| Shah Jahan the Magnificient | |
| Mughal Emperor | |
 "Shah Jahan on a globe" from the Smithsonian Institution |
|
| Reign | 1628 - 1658 |
|---|---|
| Full name | Shabuddin Mohammed Shah Jahan |
| Born | January 5, 1592 |
| Birthplace | Lahore |
| Died | January 31, 1666 (age 74) |
| Place of death | Agra |
| Buried | Taj Mahal |
| Predecessor | Jehangir |
| Successor | Aurangazeb |
| Wives | Akbarabadi Mahal (d. The Mughal Empire ( Persian and self-designation گورکانی; مغلیہ سلطنت) was an Islamic imperial power which ruled most The Smithsonian Institution (smɪθsoʊnɪən is an educational and research institute and associated Museum complex administered and funded by the Government of Events 1477 - Battle of Nancy: Charles the Bold is killed and Burgundy becomes part of France. ( lahor is the capital of the Pakistani province of Punjab and is the second largest city in Pakistan after Karachi. Events 1504 - France cedes Naples to Aragon. 1606 - Gunpowder Plot: Guy Fawkes Agra ( pronounced) (आगरा آگرا is a city on the banks of the Yamuna River in the northern state of Uttar Pradesh, The Taj Mahal (tɑdʒ Nuruddin Salim Jahangir (full title Al-Sultan al-'Azam wal Khaqan al-Mukarram Khushru-i-Giti Panah Abu'l-Fath Nur ud-din Muhammad Jahangir Padshah Ghazi ''( September 20 Aurangzeb ( (full title Al-Sultan al-Azam wal Khaqan al-Mukarram Abul Muzaffar Muhiuddin Muhammad Aurangzeb Bahadur Alamgir I Padshah Ghazi) ( November 4, 1677) Kandahari Mahal (b. 1594, m. 1609) Mumtaz Mahal (b. Mumtāz Mahal (April 1593 - 17 June 1631 ( Persian, Urdu: ممتاز محل; pronunciation /mumtɑːz mɛhɛl/ meaning "beloved ornament of the palace" 1593, m. 1612, d. 1631) Hasina Begum Sahiba (m. 1617) Muti Begum Sahiba Qudsia Begum Sahiba Fatehpuri Mahal Sahiba (d. after 1666) Sarhindi Begum Sahiba (d. after 1650) Shrimati Manbhavathi Baiji Lal Sahiba (m. 1626) |
| Issue | Jahanara Begum, Dara Shukoh, Shah Shuja, Roshanara Begum, Aurangzeb, Murad Baksh, Gauhara Begum |
| Dynasty | Mughal |
| Father | Jehangir |
| Mother | Princess Manmati[1] |
Shabuddin Mohammed Shah Jahan (full title: Al-Sultan al-'Azam wal Khaqan al-Mukarram, Abu'l-Muzaffar Shihab ud-din Muhammad, Sahib-i-Qiran-i-Sani, Shah Jahan I Padshah Ghazi Zillu'llah [Firdaus-Ashiyani]) (also spelled Shah Jehan, Shahjehan. Shahzadi ( Imperial Princess) Jahanara Begum Sahib ( Urdu: شاهزادی جہاں آرا بیگم صاحب) ( April 2 Dara Shikoh ( Persian: داراشكوه)(March 20 1615 - August 30 1659 was the eldest son of the Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan and his wife Shāh Shujā ( June 23, 1616 &ndash 1660 was the second son of the Mughal emperor Shah Jahan and empress Mumtaz Mahal. Roshanara Begum ( Urdu: شاهزادی روشن آرا بیگم) was the second oldest daughter of the Mughal ruler, Shah Jahan and Aurangzeb ( (full title Al-Sultan al-Azam wal Khaqan al-Mukarram Abul Muzaffar Muhiuddin Muhammad Aurangzeb Bahadur Alamgir I Padshah Ghazi) ( November 4, Murad Baksh (died 1661 was the youngest son of Mughal emperor Shah Jahan and empress Mumtaz Mahal. Gauhara Begum ( June 17, 1631 -1706 was the fourteenth and final child of the Mughal emperor, Shah Jahan I Nuruddin Salim Jahangir (full title Al-Sultan al-'Azam wal Khaqan al-Mukarram Khushru-i-Giti Panah Abu'l-Fath Nur ud-din Muhammad Jahangir Padshah Ghazi ''( September 20 Princess Manmati, Taj Bibi Bilqis Makani Begum Sahiba Jodh Bai, née Rajkumari Shri Manavati Baiji Lall Sahiba (b Urdu: شاه جهان), (January 5, 1592 – January 31, 1666) was the ruler of the Mughal Empire in the Indian subcontinent from 1628 until 1658. Urdu ( ur '''{{Nastaliq اردو}}''' trans Urdū, historically spelled Ordu) is a Central Indo-Aryan language Urdu is a standardised Events 1477 - Battle of Nancy: Charles the Bold is killed and Burgundy becomes part of France. Events 1504 - France cedes Naples to Aragon. 1606 - Gunpowder Plot: Guy Fawkes The Mughal Empire ( Persian and self-designation گورکانی; مغلیہ سلطنت) was an Islamic imperial power which ruled most This article deals with the geophysical region in Asia For geopolitical treatments see South Asia. The name Shah Jahan comes from Persian meaning "King of the World. " He was the fifth Mughal ruler after Babur, Humayun, Akbar, and Jahangir. Babur ( February 14 1483 - December 26 1530) was a Muslim conqueror from Central Asia who following a series of setbacks Background Babur's decision to divide the territories of his empire between two of his sons was unusual in India but it had been a common Central Asian practice since the time of Akbar redirects here For other uses see Akbar (disambiguation Jalaluddin Muhammad Akbar ( Jalāl ud-Dīn Muhammad Akbar Nuruddin Salim Jahangir (full title Al-Sultan al-'Azam wal Khaqan al-Mukarram Khushru-i-Giti Panah Abu'l-Fath Nur ud-din Muhammad Jahangir Padshah Ghazi ''( September 20 While young, he was a favourite of Akbar. Akbar redirects here For other uses see Akbar (disambiguation Jalaluddin Muhammad Akbar ( Jalāl ud-Dīn Muhammad Akbar
Even while very young, he could be pointed out to be the successor to the Mughal throne after the death of Jahangir. He succeeded to the throne upon his father's death in 1627. He is considered to be one of the greatest Mughals and his reign has been called the Golden Age of Mughals. The Mughal Empire ( Persian and self-designation گورکانی; مغلیہ سلطنت) was an Islamic imperial power which ruled most The Mughal Empire ( Persian and self-designation گورکانی; مغلیہ سلطنت) was an Islamic imperial power which ruled most Like Akbar, he was eager to expand his empire. The chief events of his reign were the destruction of the kingdom of Ahmadnagar (1636), the loss of Kandahar to the Persians (1653), and a second war against the Deccan princes (1655). The Deccan sultanates were five Muslim -ruled late medieval kingdoms–- Bijapur, Golkonda, Ahmadnagar, Bidar, and Berar For the 2001 film see Kandahar (film; for the Kandahar meteorite of 1959 see Meteorite falls; for the places in Azerbaijan see Cəndəhar and The Persian Empire was a series of Iranian empires that ruled over the Iranian plateau, the original Persian homeland and beyond in Western Asia In 1658 he fell ill, and was confined by his son Aurangzeb in the citadel of Agra until his death in 1666. Aurangzeb ( (full title Al-Sultan al-Azam wal Khaqan al-Mukarram Abul Muzaffar Muhiuddin Muhammad Aurangzeb Bahadur Alamgir I Padshah Ghazi) ( November 4, Agra ( pronounced) (आगरा آگرا is a city on the banks of the Yamuna River in the northern state of Uttar Pradesh,
The period of his reign was the golden age of Mughal architecture. Shah Jahan erected many splendid monuments, the most famous of which is the Taj Mahal at Agra built as a tomb for his wife Mumtaz Mahal (birth name Arjumand Banu Begum). The Taj Mahal (tɑdʒ Mumtāz Mahal (April 1593 - 17 June 1631 ( Persian, Urdu: ممتاز محل; pronunciation /mumtɑːz mɛhɛl/ meaning "beloved ornament of the palace" The Pearl Mosque at Agra and the palace and great mosque at Delhi also commemorate him. The " Pearl Mosque " is a name given to several religious structures The Pearl Mosque is located inside the Lahore Fort The celebrated Peacock Throne, said to be worth millions of dollars by modern estimates, also dates from his reign. The Peacock Throne, called Takht-e-Tâvus (تخت طاووس in Persian, is the name originally of a Mughal Throne of India later used to describe He was the founder of Shahjahanabad, now known as 'Old Delhi'. Overview The modern city contains the remnants of eight successive ancient cities including 'Dhilli' was founded by Tomar Anangapala according to Vibudh Shridhar The important buildings of Shah Jahan were the Diwan-i-Am and Diwan-i-Khas in the fort of Delhi, the Jama Masjid, the Moti Masjid and the Taj. Dīvān or dīwān ( Persian دیوان was a high governmental body in a number of Islamic states or its chief official (see Diwan (title Dīvān or dīwān ( Persian دیوان was a high governmental body in a number of Islamic states or its chief official (see Diwan (title The Masjid-i-Jahan Numa ( Urdu: مسجد جھان نمہ) commonly known as the Jama Masjid of Delhi is the principal Mosque of Old It is pointed out that the Palace of Delhi is the most magnificent in the East. A palace is a grand residence especially the home of a Head of state or some other high-ranking Public figure. Delhi (दिल्ली ਦਿੱਲੀ دلی d̪ɪlːiː sometimes referred to as Dilli) is the second largest metropolis of India, with a population [2]
Contents |
Biography
Birth And Early Years
Shah Jahan was born as Prince Khurram Shihab-ud-din Muhammad, in 1592 in Lahore as the third and favourite son of the emperor Jahangir[3], his mother being a Rathore Rajput Princess, known as Princess Manmati who was Jahangir's wife. ( lahor is the capital of the Pakistani province of Punjab and is the second largest city in Pakistan after Karachi. Nuruddin Salim Jahangir (full title Al-Sultan al-'Azam wal Khaqan al-Mukarram Khushru-i-Giti Panah Abu'l-Fath Nur ud-din Muhammad Jahangir Padshah Ghazi ''( September 20 Early history Based on "khyats" (traditional accounts written in seventeenth century it is surmised that the Rathores and Rathods were originally feudatories of the The name Khurram - Persian for 'joyful' - was given by his grandfather Akbar. Akbar redirects here For other uses see Akbar (disambiguation Jalaluddin Muhammad Akbar ( Jalāl ud-Dīn Muhammad Akbar His early years saw him receive a cultured, broad education and he distinguished himself in the martial arts and as a military commander while leading his father's armies in numerous campaigns - Mewar (1615 CE, 1024 AH), the Deccan (1617 and 1621 CE, 1026 and 1030 AH), Kangra (1618 CE, 1027AH). Geography The northern part of Mewar is a gently sloping plain drained by the Bedach & Banas River and its tributaries which empty northwest into the Chambal River He was responsible for most of the territorial gains during his father's reign. [4] He also demonstrated a precocious talent for building, impressing his father at the age of 16 when he built his quarters within Babur's Kabul fort and redesigned buildings within Agra fort. [4]
Marriage
In 1607 CE (1025 AH) Khurrum was to marry Arjumand Banu Begum, the grand daughter of a Persian noble, who was just 14 years old at the time. Mumtāz Mahal (April 1593 - 17 June 1631 ( Persian, Urdu: ممتاز محل; pronunciation /mumtɑːz mɛhɛl/ meaning "beloved ornament of the palace" She would become the unquestioned love of his life. They would, however, have to wait five years before they were married in 1612 CE (1021 AH). After their wedding celebrations, Khurram "finding her in appearance and character elect among all the women of the time," gave her the title Mumtaz Mahal (Jewel of the Palace). Mumtāz Mahal (April 1593 - 17 June 1631 ( Persian, Urdu: ممتاز محل; pronunciation /mumtɑːz mɛhɛl/ meaning "beloved ornament of the palace" [5]
The intervening years had seen Khurrum take two other wives known as Akbarabadi Mahal (d. 1677 CE, 1088 AH), and Kandahari Mahal (b. c1594 CE, c1002 AH), (m. 1609 CE, 1018 AH). By all accounts however, Khurrum was so taken with Mumtaz, that he showed little interest in exercising his polygamous rights with the two earlier wives, other than dutifully siring a child with each. The term polygamy (a Greek word meaning "the practice of multiple marriage" is used in related ways in Social anthropology, Sociobiology, and
According to the official court chronicler Qazwini, the relationship with his other wives "had nothing more than the status of marriage. The intimacy, deep affection, attention and favor which His Majesty had for the Cradle of Excellence [Mumtaz] exceeded by a thousand times what he felt for any other. "[6][7][5]
Accession
Inheritance of power and wealth in the Mughal empire was not determined through primogeniture, but by princely sons competing to achieve military successes and consolidating their power at court. Primogeniture is the Common law right of the Firstborn son to inherit the entire estate, to the exclusion of younger siblings This often led to rebellions and wars of succession. As a result, a complex political climate surrounded the Mughal court in Khurram's formative years. In 1611 his father married Nur Jahan, the widowed daughter of a Persian immigrant. Begam Nur Jahan ( Persian / Urdu: نور جهان) (alternative spelling Noor Jahan, Nur Jehan, Nor Jahan, etc [8] She rapidly became an important member of Jahangir's court and, together with her brother Asaf Khan, wielded considerable influence. Abdul Hasan Asaf Khan was the father of Arjumand Banu Begum also known as Mumtaz Mahal, who was the wife of the Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan. Arjumand was Asaf Khan's daughter and her marriage to Khurrum consolidated Nur Jahan and Asaf Khan's positions at court.
Khurram's military successes of 1617 CE (1026 AH) against the Lodi in the Deccan effectively secured the southern border of the empire and his grateful father rewarded him with the prestigious title 'Shah Jahan Bahadur' (Lord of the World) which implicitly sealed his inheritance. [9] Court intrigues, however, including Nur Jahan's decision to have her daughter from her first marriage wed Shah Jahan's youngest brother and her support for his claim to the throne led Khurram, supported by Asaf Khan, into open revolt against his father in 1622. Prince Shahryar (شاهزاد شهريار (b 1000 deposed 1068 d
The rebellion was quelled by Jahangir's forces in 1626 and Khurram was forced to submit unconditionally. [10] Upon the death of Jahangir in 1627, Khurram succeeded to the Mughal throne as Shah Jahan, King of the World and Lord of the Auspicious Conjunctions, the latter title alluding to his pride in his Timurid roots. [4]
Despite her frequent pregnancies, Mumtaz Mahal travelled with Shah Jahan's entourage throughout his earlier military campaigns and the subsequent rebellion against his father. Mumtaz Mahal was utterly devoted — she was his constant companion and trusted confidante and their relationship was intense. [9] She is portrayed by Shah Jahan's chroniclers as the perfect wife with no aspirations to political power. This is in direct opposition to how Nur Jahan had been perceived. [9]
Rule
Although his father's rule was generally peaceful, the empire was experiencing challenges by the end of his reign. Shah Jahan reversed this trend by putting down a [Islamic] rebellion in Ahmednagar, repulsing the Portuguese in Bengal, capturing the Rajput kingdoms of Baglana and Bundelkhand to the west and the northwest beyond the Khyber Pass. WikipediaWikiProject Indian cities for details --> Ahmednagar (Marathi/Hindi अहमदनगर Urdu عحمدناگار is a city of Ahmednagar District Portugal, officially the Portuguese Republic (República Portuguesa is a country on the Iberian Peninsula. Etymology and ethnology The exact origin of the word Bangla or Bengal is unknown though it is believed to be derived from the Dravidian-speaking tribe Bang Rajput constitute one of the major Hindu Kshatriya groups from India Geography Bundelkhand lies between the Indo-Gangetic Plain to the north and the Vindhya Range to the south The Khyber Pass, (also spelled Khaiber or Khaybar (درہ خیبر (altitude m ft is the Mountain pass that links Pakistan and Shah Jahan's military campaigns drained the imperial treasury. Under his rule, the state became a huge military machine and the nobles and their contingents multiplied almost fourfold, as did the demands for more revenue from the peasantry. It was however a period of general stability — the administration was centralised and court affairs systematised. Historiography and the arts increasingly became instruments of propaganda, where beautiful artworks or poetry expressed specific state ideologies which held that central power and hierarchical order would create balance and harmony. The empire continued to expand moderately during his reign but the first signs of an imperial decline were seen in the later years. [11]
His political efforts encouraged the emergence of large centres of commerce and crafts — such as Lahore, Delhi, Agra, and Ahmedabad — linked by roads and waterways to distant places and ports. ( lahor is the capital of the Pakistani province of Punjab and is the second largest city in Pakistan after Karachi. Ahmedabad (અમદાવાદ Amdāvād, Hindi: अहमदाबाद) is the largest city in He moved the capital from Agra to Delhi. Agra ( pronounced) (आगरा آگرا is a city on the banks of the Yamuna River in the northern state of Uttar Pradesh, Delhi (दिल्ली ਦਿੱਲੀ دلی d̪ɪlːiː sometimes referred to as Dilli) is the second largest metropolis of India, with a population
Under Shah Jahan's rule, Mughal artistic and architectural achievements reached their zenith. Shah Jahan was a prolific builder with a highly refined aesthetic. He built the legendary Taj Mahal in Agra as a tomb for his beloved wife, Mumtaz Mahal. The Taj Mahal (tɑdʒ Agra ( pronounced) (आगरा آگرا is a city on the banks of the Yamuna River in the northern state of Uttar Pradesh, Mumtāz Mahal (April 1593 - 17 June 1631 ( Persian, Urdu: ممتاز محل; pronunciation /mumtɑːz mɛhɛl/ meaning "beloved ornament of the palace" Among his other surviving buildings are the Red Fort and Jama Masjid in Delhi, the Shalimar Gardens of Lahore, sections of the Lahore Fort (such as Sheesh Mahal, and Naulakha pavilion), and his father's mausoleum. This article is about the Red Fort in Delhi India The Agra Fort is also known as the "Red Fort" The Masjid-i-Jahan Numa ( Urdu: مسجد جھان نمہ) commonly known as the Jama Masjid of Delhi is the principal Mosque of Old The Shalimar Gardens ( Urdu: شالیمار باغ) sometimes written Shalamar Gardens, is a Persian garden and it was built by the Mughal The Lahore Fort, locally referred to as Shahi Qila ( Urdu: شاهی قلعہ) is Citadel of the city of Lahore, Punjab The Sheesh Mahal ( Palace of Mirrors) is located within the Shah Burj block in north-western corner of Lahore Fort. The Naulakha Pavilion is a prominent White marble personal chamber with curvilinear roof, located besides the Sheesh Mahal Courtyard, in Tomb of Jahangir, ( Urdu: مقبرہ جهانگير) is the mausoleum built for the Mughal Emperor Jahangir who ruled from 1605
Legend has it that Shah Jahan wanted to build a black Taj Mahal for himself, to match the white one he reportedly loved much more. The Taj Mahal (tɑdʒ [12] There is no reputable scholarship to support this hypothesis, however. [13][14][15]
Fate
His son Aurangzeb led a rebellion when Shah Jahan became ill in 1657 CE (1067 AH) and publicly executed his brother and the heir apparent Dara Shikoh. Aurangzeb ( (full title Al-Sultan al-Azam wal Khaqan al-Mukarram Abul Muzaffar Muhiuddin Muhammad Aurangzeb Bahadur Alamgir I Padshah Ghazi) ( November 4, Dara Shikoh ( Persian: داراشكوه)(March 20 1615 - August 30 1659 was the eldest son of the Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan and his wife Although Shah Jahan fully recovered from his illness, Aurangzeb declared him incompetent to rule and put him under house arrest in Agra Fort. In Justice and Law, house arrest (also called home confinement, home detention, or electronic monitoring) is a measure by which Agra Fort is a UNESCO World Heritage site located in Agra, India. [11]
Jahanara Begum Sahib voluntarily shared his 8-year confinement and nursed him in his dotage. Shahzadi ( Imperial Princess) Jahanara Begum Sahib ( Urdu: شاهزادی جہاں آرا بیگم صاحب) ( April 2 In January of 1666 CE (1076 AH), Shah Jahan fell ill with strangury and dysentery. Strangury is the painful passage of small quantities of urine which are expelled slowly by straining with severe urgency it is usually accompanied with the unsatisfying feeling of a remaining Dysentery (formerly known as flux or the bloody flux) is an infection of the digestive system that results in severe Diarrhea containing mucus and blood Confined to bed, he became progressively weaker until, on January 22, he commanded the ladies of the imperial court, particularly his consort of later year Akrabadi Mahal, to the care of Jahanara. After reciting the Kalima and verses from the Qu'ran, he died. See also Shahadah The Six Kalimas (or Six "Words" are recorded in various books of knowledge and are recited (and remembered by Muslims across the Jahana planned a state funeral which was to include a procession with Shah Jahan's body carried by eminent nobles followed by the notable citizens of Agra and officials scattering coins for the poor and needy. Aurangzeb refused to accommodate such ostentation and the body was washed in accordance with Islamic rites, taken by river in a sandalwood coffin to the Taj Mahal and was interred there next to the body of his beloved wife Mumtaz Mahal. [16]
Legacy
Shah Jahan's legacy was one of the most profound of all the Mughals. The Taj Mahal (tɑdʒ A patron of the fine arts, he continued the Mughal patronage of painting, although his passion was architecture, with the highlight being undoubtedly the Taj Mahal. Painting during his reign reflected the serene prosperity that the Mughals enjoyed with many scenes reflecting Shah Jahan's interest in romance.
Notable structures associated with Shah Jahan
Shah Jahan has left behind a grand legacy of structures constructed during his reign. The most famous of these is the Taj Mahal in Agra built to hold the tomb for his favorite wife, Mumtaz Mahal. Upon his death, his son Aurangazeb had him interred in it next to Mumtaz Mahal. Among his other constructions are Delhi Fort also called the Red Fort or Lal Quila (Hindi) in Delhi, large sections of Agra Fort, the Jama Masjid (Grand Mosque), Delhi, the Wazir Khan Mosque, Lahore, Pakistan, the Moti Masjid (Pearl Mosque), Lahore, the Shalimar Gardens in Lahore, sections of the Lahore Fort, Lahore, the Jahangir mausoleum — his father's tomb, the construction of which was overseen by his stepmother Nur Jahan and the Shahjahan Mosque, Thatta, Pakistan. This article is about the Red Fort in Delhi India The Agra Fort is also known as the "Red Fort" Hindi ( Devanāgarī: hi [[wiktहिन्दी हिन्दी]] or hi [[wiktहिंदी हिंदी]] IAST:, IPA:) is Agra Fort is a UNESCO World Heritage site located in Agra, India. The Masjid-i-Jahan Numa ( Urdu: مسجد جھان نمہ) commonly known as the Jama Masjid of Delhi is the principal Mosque of Old The Wazir Khan Mosque in Lahore, Pakistan, is famous for its extensive faience tile work ( lahor is the capital of the Pakistani province of Punjab and is the second largest city in Pakistan after Karachi. Pakistan () officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, is a country located in South Asia, Southwest Asia, Middle East and The Shalimar Gardens ( Urdu: شالیمار باغ) sometimes written Shalamar Gardens, is a Persian garden and it was built by the Mughal The Lahore Fort, locally referred to as Shahi Qila ( Urdu: شاهی قلعہ) is Citadel of the city of Lahore, Punjab Tomb of Jahangir, ( Urdu: مقبرہ جهانگير) is the mausoleum built for the Mughal Emperor Jahangir who ruled from 1605 Begam Nur Jahan ( Persian / Urdu: نور جهان) (alternative spelling Noor Jahan, Nur Jehan, Nor Jahan, etc The Shah Jahan Mosque was built in the reign of Mughal emperor Shah Jahan. Thatta or Thatto ( Urdu: ٹھٹہ Sindhi:ٺٽو is an historic town of 22000 inhabitants in the Sindh province of Pakistan, near He also had the Peacock Throne, Takht e Taus, made to celebrate his rule.
There is a crater named after Shah Jahan on the minor planet 433 Eros. Minor planet is a term used since the 19th century to describe objects such as Asteroids that are in Orbit around the Sun but are not Planets TemplateInfobox Planet. --> 433 Eros (ˈɪərɒs irr'-os) is the first discovered Near-Earth asteroid Craters on Eros are named after famous fictional and real-life lovers.
European accounts of Shah Jahan's personal life
Numerous accounts of Shah Jahan's personal life were recounted by contemporary European writers.
Shah Jahan's family
Like all his ancestors, Shah Jahan's court included many wives, concubines, and dancing girls. HAREM is the first evaluation contest of Named entity recognition (NER for Portuguese and its call for participation was announced in September 2004 Several European chroniclers have noted this. Niccolao Manucci wrote that "it would seem as if the only thing Shah Jahan cared for was the search for women to serve his pleasure" and "for this end he established a fair at his court. Niccolao Manucci (1639&ndash1717 was an Italian writer and traveller A fair is a gathering of people to display or trade produce or other goods to parade or display animals and often to enjoy associated Carnival or Funfair entertainment No one was allowed to enter except women of all ranks that is to say, great and small, rich and poor, but all handsome. "[17] When he was detained in the Red Fort at Agra, Aurangzeb permitted him to retain "the whole of his female establishment, including the singing and dancing women. "[18] Manucci notes that Shah Jahan didn't lose his "weakness for the flesh" even when he had grown very old[19]. However, most of the European travellers in India had access to such information primarily through bazaar gossip.
See also
Notes
- ^ Shah Jahan. Agra ( pronounced) (आगरा آگرا is a city on the banks of the Yamuna River in the northern state of Uttar Pradesh, Delhi (दिल्ली ਦਿੱਲੀ دلی d̪ɪlːiː sometimes referred to as Dilli) is the second largest metropolis of India, with a population ( lahor is the capital of the Pakistani province of Punjab and is the second largest city in Pakistan after Karachi. Mughal architecture, an amalgam of Islamic, Persian and Indian architecture, is the distinctive style developed by the Mughal Empire Muhammad Saleh Kamboh (ملا مہمد صالح کمبوہ Lahori was official biographer of Emperor Shah Jahan and the teacher of Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb. Begam Nur Jahan ( Persian / Urdu: نور جهان) (alternative spelling Noor Jahan, Nur Jehan, Nor Jahan, etc Britannica Concise. The Encyclopædia Britannica is a general English-language encyclopaedia published by Encyclopædia Britannica Inc
- ^ Mahajan, Vidya Dhar (1970). Muslim Rule In India, 286.
- ^ Hebbar, Neria Harish (2002 June). King of the World: Shah Jahan (English). History of Islam in India. Boloji Media Inc. Retrieved on 2007-07-23. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1632 - Three hundred colonists bound for New France depart from Dieppe France.
- ^ a b c Asher, p. 170
- ^ a b Koch, p. 18
- ^ Qazwini. fol. 233a translated by Begley and Desai (1984), p. 14
- ^ Bloom, J. and Blair, S. (1994). "The Art and Architecture of Islam: 1250-1800". New Haven and London: Yale University Press
- ^ Encyclopedia of World Biography on Shah Jahan
- ^ a b c Koch, P. 19
- ^ Encyclopedia Britannica Online - Rebellion of Khurram
- ^ a b Asher, p. 171
- ^ History of Taj Mahal
- ^ Black Taj Mahal Myths
- ^ Black Taj Mahal Story
- ^ Black Taj Mahal Spirituality
- ^ Koch, p. 101
- ^ Manucci, I, p. 195
- ^ Bernier, p. 166 and p. 21
- ^ Manucci, I, p. 240
References
- This article incorporates text from the Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition, a publication now in the public domain. The Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition (1910–1911 is a 29-volume reference work that marked the beginning of the Encyclopædia Britannica The public domain is a range of abstract materials &ndash commonly referred to as Intellectual property &ndash which are not owned or controlled by anyone
- Asher, Catherine Ella Blanshard [2003]. The New Cambridge History of India, Vol I:4 - Architecture of Mughal India (Hardback), First published 1992, reprinted 2001,2003 (in English), Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 368. ISBN 0-521-26728-5.
- Padshah Nama, a book written by Abdul Hamid Lahori
- Shah Jahan Nama/Amal-i-salih by Inayat Khan/Muhammad Saleh Kamboh
- Nushka i Dilkhusha by Bhimsen
- Bernier, Francois, Travels in the Mogal Empire (1656-68), revised by V. The Padshah Nama (پا د شاه نا مہ (Chronicle of the Emperor is a genre of works written as the official history of Shah Jahan ’s reign Abdul Hamid Lahori was a traveller during the period of Shah Jahan who later became a court historian of Shah Jahan. Muhammad Saleh Kamboh (ملا مہمد صالح کمبوہ Lahori was official biographer of Emperor Shah Jahan and the teacher of Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb. A. Smith, Archibald Constable, Oford 1934.
- Tavernier, Jean Baptiste, Travels in India, trs. and ed. by V. Ball, 2 Vols. Macmillan, 1889, 1925.
- De Laet, Joannes, The Empire of the Great Mogol, trs. byHoyland and Banerjee, Bombay 1928.
- Peter Mundy. Travels of Peter Mundy in Asia, ed. R. C. Temple, Hakluyt Society, London 1914.
- Manucci, Niccolao, Storia do Mogor, Eng. trs. by W. Irvine, 4 vols. Hohn Murray, London 1906.
- Manrique, Travels of Frey Sebastian Manrique, trs. by Eckford Luard, 2 Vols. Hakluyt Society, London 1927.
- Lal, K.S. (1988). Kishori Saran Lal (1920 &ndash 2002 was an Indian Historian. He wrote many historical books mainly on medieval India The Mughal Harem. New Delhi: Aditya Prakashan. ISBN 81-85179-03-4.
- Begley, W, The Symbolic Role of Calligraphy on Three Imperial Mosques of Shah Jahan, Kaladarsana, 1978, pp. 7 - 18
- Koch, Ebba [Aug 2006]. The Complete Taj Mahal: And the Riverfront Gardens of Agra (Hardback), First (in English), Thames & Hudson Ltd, 288 pages. ISBN 0500342091.
External links
- History of Islam in India at IndiaNest.com
- A Handbook to Agra and the Taj - Sikandra, Fatehpur-Sikri and the Neighbourhood by E. B. Havel (Project Gutenberg)
- Indian & Mughal History Discussions at History Forum
- 'The Man Of Marble' - Outlook India
| Preceded by Jahangir |
Mughal Emperor 1628–1658 |
Succeeded by Aurangzeb |
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