shanghai proper People's Republic of China. Zhabei District ( of Shanghai has a land area of 2926 km² and a resident population of 810211 as of 2003 Putuo District ( of Shanghai has a land area of and a population over 1 million Changning District ( is a district of Shanghai. It has a land area of 37 Xuhui District ( is a district of Shanghai. It has a land area of 54 Jing'an district (静安区; Pinyin: Jìng'ān Qū is one of the central districts of Shanghai. Luwan District ( is a district located in central Shanghai, China. Huangpu District ( also known as New Huangpu is one of Shanghai 's 18 districts Chongming County ( Wu: Dzonmin Jeu is the only county under the jurisdiction of Shanghai, China. See also Baoshan The Baoshan District ( of Shanghai has a land area of 424 Jiading District ( is one of the 18 districts of Shanghai, People's Republic of China. Pudong ( officially known as Pudong New Area (浦東新区 Pinyin: Pǔdōng Xīn Qū is a district of Shanghai, China that Qingpu District ( is one of the districts of Shanghai, China, located to the west of Shanghai city The Minhang District ( of Shanghai has a land area of 37157 km2 and population of 593400 residents as of 2001 Songjiang District ( Wade-Giles: Sungkiang of Shanghai has a land area of 604 Nanhui District ( formerly Nanhui County, is a district of Shanghai. Fengxian District ( of Shanghai has a land area of and a population of 514400 as of 2001 Jinshan District ( of Shanghai is located near Hangzhou Bay. It has a land area of 586 Shanghai is administratively equal to a province and is divided into 19 county-level divisions: 18 districts and 1 county. A province, in the context of China, is a translation of sheng ( which is an administrative division See also Administrative divisions of the Republic of China Due to China 's large Population and area the political divisions of China have consisted The term district, in the context of China, is used to refer to several unrelated political divisions in both ancient and modern China. In the context of Political divisions of China, county is the standard English translation of 县 ( xiàn) There is no single downtown district in Shanghai, the urban core is scattered across several districts. Prominent central business areas include Lujiazui on the east bank of the Huangpu River, and The Bund and Hongqiao areas in the west bank of the Huangpu River. Lujiazui ( is an important financial district in Pudong, Shanghai. The Huangpu River ( Wade-Giles: Huang-p'u Chiang literally "Yellow Bank River") is a 97km long River The Bund ( is an area of Huangpu District in Shanghai, People's Republic of China. The city hall and major administration units are located in Huangpu District, which also serve as a commercial area, including the famous Nanjing Road. Huangpu can refer to several places in China: Huangpu District Shanghai (黄浦区 a district of Shanghai municipality Nanjing Road ( is the main shopping street of Shanghai China, and is one of the world's busiest shopping streets Other major commercial areas include the classy Xintiandi and Huaihai Road in Luwan district and Xujiahui in Xuhui District. Xintiandi ( is a car-free shopping eating and entertainment area of Shanghai, China. Luwan District ( is a district located in central Shanghai, China. Xujiahui is an area in the Xuhui District of Shanghai, China and the name of a metro station in this area Xuhui District ( is a district of Shanghai. It has a land area of 54 Many universities in Shanghai are located in residential areas of Yangpu District and Putuo District. Yangpu District ( meaning "Poplar Bank" is one of the 19 districts in Shanghai. Putuo District ( of Shanghai has a land area of and a population over 1 million
Nine of the districts govern Puxi (literally Huangpu River west), or the older part of urban Shanghai on the west bank of the Huangpu River. Puxi ( is the largest section of Shanghai, China, home to approximately 90% of Shanghai's residents The Huangpu River ( Wade-Giles: Huang-p'u Chiang literally "Yellow Bank River") is a 97km long River The Huangpu River ( Wade-Giles: Huang-p'u Chiang literally "Yellow Bank River") is a 97km long River These nine districts are collectively referred to as Shanghai Proper (上海市区) or the core city (市中心):
- Huangpu District (simplified Chinese: 黄浦区; traditional Chinese: 黃浦區; pinyin: Huángpǔ Qū)
- Luwan District (卢湾区 Lúwān Qū)
- Xuhui District (徐汇区 Xúhuì Qū)
- Changning District (长宁区 Chángníng Qū)
- Jing'an District (静安区 Jìng'ān Qū)
- Putuo District (普陀区 Pǔtuó Qū)
- Zhabei District (闸北区 Zháběi Qū)
- Hongkou District (虹口区 Hóngkǒu Qū)
- Yangpu District (杨浦区 Yángpǔ Qū)
Pudong (literally Huangpu River east), or the newer part of urban and suburban Shanghai on the east bank of the Huangpu River, is governed by:
- Pudong New District (浦东新区 Pǔdōng Xīn Qū) — Chuansha County until 1992
Eight of the districts govern suburbs, satellite towns, and rural areas further away from the urban core:
- Baoshan District (宝山区 Bǎoshān Qū) — Baoshan County until 1988
- Minhang District (闵行区 Mǐnháng Qū) — Shanghai County until 1992
- Jiading District (嘉定区 Jiādìng Qū) — Jiading County until 1992
- Jinshan District (金山区 Jīnshān Qū) — Jinshan County until 1997
- Songjiang District (松江区 Sōngjiāng Qū) — Songjiang County until 1998
- Qingpu District (青浦区 Qīngpǔ Qū) — Qingpu County until 1999
- Nanhui District (南汇区 Nánhuì Qū) — Nanhui County until 2001
- Fengxian District (奉贤区 Fèngxián Qū) — Fengxian County until 2001
Chongming Island, an island at the mouth of the Yangtze, is governed by:
- Chongming County (崇明县 Chóngmíng Xiàn)
As of 2003, these county-level divisions are further divided into the following 220 township-level divisions: 114 towns, 3 townships, 103 subdistricts. Huangpu District ( also known as New Huangpu is one of Shanghai 's 18 districts Pinyin, more formally Hanyu pinyin, is the most common Standard Mandarin Romanization system in use Luwan District ( is a district located in central Shanghai, China. Xuhui District ( is a district of Shanghai. It has a land area of 54 Changning District ( is a district of Shanghai. It has a land area of 37 Jing'an district (静安区; Pinyin: Jìng'ān Qū is one of the central districts of Shanghai. Putuo District ( of Shanghai has a land area of and a population over 1 million Zhabei District ( of Shanghai has a land area of 2926 km² and a resident population of 810211 as of 2003 Hongkou District ( is a northern district of Shanghai proper People's Republic of China. Yangpu District ( meaning "Poplar Bank" is one of the 19 districts in Shanghai. Pudong ( officially known as Pudong New Area (浦東新区 Pinyin: Pǔdōng Xīn Qū is a district of Shanghai, China that The Huangpu River ( Wade-Giles: Huang-p'u Chiang literally "Yellow Bank River") is a 97km long River The Huangpu River ( Wade-Giles: Huang-p'u Chiang literally "Yellow Bank River") is a 97km long River Waibaidu Bridge ( called Garden Bridge in English is a steel bridge on Suzhou Creek in central Shanghai, connecting the Huangpu and Suzhou Creek ( Wade-Giles: Su-chou-ho literally "Suzhou River") is a river in China that passes through the Shanghai city centre Puxi ( is the largest section of Shanghai, China, home to approximately 90% of Shanghai's residents Pudong ( officially known as Pudong New Area (浦東新区 Pinyin: Pǔdōng Xīn Qū is a district of Shanghai, China that Pudong ( officially known as Pudong New Area (浦東新区 Pinyin: Pǔdōng Xīn Qū is a district of Shanghai, China that See also Baoshan The Baoshan District ( of Shanghai has a land area of 424 The Minhang District ( of Shanghai has a land area of 37157 km2 and population of 593400 residents as of 2001 Jiading District ( is one of the 18 districts of Shanghai, People's Republic of China. Jinshan District ( of Shanghai is located near Hangzhou Bay. It has a land area of 586 Songjiang District ( Wade-Giles: Sungkiang of Shanghai has a land area of 604 Qingpu District ( is one of the districts of Shanghai, China, located to the west of Shanghai city Nanhui District ( formerly Nanhui County, is a district of Shanghai. Fengxian District ( of Shanghai has a land area of and a population of 514400 as of 2001 See also Administrative divisions of the Republic of China Due to China 's large Population and area the political divisions of China have consisted When referring to Political Divisions of China, town is the standard English translation of the Chinese 鎮 (simplified 镇; pinyin zhèn Wade-Giles Township ( is the basic level of political divisions in China. Subdistrict is a low level Administrative division of a country Those are in turn divided into the following village-level divisions: 3,393 neighborhood committees and 2,037 village committees. See also Administrative divisions of the Republic of China Due to China 's large Population and area the political divisions of China have consisted
Economy
Shanghai is often regarded as the center of finance and trade in mainland China. The Bund ( is an area of Huangpu District in Shanghai, People's Republic of China. Modern development began with the economic reforms in 1992, a decade later than many of the Southern Chinese provinces, but since then Shanghai quickly overtook those provinces and maintained its role as the business center in mainland China. Shanghai also hosts the largest share market in mainland China.
Shanghai is one of the world's busiest ports. In 2005, Shanghai ranked first of the world's busiest ports in terms of cargo throughout, handling a total of 443 million tons of cargo. In terms of container traffic, it just surpassed Hong Kong to become the second busiest port in the world, behind Singapore. Hong Kong ( officially the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, is a territory located on China 's south coast on the Pearl River Delta, and borders Singapore [22]
Shanghai and Hong Kong are rivaling to be the economic center of China. The Shanghai Stock Exchange ( SSE) ( is a Chinese Stock exchange based in the city of Shanghai, with a Market capitalization Lujiazui ( is an important financial district in Pudong, Shanghai. Hong Kong ( officially the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, is a territory located on China 's south coast on the Pearl River Delta, and borders Hong Kong has the advantage of a stronger legal system, international market integration, superior economic freedom, greater banking and service expertise, lower taxes, and a fully-convertible currency. Economic freedom is freedom to produce trade and consume any goods and services acquired without the use of force fraud or theft Shanghai has stronger links to both the Chinese interior and the central government, and a stronger base in manufacturing and technology. Shanghai has increased its role in finance, banking, and as a major destination for corporate headquarters, fueling demand for a highly educated and modernized workforce. Shanghai has recorded a double-digit growth for 15 consecutive years since 1992. In 2007, Shanghai's nominal GDP posted a 13. 3% growth to 1. 2 trillion yuan. The Shanghai Stock Exchange is the world's fastest growing, with the Shanghai Composite Index growing 130% in 2006. The Shanghai Stock Exchange ( SSE) ( is a Chinese Stock exchange based in the city of Shanghai, with a Market capitalization The SSE Composite Index is an index of all stocks (A shares and B shares that are traded on the Shanghai Stock Exchange. [23]
As in many other areas in China, Shanghai is undergoing a building boom. In Shanghai the modern architecture is notable for its unique style, especially in the highest floors, with several top floor restaurants which resemble flying saucers. For a gallery of these unique architecture designs, see Shanghai (architecture images). In support of the Shanghai article ( Shanghai#Architecture)
The bulk of Shanghai buildings being constructed today are high-rise apartments of various height, color and design. There is now a strong focus by city planners to develop more "green areas" (public parks) among the apartment complexes in order to improve the quality of life for Shanghai's residents, quite in accordance to the "Better City - Better Life" theme of Shanghai's Expo 2010. Expo 2010 will be held in Shanghai, China and is a scheduled World Expo in the grand tradition of international Fairs and expositions
Demographics
The 2000 census put the population of Shanghai Municipality at 16. 738 million, including the migrant population, which made up 3. 871 million. Since the 1990 census the total population had increased by 3. 396 million, or 25. 5%. Males accounted for 51. 4%, females for 48. 6% of the population. 12. 2% were in the age group of 0–14, 76. 3% between 15 and 64 and 11. 5% were older than 65. 5. 4% of the inhabitants were illiterate. As of 2007, the population of long-term residents reached 18. 45 million, including an officially registered population of 13. 68 million, and 4. 67 million migrants from other provinces, mostly from Anhui, Jiangsu, and Zhejiang Provinces. Anhui (in Chinese: 安徽 Ānhuī) is a province of the People's Republic of China. ( Postal map spelling: Kiangsu) is a province of the People's Republic of China, located along the east coast of the country Zhejiang ( is an eastern coastal province of the People's Republic of China. In addition, there are a large number of immigrants from Taiwan (estimates vary from 250,000 to 500,000). Immigration refers to the movement of people among countries While the movement of people has existed throughout human history at various levels modern immigration implies long-term Taiwan ( Taiwanese: Tâi-oân/Tāi-oân (historically 大灣/台員/大員/台圓/大圓/台窩灣 is an Island in East Asia. The average life expectancy in 2006 was 80. 97 years, 78. 67 for men and 82. 29 for women. [24]
Most registered Shanghainese residents are descendants of immigrants from the two adjacent provinces of Jiangsu and Zhejiang who moved to Shanghai in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century, regions that generally also speak Wu Chinese. Nanjing Road ( is the main shopping street of Shanghai China, and is one of the world's busiest shopping streets ( Postal map spelling: Kiangsu) is a province of the People's Republic of China, located along the east coast of the country Zhejiang ( is an eastern coastal province of the People's Republic of China. The many migrants coming to Shanghai from inland China have raised tensions in the past decade, often they do not speak the local dialect and therefore use Mandarin as a lingua franca. A lingua franca (from Italian, literally meaning Frankish language, see etymology under Sabir and Italian below is any Language widely Rising crime rates, littering, harassive panhandling, and an overloading of the basic infrastructure (mainly public transportation and public schools) associated with the rise of these migrant populations (over 3 million new migrants in 2003 alone) have been generating some ill will from the Shanghainese. Efforts have been made by the local Shanghai municipal government to provide adequate welfare for the migrant populations in Shanghai, while also being cautious not to further increase the burdens of the native-born population.
The vernacular language is Shanghainese, a dialect of Wu Chinese, while the official language is Standard Mandarin. Vernacular refers to the Native language of a country or a locality Shanghainese (上海閒話 in Shanghainese sometimes referred to as the Shanghai dialect, is a dialect of Wu Chinese spoken in the city of Shanghai Standard Mandarin, also known as Standard Spoken Chinese, is the official modern Chinese spoken language used in mainland China and Taiwan The local dialect is mutually unintelligible with Mandarin, and is an inseparable part of the Shanghainese identity. The Shanghainese dialect today is a mixture of standard Wu Chinese as spoken in Suzhou, with the dialects of Ningbo and other nearby regions whose peoples have migrated to Shanghai in large numbers since the 20th Century. Shanghainese (上海閒話 in Shanghainese sometimes referred to as the Shanghai dialect, is a dialect of Wu Chinese spoken in the city of Shanghai Suzhou ( ancient name 吳) is a City on the lower reaches of the Yangtze River and on the shores of Lake Taihu in the province of Jiangsu Ningbo ( literally "Tranquil Waves" is a Seaport with sub-provincial administrative status. Nearly all Shanghainese under the age of 40 can speak Mandarin fluently. Fluency in foreign languages is unevenly distributed. Most senior residents who received a university education before the revolution, and those who worked in foreign enterprises, can speak English. A university is an institution of Higher education and Research, which grants Academic degrees in a variety of subjects Those under the age of 26 have had contact with English since primary school, as English is taught as a mandatory course starting at Grade 1.
Due to its cosmopolitan history, Shanghai has a rich blend of religious heritage as shown by the religious buildings and institutions still scattered around the city. The Longhua Temple ( literally " Lustre of the Dragon Temple " is a Buddhist Temple dedicated to the Maitreya Taoism has a presence in Shanghai in the form of several temples,including the City God Temple, at the heart of the old city, the Wenmiao, dedicated to Confucius, and a temple dedicated to the Three Kingdoms general Guan Yu. Taoism (pronounced /ˈdaʊɪzəm/ or /ˈtaʊɪzəm/ also spelled '''Daoism''') refers to a variety of related Philosophical and Religious traditions The City God Temple of Shanghai ( is a temple in the old city of Shanghai, China, and is today the central feature of a large retail and entertainment Wen Miao Market is located in Wen Miao Lu (文庙路 in Shanghai open every Sunday Confucius ( lit " Master Kung " September 28, 551 BC - 479 BC) was a Chinese thinker and social philosopher The Three Kingdoms period ( is a period in the History of China, part of an era of disunity called the Six Dynasties following immediately the loss of Guan Yu ( Chinese: 關羽 Guān Yǔ was a general under the warlord Liu Bei during the late Eastern Han Dynasty and Three Kingdoms era of Buddhism has had a presence in Shanghai since ancient times. Buddhism is a family of beliefs and practices Longhua temple, the largest temple in Shanghai, and Jing'an Temple, were founded in the Three Kingdoms period. The Longhua Temple ( literally " Lustre of the Dragon Temple " is a Buddhist Temple dedicated to the Maitreya Jing'an Temple ( is a Buddhist Temple on West Nanjing Road, in Jing'an District, Shanghai, China. The Three Kingdoms period ( is a period in the History of China, part of an era of disunity called the Six Dynasties following immediately the loss of Another important temple is the Jade Buddha Temple, which is named after a large statue of Buddha carved out of jade in the temple. The Jade Buddha Temple ( literally Jade Buddha Chan Temple) is a Buddhist Temple in Shanghai, China. Siddhārtha Gautama ( Sanskrit; Pali: Siddhattha Gotama) was a spiritual Teacher from Ancient India and the founder Jade is an Ornamental stone. The term jade is applied to two different rocks that are made up of different Silicate minerals. In recent years dozens of modern temples have been built throughout the city. Shanghai is also an important center of Christianity in China. Christianity ( Greek Χριστιανισμός from the word Xριστός ( Christ)is a monotheistic Religion centered on the life and teachings Churches belonging to various denominations are found throughout Shanghai and maintain significant congregations. Among Catholic churches, St Ignatius Cathedral in Xujiahui is the largest, while She Shang Cathedral is the only active pilgrimage site in China. As a Christian Ecclesiastical term Catholic —from the Greek adjective, meaning "general" or "universal"—is described For other places bearing the name St Ignatius see St Ignatius The St Xujiahui is an area in the Xuhui District of Shanghai, China and the name of a metro station in this area The city is also home to Muslim, Jewish, and Eastern Orthodox communities. A Muslim (مسلم pronounced Muslim, not Muzlim) is an adherent of the Religion PLEASE TAKE NOTE************ The Eastern Orthodox Church is the second largest single Christian Communion in the world
While Beijing is considered the educational center of China, Shanghai is also home to some of the country's most prestigious universities, including Fudan University, Shanghai Jiao Tong University and Tongji University. Fudan University ( located in Shanghai, China, is one of the oldest most prestigious and most selective universities in the People's Republic Shanghai Jiao Tong University ( abbreviated Jiao Da (交大 or SJTU) located in Shanghai, is one of the oldest and most influential universities Tongji University ( Simplified Chinese: 同济大学 Traditional Chinese: 同濟大學 Pinyin: Tóngjì Dàxué colloquially known as
Transportation
Shanghai has an extensive public transportation system, largely based on buses, and a rapidly expanding metro system. For a city of Shanghai's size, road traffic is still fairly smooth and convenient but getting more congested as the number of cars increases rapidly.
The Shanghai Metro rapid-transit system and elevated light rail has eight lines (numbers 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8 and 9) at present. The Shanghai Metro is the urban Rapid transit system of China's largest city Shanghai. According to the development schedule of the municipal government, by the year 2010, another 4 lines (numbers 7, 10, 11 and 12) will be built. It is one of the fastest-growing systems in the world - the first line opened in just 1995. [25] Shanghai also has the world's most extensive bus system with nearly one thousand bus lines. [26] Bus and metro fares run from ¥3 to ¥9 depending on distance.
Taxis in Shanghai are plentiful and market competition has driven taxi fare down to affordable prices for the average resident (¥11 (¥14 after 11pm) or a little over one US dollar for 3 km). A taxis (plural taxes, ˈtæksiːz is an Innate behavioural response by an Organism to a directional stimulus. Before the 1990s, bicycling was the most ubiquitous form of transportation in Shanghai, but the city has since banned bicycles on many of the city's main roads to ease congestion. However, many streets have bicycle lanes and intersections are monitored by "Traffic Assistants" who help provide for safe crossing. Further, most motorists in China were raised riding bikes and so are fairly careful of them. Further, the city government has pledged to add 180 km of cycling lanes over the next few years. With rising disposable incomes, private car ownership in Shanghai has also been rapidly increasing in recent years. The number of cars is limited, however, by the number of available number plates available at public auction.
In cooperation with the Shanghai municipality and the Shanghai Maglev Transportation Development Co. Shanghai Maglev Train (Shanghai Transrapid) ( is the first commercial high-speed maglev line in the world (SMT), German Transrapid constructed the first commercial Maglev railway in the world in 2002, from Shanghai's Longyang Road subway station in Pudong to Pudong International Airport. Transrapid is a German high-speed monorail train using magnetic levitation. Shanghai Maglev Train (Shanghai Transrapid) ( is the first commercial high-speed maglev line in the world Commercial operation started in 2003. The 30 km trip takes 7 minutes and 21 seconds and reaches a maximum speed of 431 km/h (267. 8 mph).
Two railways intersect in Shanghai: Jinghu Railway (Beijing-Shanghai) Railway passing through Nanjing, and Shanghai-Hangzhou Railway (沪杭线 Hu Hang Line). Rail transport is the most commonly used mode of long-distance transportation in the People's Republic of China. The Jinghu railway (京沪铁路 is a train line running between Beijing and Shanghai in China through Tianjin, Hebei, ( Chinese: 南京 Romanizations Nánjīng ( Pinyin) Nan-ching ( Wade-Giles ( Postal map spelling: Hangchow) is a Sub-provincial city located in the Yangtze River Delta in the People's Republic of China, Shanghai is served by two main railway stations, Shanghai Railway Station and Shanghai South Railway Station. For information on the metro station of the same name see Shanghai Railway Station (Shanghai Metro Shanghai Railway Station ( is the For information on the metro station of the same name see Shanghai South Railway Station (Shanghai Metro Shanghai South Railway Station Express service to Beijing through Z-series trains is fairly convenient. Z-series (直达列车 is the most luxurious Train service offered by China National Railway. A Maglev train route to Hangzhou (Shanghai-Hangzhou Maglev Train) might begin construction in 2007. ( Postal map spelling: Hangchow) is a Sub-provincial city located in the Yangtze River Delta in the People's Republic of China, Shanghai-Hangzhou Maglev Train is a proposed maglev train line from Shanghai to Hangzhou, to be built by Germany 's Transrapid consortium A high-speed railroad to Beijing is also in the works.
More than six national expressways (prefixed with "G") from Beijing and from the region around Shanghai connect to the city. Shanghai currently has 6 city elevated roads (including 2 ring roads and 18 expressways (including 2 ring expressways Shanghai itself has six toll-free elevated expressways (skyways) in the urban core and 18 municipal expressways (prefixed with "A"). There are ambitious plans to build expressways connecting Shanghai's Chongming Island with the urban core. Chongming County ( Wu: Dzonmin Jeu is the only county under the jurisdiction of Shanghai, China.
Shanghai has two airports: Hongqiao International and Pudong International, the latter of which has the third highest traffic in China, following Beijing Capital International Airport and Hong Kong International Airport. Shanghai Hongqiao International Airport ( Simplified Chinese: 上海虹桥国际机场 Traditional Chinese: 上海虹橋國際機場 Pinyin: Shànghǎi Shanghai Pudong International Airport ( ( is a major Aviation hub in Asia, particularly in the East Asian region and is the primary international Beijing Capital International Airport, ( is the main international Airport that serves the capital city of Beijing, People's Republic of China. Hong Kong International Airport is the main airport in Hong Kong. Pudong International handles more international traffic than Beijing Capital however, with over 17. 15 million international passengers handled in 2006 compared to the latter's 12. 6 million passengers. [27] Hongqiao mainly serves domestic routes, with a few city-to-city flights to Tokyo's Haneda Airport and Seoul's city airport. located in Ōta Tokyo, Japan, is one of the two primary Airports serving the Greater Tokyo Area.
Architecture
Shanghai has a rich collection of buildings and structures of various architectural styles. The Bund ( is an area of Huangpu District in Shanghai, People's Republic of China. Architectural styles classify Architecture in terms of Form, techniques, Materials, time period region etc The Bund, located by the bank of the Huangpu River, contains a rich collection of early 20th century architecture, ranging in style from neo-classical HSBC Building to the art deco Sassoon House. The Huangpu River ( Wade-Giles: Huang-p'u Chiang literally "Yellow Bank River") is a 97km long River The HSBC Building is a six-floor neo-classical building in The Bund area of Shanghai, China. Art Deco was a popular international design movement from 1925 until 1939 affecting the decorative arts such as Architecture, Interior design, and Industrial The Peace Hotel ( Chinese 和平饭店 is a world famous Hotel on The Bund in Shanghai, China in the former International Settlement A number of areas in the former foreign concessions are also well preserved, and despite rampant redevelopment, the old city still retains some buildings of a traditional style, including Yuyuan Garden, a traditional garden in the Jiangnan style. Yuyuan Garden ( Simplified Chinese 豫园 Traditional Chinese 豫園 Pinyin: Yùyuán located in the center of the Old City next to the Chenghuangmiao Jiangnan or Jiang Nan ( sometimes spelled Kiang-nan) is a geographic area in China referring to lands immediately to the south of the lower reaches of
In recent years, a large number of architectually distinctive, even eccentric, skyscrapers have sprung up throughout Shanghai. The Bund ( is an area of Huangpu District in Shanghai, People's Republic of China. Puxi ( is the largest section of Shanghai, China, home to approximately 90% of Shanghai's residents Notable examples of contemporary architecture include the Shanghai Museum and Shanghai Grand Theatre in the People's Square precinct. The Shanghai Museum ( Chinese: 上海博物館 is a Museum of ancient Chinese art, situated on the People's Square in the Huangpu District The Shanghai Grand Theatre ( is located at the intersection of Central Boulevard and Huangpi Road South in northern part of the People's Square in Huangpu District People's Square ( is a large public square just off of Nanjing Road in the Huangpu District of Shanghai, China.
One uniquely Shanghainese cultural element is the shikumen (石库门) residences, which are two or three-story townhouses, with the front yard protected by a high brick wall. The Shikumen ( or literally "stone gate" is a style of housing in Shanghai, China, which blended features of east and west Xintiandi ( is a car-free shopping eating and entertainment area of Shanghai, China. The Shikumen ( or literally "stone gate" is a style of housing in Shanghai, China, which blended features of east and west Historically in the United Kingdom, Ireland and in many other countries a townhouse (or a "house in town" was a residence of a peer or member of the Each residence is connected and arranged in straight alleys, known as a lòngtang (弄堂), pronounced longdang in Shanghainese. The entrance to each alley is usually surmounted by a stylistic stone arch. The whole resembles terrace houses or townhouses commonly seen in Anglo-American countries, but distinguished by the tall, heavy brick wall in front of each house. In Architecture and City planning, a terrace(d or row house or townhouse (though the latter term can also refer to Patio houses Historically in the United Kingdom, Ireland and in many other countries a townhouse (or a "house in town" was a residence of a peer or member of the The name "shikumen" literally means "stone storage door", referring to the strong gateway to each house.
The shikumen is a cultural blend of elements found in Western architecture with traditional Lower Yangtze (Jiangnan) Chinese architecture and social behavior. Jiangnan or Jiang Nan ( sometimes spelled Kiang-nan) is a geographic area in China referring to lands immediately to the south of the lower reaches of All traditional Chinese dwellings had a courtyard, and the shikumen was no exception. Yet, to compromise with its urban nature, it was much smaller and provided an "interior haven" to the commotions in the streets, allowing for raindrops to fall and vegetation to grow freely within a residence. The courtyard also allowed sunlight and adequate ventilation into the rooms.
The Shanghai World Financial Center at 492 metres tall is the tallest skyscraper in mainland China and ranks second in the world. The Shanghai World Financial Center ( Abbr: SWFC;) is a Supertall Skyscraper in Shanghai, China. Mainland China, Continental China, the Chinese mainland or simply the mainland, is a geopolitical term synonymous with the area that is under the jurisdiction While determining the world's tallest structure has generally been straightforward the definition of the world's tallest building or the The distinctive Oriental Pearl Tower at 468 metres, is located nearby in downtown Shanghai. The Oriental Pearl Tower ( Official Name 东方明珠电视塔 is a TV tower in Shanghai, China. Its lower sphere is now available for living quarters, starting at very high prices.
Perhaps one of the most spectacular buildings of modern times, Shanghai Center, a supertall skyscraper is under construction in the Pudong District of the metropolis. The Shanghai Center ( is a supertall Skyscraper approved for construction in the Pudong District of Shanghai. A skyscraper is a tall continuously habitable Building. There is no official definition or a precise cutoff height above which a building may clearly be classified as a skyscraper Pudong ( officially known as Pudong New Area (浦東新区 Pinyin: Pǔdōng Xīn Qū is a district of Shanghai, China that At 580 metres, the building is expected to offer 118 stories and propel the city to be an advanced financial capital upon planned completion in 2010.
Culture
Because of Shanghai's status as the cultural and economic center of East Asia for the first half of the twentieth century, it is popularly seen as the birthplace of everything considered modern in China. The Shanghai Museum ( Chinese: 上海博物館 is a Museum of ancient Chinese art, situated on the People's Square in the Huangpu District It was in Shanghai, for example, that the first motor car was driven and the first train tracks and modern sewers were laid. It was also the intellectual battleground between socialist writers who concentrated on critical realism (pioneered by Lu Xun and Mao Dun) and the more "bourgeois", more romantic and aesthetically inclined writers (such as Shi Zhecun, Shao Xunmei, Ye Lingfeng, Eileen Chang). In the Philosophy of perception, critical realism is the theory that some of our Sense-data (for example those of primary qualities can and do accurately represent Lu Xun ( or Lu Hsün ( Wade-Giles) was the Pen name of Zhou Shuren ( ( September 25, 1881 &ndash October 19 Mao Dun ( July 4, 1896 &ndash March 27, 1981) was the Pen name of Shen Dehong ( Shen Yanbing) a 20th century Shi Zhecun (Traditional Chinese 施蟄存 Simplified Chinese 施蛰存 Hanyu pinyin Shī Zhécūn or Shī Zhīcūn (1905 - 2003 was a Chinese author and journal editor
Besides literature, Shanghai was also the birthplace of Chinese cinema & theater. The Chinese-language cinema has three distinct historical threads Cinema of Hong Kong, Cinema of China, and Cinema of Taiwan. China’s first short film, The Difficult Couple (Nanfu Nanqi, 1913), and the country’s first fictional feature film, Orphan Rescues Grandfather (Gu'er jiu zuji, 1923) were both produced in Shanghai. These two films were very influential, and established Shanghai as the center of Chinese film-making. Shanghai’s film industry went on to blossom during the early Thirties, generating Marilyn Monroe-like stars such as Zhou Xuan. Zhou Xuan ( -) was a popular Chinese singer and Film actress By the 1940s she had become one of the Seven great singing stars. Another film star, Jiang Qing, went on to become Madame Mao Zedong. Jiang Qing ( March 14, 1914 May 14, 1991) is the Pseudonym that was used by Chinese leader Mao Zedong 's last wife Mao Zedong ( 26 December 1893 – 9 September 1976) was a Chinese Military and political leader who led The talent and passion of Shanghainese filmmakers following World War II and the Communist revolution in China contributed enormously to the development of the Hong Kong film industry. World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including A communist revolution is a Proletarian revolution inspired by the ideas of Marxism that aims to replace Capitalism with Communism, typically The cinema of Hong Kong is one of the three major threads in the history of Chinese language cinema, alongside the Cinema of China Many aspects of Shanghainese popular culture ("Shanghainese Pops") were transferred to Hong Kong by the numerous Shanghainese emigrants and refugees after the Communist Revolution. Hong Kong ( officially the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, is a territory located on China 's south coast on the Pearl River Delta, and borders The movie In the Mood for Love (Huayang nianhua) directed by Wong Kar-wai (a native Shanghainese himself) depicts one slice of the displaced Shanghainese community in Hong Kong and the nostalgia for that era, featuring 1940s music by Zhou Xuan. In the Mood for Love ( Traditional Chinese: 花樣年華 Simplified Chinese: 花样年华 Pinyin: Huāyàng niánhuá Jyutping Hong Kong ( officially the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, is a territory located on China 's south coast on the Pearl River Delta, and borders
Shanghai boasts several museums of regional and national importance. The Shanghai Museum of art and history has one of the best collections of Chinese historical artefacts in the world, including important archaeological finds since 1949. The Shanghai Museum ( Chinese: 上海博物館 is a Museum of ancient Chinese art, situated on the People's Square in the Huangpu District The Shanghai Art Museum, located near People's Square, is a major art museum holding both permanent and temporary exhibitions. The Shanghai Art Museum (上海美术馆 is an Art gallery in the city of Shanghai, China. People's Square ( is a large public square just off of Nanjing Road in the Huangpu District of Shanghai, China. The Shanghai Natural History Museum is a large scale natural history museum. The Shanghai Natural History Museum ( Shanghai Ziran Bowuguan) is a Museum dedicated to Natural history. In addition, there is a variety of smaller, specialist museums, some housed in important historical sites such as the site of the Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea and the site of the First National Congress of the Communist Party of China. The Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea was a Government in exile based in Shanghai, China and later in Chongqing, during the The Communist Party of China ( CPC) ( also known as the Chinese Communist Party ( CCP) is the founding and ruling political party of the
The Shanghai School (海上画派 Haishang Huapai or 海派 Haipai) is a very important Chinese school of traditional arts during the Qing Dynasty and the whole of the twentieth century. Not to be confused with Qin Dynasty, the first dynasty of Imperial China The twentieth century of the Common Era began on Under efforts of masters from this school, traditional Chinese art reached another climax and continued to the present in forms of the "Chinese painting" (中国画) or guohua (国画) for short. Chinese painting is one of the oldest continuous artistic traditions in the world The Shanghai School challenged and broke the literati tradition of Chinese art, while also paying technical homage to the ancient masters and improving on existing traditional techniques. Members of this school were themselves educated literati who had come to question their very status and the purpose of art, and had anticipated the impending modernization of Chinese society. In an era of rapid social change, works from the Shanghai School were widely innovative and diverse, and often contained thoughtful yet subtle social commentary. The most well-known figures from this school are Ren Xiong (任熊), Ren Yi (任伯年), Zhao Zhiqian (赵之谦), Wu Changshuo (吴昌硕), Sha Menghai (沙孟海, calligraphist), Pan Tianshou (潘天寿), Fu Baoshi (傅抱石) and Wang Zhen (Wang Yiting) (王震). Ren Xiong (任熊 1823-57 Chinese painter from Xiaoshan, active during during the late Qing dynasty Rèn Yí (任頤 1840-1896 was a painter and son of a rice merchant who supplemented his income by doing portraits Zhao Zhiqian ( Chinese 赵之谦 1829-1884 is a renowned Chinese calligrapher and painter in Qing Dynasty. Wú Chāngshuò (1844-1927 is the name for which Wu Junqing is best known Sha Menghai ( June 11 1900 —1992 born Shi Wenruo (沙文若 was a great master of Calligraphy in China. Pan Tianshou ( Chinese: 潘天寿 Pinyin: Pān Tiānshòu 1897-1971 was a notable painter and art educator of modern China. Fu Baoshi (1904-1965 was a Chinese painter from Xinyu, Jiangxi Province Wang Zhen ( was a celebrated modern Chinese artist of the Shanghai School. In literature, the term was used in the 1930s by some May Fourth Movement intellectuals, notably Zhou Zuoren and Shen Congwen, as a derogatory label for the literature produced in Shanghai at the time. The May Fourth Movement ( was an anti- imperialist, cultural and political movement in early modern China. Zhou Zuoren ( ( 16 January 1885 - 6 May 1967) was a Chinese Writer, primarily known as an Essayist and a translator Shen Congwen ( December 28[[ 902]]— May 10 1988) was the pen name of a Chinese writer from the May Fourth Movement. They argued that so-called Shanghai School literature was merely commercial and therefore did not advance social progress. This became known as the Jingpai (Beijing School) versus Haipai (Shanghai School) debate.
Songjiang School (淞江派) is a small painting school during the Ming Dynasty. The Ming Dynasty ( or Empire of the Great Ming ( was the ruling dynasty of China from 1368 to 1644 following the collapse of the Mongol -led It is commonly considered as a further development of the Wu School, or Wumen School (吴门画派), in the then cultural center of the region, Suzhou. Suzhou ( ancient name 吳) is a City on the lower reaches of the Yangtze River and on the shores of Lake Taihu in the province of Jiangsu Huating School (华亭派) was another important art school during the middle to late Ming Dynasty. Its main achievements were in traditional Chinese painting, calligraphy and poetry, and especially famous for its Renwen painting (人文画). Dong Qichang (董其昌) is one of the masters from this school. Dong Qichang ( 1555–1636 Courtesy name Xuanzai (玄宰 was a Chinese painter, Scholar, Calligrapher, and art theorist of the
Shanghai's parks offer some reprieve from the urban jungle. Jing'an Temple ( is a Buddhist Temple on West Nanjing Road, in Jing'an District, Shanghai, China. Due to the scarcity of play space for children, nearly all parks have a children's section. Zhongshan Gongyuan in Downtown Shanghai is famous for its monument of Chopin, the tallest statue dedicated to the composer in the world. Built in 1914 as Jessfield Park, it once contained the campus of St. John's University, Shanghai's first international college; today, it is known for its extensive rose and peony gardens, a large children's play area, and as the westernmost stop to date on the Metro Line 2. One of the newest is in the Xujiahui District, Xujiahui Gongyuan, built in 1999 on the former grounds of the Great Chinese Rubber Works Factory and the EMI Recording Studio (today's glamorous La Villa Rouge restaurant), with entrances at Zhaojiabang Lu and in the west at the intersection of Hengshang Lu and Yuqin Lu. Year 1999 ( MCMXCIX) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full 1999 Gregorian calendar) The park has a man-made lake with a sky bridge running across the park, and offers a pleasant respite for Xujiahui shoppers.
Other Shanghainese cultural artifacts include the cheongsam (Shanghainese: zansae), a modernization of the traditional Chinese/Manchurian qipao (Chinese: 旗袍; fitting. The cheongsam is a body-hugging (modified in Shanghai) one-piece Chinese Dress for women This contrasts sharply with the traditional qipao which was designed to conceal the figure and be worn regardless of age. The cheongsam went along well with the western overcoat and the scarf, and portrayed a unique East Asian modernity, epitomizing the Shanghainese population in general. As Western fashions changed, the basic cheongsam design changed, too, introducing high-necked sleeveless dresses, bell-like sleeves and, the black lace frothing at the hem of a ball gown. By the 1940s, cheongsams came in transparent black, beaded bodices, matching capes and even velvet. And later, checked fabrics became also quite common. The 1949 Communist Revolution ended the cheongsam and other fashions in Shanghai. However, the Shanghainese styles have seen a recent revival as stylish party dresses. The fashion industry has been rapidly revitalizing in the past decade, there is on average one fashion show per day in Shanghai today. Like Shanghai's architecture, local fashion designers strive to create a fusion of western and traditional designs, often with innovative if uncontroversial results.
Shanghai has hosted a number of world events, including the 2007 Summer Special Olympics and a Live Earth concert. The 2007 Special Olympics World Summer Games were held in Shanghai, China. Live Earth is an annual event developed to to combat climate change. [28] The city will be the host of the Expo 2010 World's Fair between May and October 2010. Expo 2010 will be held in Shanghai, China and is a scheduled World Expo in the grand tradition of international Fairs and expositions Expo (short for "exposition" and also known as World Fair and World's Fair) is the name given to various large public exhibitions held since the Shanghai is also home to a number of professional sports teams, including Shanghai Shenhua of the Chinese Football Association Super League, the Shanghai Sharks of the Chinese Basketball Association, and the Shanghai Eagles of the Chinese Baseball League. Shanghai Shenhua ( Simplified Chinese: 上海申花 is a Chinese Super League football club The Chinese Football Association Super League ( Simplified Chinese: 中国足球协会超级联赛 commonly known as Chinese Super League (中超联赛 or CSL The Shanghai Sharks ( are a Chinese Basketball Association team based in Shanghai, China. The Chinese Basketball Association ( CBA; Chinese 中国男子篮球职业联赛 is the premier professional Basketball league in China. Shanghai Golden Eagles (上海金鹰 is a baseball team based in Shanghai and a member of the China Baseball League. The China Baseball League or Chinese Baseball League (中国棒球联赛 or CBL is a fledgling professional Baseball league under the administration The city has also hosted the Formula One Chinese Grand Prix at the Shanghai International Circuit every year since 2004. The Chinese Grand Prix is a round of the Formula One World Championship, held towards the end of the season in October The Shanghai International Circuit ( is a Chinese Motor racing venue situated in the district of Jiading near Shanghai in the People's
See also
- List of cities in the People's Republic of China by population
- List of fiction set in Shanghai
- List of sister cities of Shanghai
References
- ^ Land Area. This list ranks cities in the People's Republic of China (PRC by Population. Novels set in Shanghai, China. Shanghai Kiss by Kern Konwiser and David Ren Empire of the Sun Shanghai has city partnerships with the following cities and regions See also Sister city Basic Facts. Shanghai Municipal Government. Retrieved on 2007-09-12. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1213 - Albigensian Crusade: Simon de Montfort 5th Earl of Leicester, defeats Peter II of Aragon at the
- ^ Water Resources. Basic Facts. Shanghai Municipal Government. Retrieved on 2007-09-12. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1213 - Albigensian Crusade: Simon de Montfort 5th Earl of Leicester, defeats Peter II of Aragon at the
- ^ Topographic Features. Basic Facts. Shanghai Municipal Government. Retrieved on 2007-09-12. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1213 - Albigensian Crusade: Simon de Montfort 5th Earl of Leicester, defeats Peter II of Aragon at the
- ^ Population in Shanghai: 18.45 million and still growing. Xinhua News Agency.
- ^ Shanghai 2007 GDP. Jiefang Daily. Jiefang Daily ( Chinese: 解放日报 Pinyin: Jiěfàng Rìbào is the daily newspaper of the Shanghai Committee of Communist Party of China
- ^ Shanghai population tops 20m. China Daily (2003-12-05). The China Daily ( is an English-language daily newspaper published in the People's Republic of China. Year 2003 ( MMIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 63 BC - Cicero reads the last of his Catiline Orations. Retrieved on 2008-03-22. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 238 - Gordian I and his son Gordian II are proclaimed Roman emperor.
- ^ Shanghai. Encyclopædia Britannica Online (2008). The Encyclopædia Britannica is a general English-language encyclopaedia published by Encyclopædia Britannica Inc Retrieved on 2008-03-22. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 238 - Gordian I and his son Gordian II are proclaimed Roman emperor.
- ^ Mackerras, Colin (2001). The New Cambridge Handbook of Contemporary China. Cambridge University Press, 242. Cambridge University Press (known colloquially as CUP is a Publisher given a Royal Charter by Henry VIII in 1534 ISBN 0521786746.
- ^ A Glimpse at 1930s Shanghai. Yoran Beisher (2003-09-24). Year 2003 ( MMIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 622 - Prophet Muhammad completes his hegira from Mecca to Medina. Retrieved on 2008-03-20. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1600 - The Linköping Bloodbath takes place on Maundy Thursday in Linköping, Sweden.
- ^ Shanghai now the world's largest cargo port. Asia Times Online (2006-01-07). Asia Times Online (abbr "ATol" is an Internet -only news and commentary publication that reports and examines geopolitical, political Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1325 - Alfonso IV becomes King of Portugal. 1558 - France takes Calais, the last continental Retrieved on 2008-03-20. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1600 - The Linköping Bloodbath takes place on Maundy Thursday in Linköping, Sweden.
- ^ Top 150 City Destinations. Euromonitor (2007-10-11). Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1138 - A massive earthquake struck Aleppo, Syria. 1531 - Huldrych Zwingli is killed Retrieved on 2008-03-22. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 238 - Gordian I and his son Gordian II are proclaimed Roman emperor.
- ^ Look! It's the brand new face of China. The Guardian (2008-03-09). The Guardian (until 1959 The Manchester Guardian) is a British Newspaper owned by the Guardian Media Group. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 590 - Bahram Chobin is crowned as king Barham VI of Persia. Retrieved on 2008-03-20. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1600 - The Linköping Bloodbath takes place on Maundy Thursday in Linköping, Sweden.
- ^ Ye, Lin (July 2004). "Is Shanghai Really a "Global City"?" (pdf). . University of Illinois in Chicago Retrieved on 2008-05-09. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1457 BC - Battle of Megiddo (15th century BC between Thutmose III and a large Canaanite coalition under the King of
- ^ Of Shanghai... and Suzhou. The Hindu Business Line (2003-01-27). Year 2003 ( MMIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 98 - Trajan becomes Roman Emperor after the death of Nerva. Retrieved on 2008-03-20. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1600 - The Linköping Bloodbath takes place on Maundy Thursday in Linköping, Sweden.
- ^ « 149 comfort women houses discovered in Shanghai », Xinhua, 16 juin 2005. Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar.
- ^ a b c Shanghai Statistical Yearbook. Shanghai Municipal Government (2006). Retrieved on 2008-03-20. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1600 - The Linköping Bloodbath takes place on Maundy Thursday in Linköping, Sweden.
- ^ Shanghai travel guide - Geography. TravelChinaGuide. com (2008-02-23). 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1455 - Traditional date for the publication of the Gutenberg Bible, the first Western Book printed from Movable Retrieved on 2008-03-20. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1600 - The Linköping Bloodbath takes place on Maundy Thursday in Linköping, Sweden.
- ^ Suzhou Creek clean-up on track. People's Daily Online (2006-12-07). Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 43 BC - Marcus Tullius Cicero assassinated 1696 - Connecticut Route 108, one of the oldest highways Retrieved on 2008-05-11. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 330 - Byzantium is renamed ''Nova Roma'' during a dedication ceremony but is more popularly referred to as Constantinople
- ^ Environmental Protection in China's Wealthiest City. The American Embassy in China (July 2001). Retrieved on 2008-05-11. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 330 - Byzantium is renamed ''Nova Roma'' during a dedication ceremony but is more popularly referred to as Constantinople
- ^ 1.6m flee Shanghai typhoon. The Daily Telegraph (2007-09-19). For "The Daily Telegraph" in Australia see The Daily Telegraph (Australia. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 335 - Dalmatius is raised to the rank of Caesar by his uncle Constantine I. Retrieved on 2008-03-20. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1600 - The Linköping Bloodbath takes place on Maundy Thursday in Linköping, Sweden.
- ^ a b Average Conditions Shanghai, China. BBC. Retrieved on 2008-03-12. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 538 - Witiges, king of the Ostrogoths ends his siege of Rome and retreats to Ravenna, leaving
- ^ ["http://transport.tdctrade.com/content.aspx?data=Logistics_content_en&contentid=1004574" Shanghai port TEU throughput ranks 2nd largest in the world]. Hong Kong Trade Development Council.
- ^ Shanghai Stock Exchange announces 2007 strategy. Hong Kong Trade Development Council (2007-03-06). Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1079 - Omar Khayyám completes the Iranian calendar. 1454 - Thirteen Years' War: Delegates of Retrieved on 2008-05-16. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1204 - Baldwin IX Count of Flanders is crowned as the first Emperor of the Latin Empire.
- ^ ["http://www.stats-sh.gov.cn/english/shgl/rkjy/rkjy.htm" Shanghai Basic Facts]. Shanghai Municipal Statistics Bureau.
- ^ Shanghai Subway - Metro. UrbanRail. Net. Retrieved on 2008-05-15. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1252 - Pope Innocent IV issues the Papal bull Ad exstirpanda, which authorizes but also limits the
- ^ "Personal Cars and China (2003)".
- ^ Pudong airport has most passengers from abroad (The Business Times: January 9, 2007)
- ^ Collier, Robert. Events 475 - Byzantine Emperor Zeno is forced to flee his capital at Constantinople. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. "Warming strikes a note in China", SFGate.com, 2007-07-08, pp. The San Francisco Chronicle was founded in 1865 as The Daily Dramatic Chronicle by teenage brothers Charles de Young and Michael H Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 939 - The Major Occultation or Ghaybat el-Kubra of Muhammad al-Mahdi 1099 - First Crusade: 15000 A4. Retrieved on 2007-07-08. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 939 - The Major Occultation or Ghaybat el-Kubra of Muhammad al-Mahdi 1099 - First Crusade: 15000
External links
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This article contains Chinese text. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Chinese characters. Mojibake is the happenstance of incorrect unreadable characters (garbage characters shown when Computer software fails to render a text correctly according to its associated A Chinese character, also known as a Han character ( is a Logogram used in writing Chinese (hanzi Japanese ( |
Government
- Shanghai.gov.cn - Official government site
- Shanghai Tour - Official site of the Shanghai Tourism Commission
- Shanghai Statistical Yearbook - Government-published facts and figures
Media
- Shanghai Daily - English language newspaper
Other
- Shanghai travel guide from Wikitravel
- Flickr: Photos tagged with "Shanghai"
- Shanghai at the Open Directory Project
- WikiSatellite view of Shanghai at WikiMapia
- Shanghai Travel Guide - Easy Shanghai Travel Guide
Wikitravel is a Web -based project "to create a free, complete up-to-date and reliable worldwide travel guide. Flickr is an image and video hosting Website, Web services suite and Online community platform The Open Directory Project ( ODP) also known as dmoz (from directory
Dictionary
shanghai
-verb
- (transitive) To force or trick (someone) into joining a ship which is lacking a full crew.
- (transitive) To abduct or coerce.
- (transitive) To commandeer; appropriate; hijack
-noun
Shanghai
-proper noun
- A port city in China.
- A type of long-legged chicken believed to be of Asian origin.
-verb
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