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For other uses, see Shah (disambiguation).

Shah is a Persian term for a monarch (leader) that has been adopted in many other languages.

Word history

"Shah" was the title of Iranian monarchs, including the Achaemenid dynasty which unified Persia and created a vast intercontinental empire until it was overrun by Alexander of Macedon. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Iran topics. The Achaemenid Empire or Achaemenid Persian Empire ( haχɒmaneʃijɒn (558–330 BC was the first of the Persian Empires to rule over significant portions of The Persian Empire was a series of Iranian empires that ruled over the Iranian plateau, the original Persian homeland and beyond in Western Asia Alexander of Macedon may refer to Alexander I of Macedon (d 454 BC ruled from 498-454 BC Alexander II of Macedon (d The full title of the Achaemenid rulers was xšāyaθiya xšāyaθiyānām, "King of Kings", corresponding to Middle Persian šāhān šāh, literally "kings' king", and Modern Persian shāhanshāh (شاهنشاه). King of Kings is a lofty title that has been used by several monarchies (usually empires in the informal sense of great powers throughout history and in many cases the literal title Middle Persian is the Middle Iranian language/ethnolect of Southwestern Iran that during Sassanid times (224-654 CE became a Prestige dialect In Greek this phrase was translated as "βασιλεύς τῶν βασιλέων (basileus tōn basiléōn)", "king of kings", in rank rather equivalent to emperor. Greek (el ελληνική γλώσσα or simply el ελληνικά — "Hellenic" is an Indo-European language, spoken today by 15-22 million people mainly King of Kings is a lofty title that has been used by several monarchies (usually empires in the informal sense of great powers throughout history and in many cases the literal title The Indian counterpart of shahanshah was rajadhiraja or kshetra-pati (more toward Padishah). Chhatrapati (also Chatrapati) is an honorific or an imperial title for an Indian ruler Padishah, Padshah, Padeshah, Badishah or Badshah ( Persian پادشاه Pādeshāh) is a very prestigious Both were often shortened to their root, shah viz. basileus.

From the related word kshathra "realm, province" also descends kshathrapavan, literally "guardian of the realm", which in western languages became satrap 'governor' via the Greek and Latin satrapes. See also the related deity Satrapes. Satrap (Persian ساتراپ was the name given to the governors of the Provinces of ancient Satrapes was a god in the Palmyrene pantheon the name occurring in Syrian inscriptions from Palmyra and the Hauran

In English its use as title for the king of Persia is recorded since 1564, as shaw (or shaugh), and for long it remained common to render it in European languages by kingly rather than imperial titles. Via its Arabic form (also shah) it was the root of the western words for chess and check (as in "check mate"). Chess is a recreational and competitive Game played between two players.

In western languages, the term shah is often used as an imprecise rendering of shāhanshāh (meaning king of kings). King of Kings is a lofty title that has been used by several monarchies (usually empires in the informal sense of great powers throughout history and in many cases the literal title Usually shortened to shāh it is the term for an Iranian monarch and was used by most of the former rulers of the Iranian empires, many nationalities of Iranian origin, or under cultural influence. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Iran topics.

The term shah or shahanshah has roughly corresponded to Persia since the Achaemenid Persian Empire (which had succeeded and absorbed the Mede state), or the properly Iranian Empire, after its conquest by Alexander the Great who translated it into Greek as basileus ton basileon, also often shortened to basileus. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Iran topics. The Achaemenid Empire or Achaemenid Persian Empire ( haχɒmaneʃijɒn (558–330 BC was the first of the Persian Empires to rule over significant portions of The Persian Empire was a series of Iranian empires that ruled over the Iranian plateau, the original Persian homeland and beyond in Western Asia The Medes were an ancient Iranian people who lived in the northwestern portions of present-day Iran. The Persian Empire was a series of Iranian empires that ruled over the Iranian plateau, the original Persian homeland and beyond in Western Asia "Basilissa" redirects here For the saint of this name see Julian and Basilissa.

It is also known that the title of shahanshah was given to Tigranes the Great, king of Armenia, when he made his empire defeating the Parthians. This article is about a king of Armenia in the 1st century BCE.

The title is roughly equivalent in rank to the western emperor and is hence often translated as such in English or its equivalent in other languages. An emperor (from the Latin " Imperator " is a (male Monarch, usually the sovereign ruler of an Empire or another type of English is a West Germanic language originating in England and is the First language for most people in the United Kingdom, the United States The monarch of Persia (internally always called Iran) was technically the emperor of the Persian Empire (later the Empire of Iran, as Iran was officially known until 1935). Year 1935 ( MCMXXXV) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. However until the Napoleonic era, when Persia was an enviable ally of the Western powers eager to make the Ottoman Sultan release his hold on various (mainly Christian) European parts of the Turkish Empire, and western (Christian) emperors had obtained the Ottoman acknowledgement that their western imperial styles were to be rendered in Turkish as padishah, the western practice was to consider 'king of kings' a particular but royal title. An emperor (from the Latin " Imperator " is a (male Monarch, usually the sovereign ruler of an Empire or another type of Padishah, Padshah, Padeshah, Badishah or Badshah ( Persian پادشاه Pādeshāh) is a very prestigious

The last shah of Iran, Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi officially adopted the title شاهنشاه shâhanshâh (literally king of kings) and in western languages the rendering as emperor, during his coronation. He also styled his wife شاهبانو shahbânu (empress). Shahbanu (in - Šāhbānū) means Empress in Persian. It was a title that was only conferred on the third royal consort of Mohammad Reza Shah

In orthodox Georgia, Giorgi III, grandson of King Bagrat III (who expelled the Turks from the eastern provinces, threw off his allegiance to Byzantium and unified all Georgia, establishing its rule over the Abkhazis, Kartvelians, Ranians, Kakhetians and Armenians), was the first to assume the subsidiary titles of shahanshah (like the Persian king of kings) and master of all the East and West. Georgia ( საქართველო, Sakartvelo) is a Transcontinental country in the Caucasus region situated at the dividing line between Giorgi III ( გიორგი III) (died March 27 1184 of the Bagrationi dynasty was king of Georgia from 1156 to 1184 His reign, and that of his successor, his daughter Thamar the Great, are seen as the 'golden age' of Georgia; the titles of the following Georgian rulers varied significantly from reign to reign, especially while under Muslim and Russian domination, but the last enjoying the traditional titles, was "The Most High King (Mepe-Umaglesi) Irakli I, by the will of our Lord, Mepe-Mepeta ('King of Kings') of the Abkhazis, Kartvelians, Ranians, Kakhetians and the Armenians, Shirvanshah and Shahanshah and Master of all the East and West", with the style of His Majesty (or His Splendour). By the Grace of God, as well as the various equivalent phrases in other languages thus rendered in English, is not a title in its own right but a common introductory part King of Kings is a lofty title that has been used by several monarchies (usually empires in the informal sense of great powers throughout history and in many cases the literal title However, after imperial Russia (also orthodox) had established a protectorate over the 'Transcaucasian' kingdom of Georgia, the emperor recognised the following Russified styles and titles as of 24 September, 1783, old style for its Hereditary Sovereign and Prince (now in fact a Russian vassal): The Most Serene Tsar (i. In International law, a protectorate is a autonomous territory that is "protected" by a stronger state or entity hense the protector which engages to protect Tsar csar and tzar redirect here For other uses see Tsar (disambiguation. e. King) (reign name), by the will of our Lord, King (Tsar) of Kartli, King of Kakheti, Hereditary Prince of Samtzkhé-Saatabago, Ruling Prince of Kazakh, Borchalo, Shamshadilo, Kak, Shaki, and Shirvan, Prince and Lord of Ganja and Erivan, with the style of His Majesty, but without the now too imperial subsidiary titles.

Shah bahadur

In the Mughal tradition, the addition of bahadur raises any title one rank, so this means something untranslatable such as 'King first class'. Yet this title was adopted as part of the full style of the former Nawab (vassal 'governor') of Awadh (the richest remaining province in the Mughal empire, and geographically close to its Delhi capital; often Oudh in English) and Mughal 'regent plenipotentiary (de facto Viceroy) when he followed the British advice to declare himself independent from the completely weakened Mughal court- only to become the political toy of the eager coloniser. A Nawab or Nawaab ( Urdu: نواب Hindi: नवाब was originally the Subedar (provincial governor or viceroy of a For the Oudh tree see Agarwood. Awadh ( Hindi: अवध Urdu: اودھ) also known in various British historical texts as Oudh However, the crucial element in his majestic full style -Hazrat Khalid, (personal reign name and titles) Shah Bahadur, Padshah-i-Oudh- is the imperial title padishah, which could not conceivably be allowed to be assumed by a vassal.

Related and subsidiary princely titles

Ruler styles

Shahzade

Shahzade (Persian شاهزاده Šāhzādé). In the realm of a shah (or a more lofty derived ruler style), a prince of the blood was logically called shahzada as the term is derived from shah using the Persian patronymic suffix -zāde or -zāda, "son, descendant"; see "Prince" article for other uses of the suffix. Prince, from the Latin root Princeps, is a general term for a Monarch, for a member of a monarch's or former monarch's family and is a

However the precise full styles can differ 'creatively' in the court traditions of each shah's 'kingdom'.

Furthermore the title was also used for princes of the blood of a ruler who used an alternative royal style, e. g. , the Malik (Arabic for king, so equivalent) of Afghanistan. Malik (ملك) as an Arabic word meaning " king " It has been adopted in various other mainly Asian languages for their ruling princes and to In the Ottoman dynasty of imperial Turkey, it was part of two styles:

This could even apply to non-Muslim dynasties, e. g. , the younger sons of the ruling Sikh Maharaja of Punjab (in Lahore; a Maharajadhiraja): Shahzada (personal name) Singh Bahadur, while the heir apparent was styled Tika Sahib Bahadur

For the heir to a 'Persian-style' shah's royal throne, more specific titles were used, containing the key element Vali Ahad, usually in addition to shahzada where his junior siblings enjoyed this style. Crown Princess redirects here for the ship see Crown Princess (ship.

Shahbanu

Shahbanu (Persian شهبانو, Šāhbānū): Persian term using the word Shah and the Persian suffix -banu ("lady"): Empress, in modern times official title of Empress Farah Pahlavi. Shahbanu (in - Šāhbānū) means Empress in Persian. It was a title that was only conferred on the third royal consort of Mohammad Reza Shah

Shahdokht

Shahdokht (Persian شاهدخت Šāhdoxt) is also another term derived from Shah using the Persian patronymic suffix -dokht "daughter, female descendant", to address the Princess of the imperial households (see: Princess). Princess is the feminine form of Prince (from Latin Princeps, meaning principal citizen

Other princely compound

Other uses

As with many titles, the word shah is also often used in names. Subahdar was one of the designations of a governor of a Subah (province during the Mughal era of India who was alternately designated as Sahib-i-Subah Allahabad ( Hindi: इलाहाबाद Urdu: الہ آباد Ilāhābād) is a city in the north Indian state of Uttar Punjab ( ਪੰਜਾਬ پنجاب, पंजाब پنجاب also Panjab (پنجاب meaning "Land of the Five Rivers") (c Gujarat (ગુજરાત Gujǎrāt, pronounced) is a state in western India. ( Urdu:, Punjabi ملتان، ਮੁਲਤਾਨ is a city in the Punjab Province of Pakistan and capital of Multan District } Kābul ( Persian and Pashto: کابل, IPA:) is the Capital and largest city of Afghanistan, with This usage almost always has political and aristocratic meaning attached.

Shah is perhaps the third most common last name in India, following 1Singh and 2Patel. Singh (सिंह sinh, ਸਿੰਘ singh, સિંહ sinh) is derived from the Sanskrit word Siṃha meaning " Patel ( Gujarati પટેલ, Paṭel, pəʈel Kshatriyas are an Indian title in tune with the Hindu Caste system It is mostly seen in the states of Gujarat and Maharashtra, India. "Shah" is also the last name taken by the royal families in Nepal after King Pritivi Narayan Shah united the kingdom in 1768. "Shah" is also common name of people living in southern Nepal, the Terai region, such as Sarlahi, Rautahat, Bara, Janakpur, and Siraha districts. There are many Shahs living in Nepalese villages such as Arnaha, Laukaha, and Pachrukhi.

See also

External links

Aryamehr ( Persian: آریامهر Āryāmehr) was the title used in the Pahlavi dynasty by Shahanshah Mohammad Reza Shah of Iran The title Mirza ( is used for a member of a Royal family or a member of the highest Aristocracy, as well as children of a Sayyida mother

Dictionary

shah

-noun

  1. a king of Persia
  2. a supreme ruler in some Middle Eastern nations
  3. a common surname in India; that is spelled with a capital Shah
  4. (historical) a Ukrainian monetary unit.
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