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The Shang Dynasty' (Chinese: 商朝) or Yin Dynasty (殷代) (ca. Throughout the world there are many cities that were once national Capitals but no longer have that status because the country ceased to exist the capital was moved or the capital Yinxu ( is the ruins of the last capital of China's Shang Dynasty ( 1766 BC - 1050 BC) For the government of parliamentary systems see Executive (government. A monarchy is a Form of government in which supreme power is actually or nominally lodged in an individual who is the Head of state, often for life or The Battle of Muye (or Mu (牧野之戰 was fought in China in 1046 BC. 1600 BC - ca. 1100 BC)[1] was the second historic Chinese dynasty and ruled in the northeastern region of the area known as "China proper", in the Yellow River valley. The following is a Chronology of the dynasties in Chinese history. China proper (also known as Inner China) refers to the historical lands of China where the Han Chinese are the majority Ethnic group, in contrast The Yellow River or Huang He / Hwang Ho ( Hatan Gol Queen river) is the second-longest river in China (after the Yangtze River) and the The Shāng Dynasty followed the quasi-legendary Xià Dynasty and preceded the Zhōu Dynasty. The Xia Dynasty ( of China is the first dynasty to be described in ancient historical records such as Records of the Grand Historian and The Zhou Dynasty ( POJ: Chiu Tiau 1122 BC to 256 BC was preceded by the Shang Dynasty and followed by the Qin Dynasty in China. Information about the Shang Dynasty comes from historical records of the later Zhou Dynasty, the Han Dynasty Shiji by Sima Qian and from Shang inscriptions on bronze artifacts and oracle bones—turtle shells, cattle scapulae or other bones on which were written the first significant corpus of recorded Chinese characters. The Han Dynasty ( 206 BC–220 AD followed the Qin Dynasty and preceded the Three Kingdoms in China. The Records of the Grand Historian, also known in English by the Chinese name 史記 or Shiji, written from 109 BC to 91 BC Early life and education Sima Qian was born and grew up in Longmen, near present-day Hancheng Shaanxi. Bronze is any of a broad range of Copper alloys, usually with Tin as the main additive but sometimes with other elements such as Phosphorus Oracle bones ( Chinese: 甲骨 Pinyin: jiǎgǔpiàn are pieces of Bone or turtle shell that were heated and cracked during divination A Chinese character, also known as a Han character ( is a Logogram used in writing Chinese (hanzi Japanese (
These divinations can be gleaned for information on the politics, economy, culture, religion, geography, astronomy, calendar, art and medicine of the period[2], and as such provide critical insight into the early stages of the Chinese civilization. Divination (from Latin divinare "to be inspired by a god" related to Divine, Diva and Deus) is the attempt of ascertaining One site of the Shang capitals, later historically called the Ruins of Yin (殷墟), is near modern day Anyang . Yinxu ( is the ruins of the last capital of China's Shang Dynasty ( 1766 BC - 1050 BC) Anyang ( is a Prefecture-level city in Henan province, People's Republic of China. Archaeological work there uncovered 11 major Yin royal tombs and the foundations of palace and ritual sites, containing weapons of war and human as well as animal sacrifices. Tens of thousands of bronze, jade, stone, bone and ceramic artifacts have been obtained; the workmanship on the bronzes attests to a high level of civilization. In terms of inscribed oracle bones alone, more than 20,000 were discovered in the initial scientific excavations in the 1920s to 1930s, and over four times more have since been found.
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Archaeological discovery
During the Song Dynasty (960–1279 AD), scholar-bureaucrats and the Chinese gentry became avid antiquarians and collectors of ancient artwork, some claiming to have found Shang Dynasty era bronze vessels with written inscriptions. The Song Dynasty ( Wade-Giles: Sung Ch'ao was a ruling dynasty in China between 960&ndash1279 CE it succeeded the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms Scholar-bureaucrats or scholar-officials were civil servants appointed by the Emperor of China to perform day-to-day governance from the Sui Dynasty to In imperial China, Gentry were the class of landowners who were retired mandarins or their descendants An antiquarian or antiquary is one concerned with Antiquities or things of the past Bronze is any of a broad range of Copper alloys, usually with Tin as the main additive but sometimes with other elements such as Phosphorus [3] Despite this, archeologists of the 19th century knew only of written records and historical documentations spanning as far back as the Zhou Dynasty (1046 BC–256 BC), but no earlier. The Zhou Dynasty ( POJ: Chiu Tiau 1122 BC to 256 BC was preceded by the Shang Dynasty and followed by the Qin Dynasty in China. [3] In 1899, it was found that Chinese pharmacists in late Qing Dynasty China were selling "dragon bones" marked with curious and archaic characters. Not to be confused with Qin Dynasty, the first dynasty of Imperial China Oracle bones ( Chinese: 甲骨 Pinyin: jiǎgǔpiàn are pieces of Bone or turtle shell that were heated and cracked during divination [3] By 1928, these "dragon bones" were finally traced back to their origin at a site near Anyang in the Yellow River valley, modern Henan province, where the National Government's Academia Sinica began an archeological excavation. Anyang ( is a Prefecture-level city in Henan province, People's Republic of China. Henan ( is a province of the People's Republic of China, located in the central part of the country The Chinese Academy of Sciences ( CAS) ( formerly known as Academia Sinica (not to be confused with the Republic of China 's (Taiwan Academia [3] Work at the site was halted during the Japanese invasion beginning in 1937, but by 1950 another Shang capital had been discovered near Zhengzhou. Zhengzhou ( formerly called Zhengxian is a Prefecture-level city, and the capital of Henan province, People's Republic of China. [3]
At the excavated royal palace of Yinxu, there were large stone pillar bases found along with rammed earth foundations and platforms "as hard as cement" as Fairbank asserts, which originally supported 53 buildings of wooden post-and-beam construction. Yinxu ( is the ruins of the last capital of China's Shang Dynasty ( 1766 BC - 1050 BC) Rammed earth, also known as cob, pisé de terre or simply pisé, is a type of construction material Timber framing (Fachwerk or Half-timbering, is the method of creating framed structures of heavy timber jointed together with pegged Mortise and tenon joints [3] In close proximity to the main palatial complex, there were subterranean pits used for storage, service quarters, and housing quarters. [3] The remnants of the rammed earth walls at Zhengzhou are determined to have risen 27 feet (8. 2 m) in height, and formed a roughly rectangular wall 4 miles (6. 4 km) around the ancient city. [4] Construction of these rammed earth walls was actually an inherited tradition by the Shang civilization, since much older rammed earth fortifications were found at Chinese Neolithic sites of the Longshan culture (c. The Neolithic (from Greek νεολιθικός — neolithikos from νέος neos, "new" + λίθος lithos Longshan culture ( was a late Neolithic culture in China, centered on the central and lower Yellow River and dated from about 3000 BC to 3000 BC–2000 BC). [4] In 1959, the site of the Erlitou culture was found in Yanshi, south of the Yellow River near Luoyang; their culture is often associated with the legendary Xia Dynasty that preceded the Shang. The Erlitou culture (simplified Chinese 二里头文化 traditional Chinese 二里頭文化 Pinyin: èrlǐtóu wénhuà ( 2100 BC to 1800 BC or 1500 Yanshi ( is a County-level city administered by the Prefecture-level city of Luoyang in western Henan province, People's Republic Luoyang ( is a Prefecture-level city in western Henan province, People's Republic of China. [5] They also had large palaces that also suggested the existence of a dynastic kingdom preceding the Shang. [5] Radiocarbon dating suggests that the Erlitou culture flourished ca. Radiocarbon dating is a Radiometric dating method that uses the naturally occurring Radioisotope Carbon-14 (14C to determine the age of 2100 BC to 1800 BC. [6]
Cowry shells obtained from the seacoast were also excavated from Anyang, evidence that suggests the Shang were somewhat of a maritime people. Cowry, also sometimes spelled cowrie, plural always cowries, is the Common name for a group of small to large sea Snails marine [6] Neolithic sites one hundred miles off of mainland China's southern coasts of Fujian — on the island of Taiwan — are dated as far back as 4000 BC. This article is about the People's Republic of China province Taiwan ( Taiwanese: Tâi-oân/Tāi-oân (historically 大灣/台員/大員/台圓/大圓/台窩灣 is an Island in East Asia. [6] However, there was very limited sea trade in ancient China, since China was isolated from other large civilizations during the Shang period. [6] Trade relations and diplomatic ties via the Silk Road and Chinese maritime ventures to the Indian Ocean to reach other formidable empires did not exist until the reign of Emperor Wu during the Han Dynasty (202 BC–220 AD). The Silk Road, or Silk Routes, are an extensive interconnected network of Trade routes across the Asian continent connecting East South and Western Asia with the Maritime history is a broad thematic element of History that often uses a global approach although national and regional histories remain predominant The Indian Ocean is the third largest of the world's Oceanic divisions covering about 20% of the water on the Earth 's surface Background birth and years as crown prince Emperor Wu was the tenth child of Emperor Jing, and was born to one of Emperor Jing's favorite Concubines, The Han Dynasty ( 206 BC–220 AD followed the Qin Dynasty and preceded the Three Kingdoms in China. [7][8]
Many of the Shang tombs had been tunneled into and ravaged by grave robbers of ancient times. Grave robbing, grave robbery or tomb raiding is the act of uncovering a Tomb or Crypt to Steal the artifacts (as Illicit [9] In the spring of 1976, the discovery of Tomb 5 at Yinxu revealed a tomb that was undisturbed and one of the most lavished Shang tombs that archaeologists had yet come across. This archaeological site at the ruins of the ancient Shang Dynasty capital of Yin was discovered in 1976 and identified as the final resting place of queen and [10] With over 200 bronze ritual vessels and 109 inscriptions of Lady Fu Hao's name, archaeologists realized they had stumbled across the tomb of the militant consort to King Wu Ding, as described in 170 to 180 written Shang oracle bones. Fù Hǎo (婦好 died c 1200 BC posthumously Mu Xin (母辛 was one of the many wives of King Wu Ding of the Shang Dynasty and unusually for Wu Ding ( Chinese: 武丁 born Zi Zhao, Chinese 子昭 was a Shang Dynasty [11] Along with bronze vessels, there was also found stoneware and pottery vessels, bronze weapons, jade carvings of figures and hair combs, and bone hairpins. Stoneware a Vitreous or semivitreous ceramic ware of fine texture made primarily from nonrefactory fire clay Chinese jade is any of the carved-jade objects produced in China from the Neolithic Period (c [12][13][14] Historian Robert L. Thorp states that the large assortment of weapons and ritual vessels in her tomb correlate with the oracle bone accounts of her military career and involvement in Wu Ding's ritual sacrifices. Oracle bone script ( refers to incised (or rarely brush-written ancient Chinese characters found on Oracle bones which are animal bones or turtle shells used in [15]
History
The Shang dynasty is believed to have been founded by a rebel leader who overthrew the last Xia ruler. Its civilization was based on agriculture, augmented by hunting and animal husbandry. The Records of the Grand Historian state that the Shang moved its capital six times. The Records of the Grand Historian, also known in English by the Chinese name 史記 or Shiji, written from 109 BC to 91 BC The final and most important move to Yin in 1350 BC led to the golden age of the dynasty. Yinxu ( is the ruins of the last capital of China's Shang Dynasty ( 1766 BC - 1050 BC) The term Yin dynasty has been synonymous with the Shang in history, and indeed was the more popular term, although it is now often used specifically in reference to the latter half of the Shang. The Japanese and Koreans still refer to the Shang dynasty exclusively as the Yin (In) dynasty.
A line of hereditary Shang kings ruled over much of northern China, and Shang troops fought frequent wars with neighboring settlements and nomadic herdsmen from the inner Asian steppes. In physical Geography, a steppe ( German, from степь - "a flat and arid land" степ - /stɛp/ тал - tal дала - /dɑlɑ/ pronounced The capitals, particularly that in Yin, were centers of glittering court life. Court rituals to propitiate spirits developed. In addition to his secular position, the king was the head of the ancestor- and spirit-worship cult. The king often performed oracle bone divinations himself, especially near the end of the dynasty. Evidence from the royal tombs indicates that royal personages were buried with articles of value, presumably for use in the afterlife. Perhaps for the same reason, hundreds of commoners, who may have been slaves, were buried alive with the royal corpse. As a social-economic system slavery is a legal institution under which a Person (called "a slave" is compelled to work for another
The Shang had a fully developed system of writing as attested on bronze inscriptions, oracle bones, and a small number of other writings on pottery, jade and other stones, horn, etc. Chinese Bronze inscriptions are writing in a variety of Chinese scripts on Chinese bronze artifacts such as zhōng bells and dǐng tripodal cauldrons Oracle bones ( Chinese: 甲骨 Pinyin: jiǎgǔpiàn are pieces of Bone or turtle shell that were heated and cracked during divination [16]; its complexity and state of development indicates an earlier period of development, which is still unattested. Bronze casting and pottery also advanced in Shang culture. The bronze was commonly used for art rather than weapons. In astronomy, the Shang astronomers saw Mars and various comets. Many musical instruments were also invented at that time.
Shang influence, though not political control, extended as far northeast as modern Beijing, where early pre-Yan culture shows evidence of Shang material culture. Yan ( was a state during the Western Zhou, Spring and Autumn and Warring States Periods in China. [17] At least one burial in this region during the Early Shang period contained both Shang-style bronzes and local-style gold jewelry. [17] This Shang influence likely made possible the integration of Yan into the later Zhou Dynasty. [17]
The Shang king, in his oracular divinations, repeatedly shows concern about the fang groups, which represented barbarians outside of the civilized tu regions that made up the Shang center. In particular, the tufang group of the Yan Shan region is regularly mentioned as hostile to the Shang[17]. The discovery of a Chenggu-style ge dagger-axe at Xiaohenan demonstrates that even at this early stage of Chinese history, there was some level of connection between the distant areas of north China. [17]
Shang Zhou, the last Shang king, committed suicide after his army was defeated by the Zhou people. King Di Xin of Shang ( Chinese: 帝辛 born Zi Shou (Chinese 子受 was the last The Zhou Dynasty ( POJ: Chiu Tiau 1122 BC to 256 BC was preceded by the Shang Dynasty and followed by the Qin Dynasty in China. Legends say that his army betrayed him by joining the Zhou rebels in a decisive battle.
A classical novel Fengshen Yanyi is about the war between the Yin and Zhou, in which each was favored and supported by one group of gods. Fengshen Yanyi ( (translated as The Investiture of the Gods or The Creation of the Gods) also known as Fengshen Bang ( is one
After the Yin's collapse, the surviving Yin ruling family collectively changed their surname from their royal Zi (子) (pinyin: zi; Wade-Giles: tzu) to the name of their fallen dynasty, Yin (殷). Pinyin, more formally Hanyu pinyin, is the most common Standard Mandarin Romanization system in use Wade-Giles (ˌweɪdˈʤaɪlz) sometimes abbreviated Wade, is a Romanization system (phonetic notation and Transcription) for the Mandarin The family remained aristocratic and often provided needed administrative services to the succeeding Zhou Dynasty. The King Cheng of Zhou (周成王) through the Regent, his uncle the Duke Dan of Zhou (周公旦), enfeoffed the former Shang King Zhou's brother the ruler of Wei, WeiZi (微子) in the former Shang capital at Shang (商) with the territory becoming the state of Song (宋). King Cheng of Zhou ( ch 周成王 zhōu chéng wáng or King Ch'eng of Chou was the second sovereign of the Chinese Zhou Dynasty. God of Dreams Duke of Zhou is also known as the 'God of Dreams' Shangqiu ( is a Prefecture-level city in eastern Henan province, People's Republic of China. The State of Song and the royal Shang descendants maintained rites to the dead Shang kings which lasted until 286 BC. (Source: Records of the Grand Historian. The Records of the Grand Historian, also known in English by the Chinese name 史記 or Shiji, written from 109 BC to 91 BC )
Both Korean and Chinese legends state that a disgruntled Yin prince named Jizi (箕子), who had refused to cede power to the Zhou, left China with his garrison and founded Gija Joseon near modern day Liaoning to what would become one of the early Korean states (Go-, Gija-, and Wiman-Joseon). Jizi (Chinese 箕[[wikt 子|子]] ( Gija in Korean) was a semi-legendary Chinese sage who is said to have ruled Gojoseon by theory Gija Joseon (? - 194 BC describes the period after the alleged arrival of Gija in northern (or in the northwest of Korean peninsula. ( is a northeastern province of the People's Republic of China.
Many Shang clans migrated northeast and were integrated into Yan culture during the Western Zhou period. Yan ( was a state during the Western Zhou, Spring and Autumn and Warring States Periods in China. These clans maintained an elite status, continuing their sacrificial and burial traditions. [17]
Late and Early Shang
Written records found at Anyang confirm the existence of the Shang dynasty. However, Western scholars are hesitant to associate some settlements contemporaneous with the Anyang settlement with the Shang dynasty. [18] For example, archaeological findings at Sanxingdui suggest a technologically advanced civilization culturally unlike Anyang but lacking writing. Sanxingdui ( is the name of an Archaeological site in China, now believed to be the site of an ancient Chinese city The extent of Shang control is difficult to determine, given the lack of archaeological exploration. It is accepted among historians that Yin, ruled by the same Shang of official history, coexisted and traded with other culturally diverse settlements in North China.
Chinese historians living in later periods were accustomed to the notion of one dynasty succeeding another, but the actual political situation in early China may have been more complicated. The Xia and the Shang can possibly refer to political entities that existed concurrently, just as the early Zhou (successor state of the Shang), is known to have existed at the same time as the Shang. Succession of states is a theory in International relations regarding the recognition and acceptance of a newly created State by other states based on [17] This approach to the Sandai (Or Three Dynasties) system was promoted by noted archaeologist Kwang-chih Chang. Kwang-chih Chang (張光直 (1931-2001 also known as KC Chang, was a Chinese/Taiwanese archaeologist and Sinologist.
Furthermore, though the ruins of Yinxu confirms the existence of the Late Shang dynasty, no evidence has been unearthed proving the existence of the Shang dynasty before its move to its last capital. This is seen in research by the reference to Yin-era Shang as Late Shang and pre-jiaguwen Shang as Early Shang. Oracle bone script ( refers to incised (or rarely brush-written ancient Chinese characters found on Oracle bones which are animal bones or turtle shells used in The difficulty is less one of conspirators trying to legitimize the Shang Dynasty and more the problem of historians and archaeologists sorting out historical societies and pre-historic (That is, pre-writing) archeological cultures.
At the Shang Dynasty site of Ao, large walls were erected in the 15th century BC that had dimensions of 20 meters / 65 feet in width at the base and enclosed an area of some 2100 yards squared. [19] In similar dimensions, the ancient Chinese capital for the State of Zhao, Handan (founded in 386 BC), had walls that were again 20 meters / 65 feet wide at the base, a height of 15 meters / 50 feet tall, with two separate sides of its rectangular enclosure measured at a length of 1530 yards. Zhao ( Pinyin: zhào Traditional Chinese: 趙 Simplified Chinese: 赵 was a Chinese State during Handan ( is a Prefecture-level city located in the southwestern part of Hebei Province of China. [19]
Economy
As far back as c. 1500 BC, the early Shang Dynasty engaged in large-scale production of bronze-ware vessels and weapons. Bronze is any of a broad range of Copper alloys, usually with Tin as the main additive but sometimes with other elements such as Phosphorus [20] This production necessitated large labor force that would handle the mining, refining, and transportation of copper, tin, and lead ores. Copper (ˈkɒpɚ is a Chemical element with the symbol Cu (cuprum and Atomic number 29 Tin is a Chemical element with the symbol Sn (stannum and Atomic number 50 Characteristics Lead has a dull luster and is a dense, Ductile, very soft highly [20] The Shang Dynasty royal court and aristocrats required a vast amount of different bronze vessels for various ceremonial purposes and events of religious divination, hence the need for official managers that could provide oversight and employment of hard-laborers and skilled artisans and craftsmen. Divination (from Latin divinare "to be inspired by a god" related to Divine, Diva and Deus) is the attempt of ascertaining [20] With the increased amount of bronze available, the army could become better equipped with an assortment of bronze weaponry, and bronze was also able to furnish the fittings of spoke-wheeled chariots that came into widespread use by 1200 BC. A spoke is one of some number of rods radiating from the center of a Wheel (the hub where the Axle connects connecting the hub with the round traction surface [21]
Apart from their role as the head military commanders, Shang kings also asserted their social supremacy by acting as the high priest of society and leader of divination ceremonies. [21] As the oracle bone texts reveal, the Shang kings were viewed as the best qualified members of society to offer sacrifices to their royal ancestors, to the high god Di, who in their beliefs was responsible for the rain, wind, and thunder. [21]
Shang Military
Shang infantry were armed with a variety of stone or bronze weaponry, including máo spears, yuè pole-axes, ge pole-based dagger-axes, the compound bow, and bronze or leather helmets (Wang Hongyuan 1993). [22] Their western military frontier was at the Taihang Mountains, where they fought the ma or "horse" barbarians, who might have used chariots. The Shang themselves likely only used chariots as mobile command vehicles or elite symbols. [23] Although the Shang depended upon the military skills of their nobility, the masses of town dwelling and rural commoners provided the Shang rulers with conscript labor as well as military obligation when mobilized for ventures of defense or conquest. [24] The subservient lords of noble lineage and other state rulers were obligated to furnish their locally-kept forces with all the necessary equipment, armor, and armaments, while the Shang king maintained a force of about a thousand troops at his capital, and personally led this force into battle. [25] A rudimentary military bureaucracy was needed in order to muster troops of three to five thousand troops in border campaigns, while it was recorded that up to thirteen thousand troops were mustered in order to suppress uprisings of insolent states to Shang authority. [25]
The army was divided into three sections - left, right, and middle. [22] There were largely two types of army units in these sections, those being the loosely organized infantry that were conscripted from the privileged populace and played a supporting role, while the core of the army was the warrior nobility who rode in chariots. [22] Chariot-based warfare continued as a prime means of conducting battle well into the Warring States (481 BC-221 BC) period, although this was slowly phased out by massive infantry, and then large cavalry-based forces by the 3rd century BC. The Warring States Period ( also known as the Era of Warring States covers the period from some time in the 5th century BC to the unification of China by the [26] However, even after the Shang integrated the chariot into their military forces, the nobility were still largely amassed in infantry form, as the chariot was mostly associated with transportation, ceremonies, and large-scale royal hunting expeditions. [26] Chariots in the Shang period generally carried three men, the driver placed at the center, an archer on the left, and a warrior armed with a dagger-axe on the right. [26] It had a rectangular frame, with two large spoked wheels, and was driven by two horses,[26] although some of the chariots had teams of four horses. A spoke is one of some number of rods radiating from the center of a Wheel (the hub where the Axle connects connecting the hub with the round traction surface [21]
Gallery
 A bronze zun vessel ornamented with designs of dragons and tigers |
 A bronze gong ritual vessel |
 A bronze gefuding gui vessel |
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 A bronze yuefu you vessel |
 A bronze zun ritual vessel |
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 A bronze yue, late Shang era. Jade is an Ornamental stone. The term jade is applied to two different rocks that are made up of different Silicate minerals. A deer is a Ruminant Mammal belonging to the family Cervidae. Bronze is any of a broad range of Copper alloys, usually with Tin as the main additive but sometimes with other elements such as Phosphorus Bronze is any of a broad range of Copper alloys, usually with Tin as the main additive but sometimes with other elements such as Phosphorus Bronze is any of a broad range of Copper alloys, usually with Tin as the main additive but sometimes with other elements such as Phosphorus Bronze is any of a broad range of Copper alloys, usually with Tin as the main additive but sometimes with other elements such as Phosphorus Jade is an Ornamental stone. The term jade is applied to two different rocks that are made up of different Silicate minerals. The Chinese Dragon or Oriental dragon is a mythical creature in East Asian culture with a Chinese origin Jade is an Ornamental stone. The term jade is applied to two different rocks that are made up of different Silicate minerals. Fish are aquatic Vertebrate animals that are typically ectothermic (previously Cold-blooded) covered with scales, and equipped with two Bronze is any of a broad range of Copper alloys, usually with Tin as the main additive but sometimes with other elements such as Phosphorus |
 Bronzewares from the excavated tomb of Fu Hao, c. This archaeological site at the ruins of the ancient Shang Dynasty capital of Yin was discovered in 1976 and identified as the final resting place of queen and 1250 BC. |
 A jade carved tiger |
Sovereigns of the Shang Dynasty
| Posthumous names | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Convention: posthumous name or King + posthumous name | ||||
| Order | Reign | Chinese | Hanyu Pinyin | Notes |
| 01 | 29 | 湯 (成唐) | Tāng | a Sage king; overthrew tyrant Jié (桀) of Xià (夏) |
| 02 | 02 | 太丁 | Tài Dīng | |
| 03 | 32 | 外丙 | Wài Bǐng | |
| 04 | 04 | 仲壬 | Zhòng Rén | |
| 05 | 12 | 太甲 | Tài Jiǎ | |
| 06 | 29 | 沃丁 | Wò Dǐng | |
| 07 | 25 | 太庚 | Tài Gēng | |
| 08 | 17 | 小甲 | Xiǎo Jiǎ | |
| 09 | 12 | 雍己 | Yōng Jǐ | |
| 10 | 75 | 太戊 | Tài Wù | |
| 11 | 11 | 仲丁 | Zhòng Dīng | |
| 12 | 15 | 外壬 | Wai Ren | |
| 13 | 09 | 河亶甲 | Hé Dǎn Jiǎ | |
| 14 | 19 | 祖乙 | Zǔ Yǐ | |
| 15 | 16 | 祖辛 | Zǔ Xīn | |
| 16 | 20 | 沃甲 | Wò Jiǎ | |
| 17 | 32 | 祖丁 | Zǔ Dīng | |
| 18 | 29 | 南庚 | Nán Gēng | |
| 19 | 07 | 陽甲 | Yáng Jiǎ | |
| 20 | 28 | 盤庚 | Pán Gēng | Shang finally settled down at Yīn (殷). A posthumous name is an honorary name given to royalty nobles and sometimes others in some cultures after the person's death King Cheng Tang of Shang of China (in Chinese:"湯" born Zi Lü, in Chinese"子履" The Xia Dynasty ( of China is the first dynasty to be described in ancient historical records such as Records of the Grand Historian and Tai Ding or Da Ding (in Chinese:"大丁" was the eldest son of King Tang but sources are conflicted as to whether Wai Bing ( Chinese: 外丙 born Zi Sheng, Chinese 子勝 was a Shang Dynasty Zhòng Rén ( Chinese: 外丙 born Zi Yong, Chinese 子庸 is traditionally held to be a Tai Jia ( Chinese: 太甲 born Zi Zhi, Chinese 子至 was the son of Tai Ding (Chinese Tai Geng ( Chinese: 太庚 born Zi Bian, Chinese 子辨 was a Shang Dynasty Xiao Jia ( Chinese: 小甲 born Zi Gao, Chinese 子高 was a Shang Dynasty Yong Ji ( Chinese: 雍己 born Zi Dian (Chinese 子佃 or Zi Zhou (Chinese 子伷 Tai Wu ( Chinese: 太戊 born Zi Mi (Chinese 子密 or Zi Zhou (Chinese 子伷 Zhong Ding ( Chinese: 仲丁 born Zi Zhuang (Chinese 子庄 was a Shang Dynasty Wai Ren ( Chinese: 外壬 born Zi Fa (Chinese 子發 was a Shang Dynasty King He Dan Jia ( Chinese: 河亶甲 born Zi Zheng (Chinese 子整 was a Shang Dynasty Zu Yi ( Chinese: 祖乙 born Zi Teng (Chinese 子滕 was a Shang Dynasty Zu Xin ( Chinese: 祖辛 born Zi Dan (Chinese 子旦 was a Shang Dynasty Zu Ding ( Chinese: 祖丁 born Zi Xin (Chinese 子新 was a Shang Dynasty Nan Geng ( Chinese: 南庚 born Zi Geng (Chinese 子更 was a Shang Dynasty Yang Jia ( Chinese: 陽甲 born Zi He (Chinese 子和 was a Shang Dynasty Pán Gēng ( Chinese: 盤庚 born Zi Xun, Chinese 子旬 was a Shang Dynasty The period starting from Pán Gēng is also called the Yīn Dynasty, beginning the golden age of the Shāng dynasty. Oracle bone inscriptions are thought to date at least to Pán Gēng's era. Oracle bones ( Chinese: 甲骨 Pinyin: jiǎgǔpiàn are pieces of Bone or turtle shell that were heated and cracked during divination |
| 21 | 29 | 小辛 | Xiǎo Xīn | |
| 22 | 21 | 小乙 | Xiǎo Yǐ | |
| 23 | 59 | 武丁 | Wǔ Dīng | married to consort Fu Hao, who was a renowned warrior. Xiao Xin ( Chinese: 小辛 born Zi Song, Chinese 子颂 was a Shang Dynasty Xiao Yi ( Chinese: 小乙 born Zi Lian, Chinese 子敛 was a Shang Dynasty Wu Ding ( Chinese: 武丁 born Zi Zhao, Chinese 子昭 was a Shang Dynasty Fù Hǎo (婦好 died c 1200 BC posthumously Mu Xin (母辛 was one of the many wives of King Wu Ding of the Shang Dynasty and unusually for Most of the oracle bones studied are believed to have came from his reign. |
| 24 | 12 | 祖庚 | Zǔ Gēng | |
| 25 | 20 | 祖甲 | Zǔ Jiǎ | |
| 26 | 06 | 廩辛 | Lǐn Xīn | |
| 27 | 06 | 庚丁 | Gēng Dīng | or Kang Ding (康丁 Kāng Dīng) |
| 28 | 35 | 武乙 | Wǔ Yǐ | |
| 29 | 11 | 文丁 | Wén Dīng | |
| 30 | 26 | 帝乙 | Dì Yǐ | |
| 31 | 30 | 帝辛 | Dì Xīn | aka Zhòu (紂), Zhòu Xīn (紂辛) or Zhòu Wáng (紂王). Zu Geng (祖庚 was king of the Shang Dynasty of China. His given name is Yao (曜 Zu Jia (祖甲 was king of the Shang Dynasty of China. His another name is Di Jia (帝甲 in the book of Guoyu (国语 Lin Xin (廩辛 was king of the Shang Dynasty of China. His name by Bamboo Annals is Feng Xin (冯辛 another book The Historic People of Gen Ding (庚丁 was king of the Shang Dynasty of China from 1170BC to 1147BC Wu Yi (武乙 was king of the Shang Dynasty of China from 1147BC to 1112BC Wen Ding (文丁 was king of the Shang Dynasty of China from 1112BC to 1102BC Di Yi (帝乙 was king of the Shang Dynasty of China from 1101BC to 1076BC King Di Xin of Shang ( Chinese: 帝辛 born Zi Shou (Chinese 子受 was the last Also referred to by adding "Shāng" (商) in front of any of these names. |
Note:
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See also
- Chinese historiography
- Chinese sovereign
- Chinese mythology
- Erligang culture
- Xia Shang Zhou Chronology Project
Notes
- ^ Cultural History and Archaeology of China. Chinese Historiography refers to the study of methods and assumptions made in studying Chinese history. Chinese sovereign is the ruler of a particular period in ancient China. Chinese mythology is a collection of Cultural history, Folktales, and Religions that have been passed down in oral or written form The Erligang culture (二里岡文化 (1600 - 1400 BC is the term used by archaeologists to refer to a Bronze Age archaeological culture in China. The Xia Shang Zhou Chronology Project ( was a multi-discipline project commissioned by the People's Republic of China in 1996 to determine with accuracy the location and Bureau of Educational and Cultural Affairs, U. S. State Department. Retrieved on 2008-01-12. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 475 - Basiliscus becomes Byzantine Emperor, with a coronation ceremony in the Hebdomon palace in Constantinople
- ^ See, for instance, Keightley (2000)
- ^ a b c d e f g Fairbank 33.
- ^ a b Fairbank, 34.
- ^ a b Fairbank, 34–35.
- ^ a b c d Fairbank, 35.
- ^ Sun 1989, 161-167.
- ^ Chen 2002, 67-71.
- ^ Thorp, 239.
- ^ Thorp, 240.
- ^ Thorp, 240 & 245.
- ^ Thorp, 242 & 245.
- ^ Li (1980), 393–394.
- ^ Valenstein & Hearn, 77.
- ^ Thorp, 245.
- ^ Qiu 2000, p. 60
- ^ a b c d e f g Sun, Yan (June 2006). "Colonizing China's Northern Frontier: Yan and Her Neighbors During the Early Western Zhou Period". International Journal of Historical Archaeology 10 (2): 159-177(19). doi:. A digital object identifier ( DOI) is a permanent identifier given to an Electronic document.
- ^ (1999) The Cambridge History of Ancient China: From the Origins of Civilization to 221 BC. Cambridge University Press, 124-125. ISBN ISBN 0521470307.
- ^ a b Needham, Volume 4, Part 2, 43.
- ^ a b c Ebrey, 17.
- ^ a b c d Ebrey, 14.
- ^ a b c Sawyer, 35.
- ^ Shaughnessy, Edward L. Historical Perspectives on The Introduction of The Chariot Into China. Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies, Vol. 48, No. 1 (Jun. , 1988), pp. 189-237
- ^ Sawyer, 33.
- ^ a b Sawyer, 34.
- ^ a b c d Sawyer, 36.
References
- Chen, Yan (2002). Maritime Silk Route and Chinese-Foreign Cultural Exchanges. Beijing: Peking University Press. ISBN 7-301-03029-0.
- Ebrey, Patricia Buckley, Anne Walthall, James B. Palais (2006). East Asia: A Cultural, Social, and Political History. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company. ISBN 0-618-13384-4.
- Fairbank, John King and Merle Goldman (1992). China: A New History; Second Enlarged Edition (2006). Cambridge: MA; London: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. ISBN 0-674-01828-1
- Keightley, David N. (1978). Sources of Shang History: The Oracle-Bone Inscriptions of Bronze Age China. University of California Press, Berkeley. Large format hardcover, ISBN 0-520-02969-0 (out of print); A 1985 paperback 2nd edition is still in print, ISBN 0-520-05455-5.
- Keightley, David N. (2000). The Ancestral Landscape: Time, Space, and Community in Late Shang China (ca. 1200 – 1045 B. C. ). China Research Monograph 53, Institute of East Asian Studies, University of California – Berkeley. ISBN 1-55729-070-9, ppbk.
- Lee, Yuan-Yuan and Shen, Sin-yan. (1999). Chinese Musical Instruments (Chinese Music Monograph Series). Chinese Music Society of North America Press. ISBN 1-880464039
- Li, Chu-tsing. "The Great Bronze Age of China," Art Journal (Volume 40, Number 1/2, 1980): 390–395.
- Needham, Joseph (1986). Science and Civilization in China: Volume 4, Part 3. Taipei: Caves Books, Ltd.
- Sawyer, Ralph D. and Mei-chün Lee Sawyer (1994). Sun Tzu's The Art of War. New York: Barnes and Noble Inc. ISBN 1566192978
- Shen, Sinyan (1987), Acoustics of Ancient Chinese Bells, Scientific American, 256, 94.
- Sun, Guangqi (1989). History of Navigation in Ancient China. Beijing: Ocean Press. ISBN 7-5027-0532-5.
- Sun, Yan. "Colonizing China's Northern Frontier:Yan and Her Neighbors During the Early Western Zhou Period. " International Journal of Historical Archaeology (10, no. 2, 2006): 159-177.
- Thorp, Robert L. "The Date of Tomb 5 at Yinxu, Anyang: A Review Article," Artibus Asiae (Volume 43, Number 3, 1981): 239–246.
- Valenstein, Suzanne G. and Maxwell Hearn. "Asian Art, by Martin Lerner; Alfreda Murck; Barbara B. Ford," Recent Acquisitions (Metropolitan Museum of Art) (Number 1985/1986, 1985): 72–88.
- Wang, Hongyuan 王宏源 (1993). The Origins of Chinese Characters 漢字字源入門. Sinolingua, Beijing, ISBN 7-80052-243-1, ppbk.
Further reading
- Timperley, Harold J. The Awakening of China in Archaeology; Further Discoveries in Ho-Nan Province, Royal Tombs of the Shang Dynasty, Dated Traditionally from 1766 to 1122 B. C. . 1936.
External links
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This article contains Chinese text. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Chinese characters. Mojibake is the happenstance of incorrect unreadable characters (garbage characters shown when Computer software fails to render a text correctly according to its associated A Chinese character, also known as a Han character ( is a Logogram used in writing Chinese (hanzi Japanese ( |
| Preceded by Xia Dynasty |
Dynasties in Chinese history ca. The Xia Dynasty ( of China is the first dynasty to be described in ancient historical records such as Records of the Grand Historian and The following is a Chronology of the dynasties in Chinese history. 1600 BC - ca. 1046 BC |
Succeeded by Zhou Dynasty |
The Zhou Dynasty ( POJ: Chiu Tiau 1122 BC to 256 BC was preceded by the Shang Dynasty and followed by the Qin Dynasty in China.
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