The sign of the headquarters of the National Association Opposed To Woman Suffrage.

Sexism is a belief or attitude that one gender or sex is inferior to or less valuable than the other and can also refer to a hatred or distrust towards either sex as a whole (see also misogyny and misandry), or creating stereotypes of masculinity for men or femininity for women. Gender comprises a range of differences between men and women extending from the biological to the social An organism's sex is defined by the gametes it produces males produce male gametes (spermatozoa or Sperm) while females produce female gametes (ova or Egg cells; individual Gender comprises a range of differences between men and women extending from the biological to the social Misogyny (mɪˈsɒdʒɪni is hatred (or contemptof women Misogyny is parallel to Misandry — the hatred of men Misandry ( IPA) is hatred (or contempt of Men or Boys. Misandry is parallel to Misogyny —the hatred of women A stereotype (from Greek: stereo + týpos = "solid impression" is a generalized perception of first impressions behaviors presumed by a group ^[1]. It is also called male and female chauvinism. Chauvinism (ˈʃoʊvɨnɪzəm is extreme and unreasoning Partisanship on behalf of a group to which one belongs especially when the partisanship includes malice and hatred

Sexism can refer also to any and all systemic differentiations based on the gender of a person, not based on their individual merits. In some circumstances this type of sexism may constitute sex discrimination, which in some forms is illegal in some countries. Sexism is the belief or attitude that one Gender or Sex is inferior to or less valuable than the other and can also refer to a Hatred or distrust towards

Generalization and partition

Sexist beliefs, as a part of essentialism, holds that individuals can be understood or judged based primarily on the characteristics of the group to which they belong—in this case, their sexual group, as men or women. In Philosophy, essentialism is the view that for any specific kind of Entity, there is a set of Characteristics or Properties all of which This assumes that all individuals fit into the category of male or female and does not take into account intersexed people who are born with a mixture of male and female sexual characteristics. Intersexuality is the state of a living thing of a gonochoristic species whose Sex chromosomes, Genitalia, and/or Secondary sex characteristics This also assumes a significant degree of homogeneity in the characteristics of men and women respectively, and generally does not take into account the differences that exist within these groups. XY males and XX females who are genetically one sex but have developed the characteristics of the opposite sex during the foetal stage are usually considered with respect to their phenotypes under this system^[2].

Certain forms of sexual discrimination are illegal in many countries, but nearly all countries have laws that give special rights, privileges, or responsibilities to one sex or two sexes^[3]. Unlike most discrimination policies discrimination between, which is the discernment of qualities and recognition of the differences focused here discrimination against is

Sexism against women

For more details on this topic, see Chauvinism. Female (♀ is the Sex of an Organism, or a part of an organism which produces ova (egg cells Misogyny (mɪˈsɒdʒɪni is hatred (or contemptof women Misogyny is parallel to Misandry — the hatred of men Gynophobia (also spelled as gynephobia) is an abnormal fear of Women. Gynocentrism ( Greek γυνο gyno-, "woman" χεντρον kentron, "center" is the practice conscious or otherwise of placing Feminism is a discourse that involves various movements theories, and Philosophies which are concerned with the issue of Gender difference, advocate Male (♂ refers to the sex of an organism or part of an organism which produces small mobile Gametes called spermatozoa. Misandry ( IPA) is hatred (or contempt of Men or Boys. Misandry is parallel to Misogyny —the hatred of women Misandry ( IPA) is hatred (or contempt of Men or Boys. Misandry is parallel to Misogyny —the hatred of women Androcentrism ( Greek, andro-, "man male" is the practice conscious or otherwise of placing male human beings or the masculine point of view at Masculism (or Masculinism) has two contrasting meanings When used by self-identified masculists the term refers to social theories, Political movements Intersexuality is the state of a living thing of a gonochoristic species whose Sex chromosomes, Genitalia, and/or Secondary sex characteristics LGBT (also GLBT) is an initialism referring collectively to Lesbian, Gay, bisexual, and Transgender / transsexual Transsexualism is a condition in which a person identifies with a physical Sex different from the one with which they were born LGBT (also GLBT) is an initialism referring collectively to Lesbian, Gay, bisexual, and Transgender / transsexual Chauvinism (ˈʃoʊvɨnɪzəm is extreme and unreasoning Partisanship on behalf of a group to which one belongs especially when the partisanship includes malice and hatred

The term 'sexism' is most commonly applied to sexism against women, and when expressed by a man is often called male chauvinism. Chauvinism (ˈʃoʊvɨnɪzəm is extreme and unreasoning Partisanship on behalf of a group to which one belongs especially when the partisanship includes malice and hatred Related terms are misogyny and gynophobia, which refer to the hatred and fear of women or femininity. Misogyny (mɪˈsɒdʒɪni is hatred (or contemptof women Misogyny is parallel to Misandry — the hatred of men

Historically, in many patriarchal societies, women have been and are viewed as the "weaker sex". Patriarchy is the structuring of Society on the basis of Family units where fathers have primary responsibility for the welfare of hence authority over Women's lower status can be seen in cases in which women were not even recognized as persons under the law of the land. The term person is used in Common sense to mean an individual Human being. The feminist movement promotes women's rights to end sexism against women by addressing issues such as equality under the law, political representation of women, access to education and employment, women victims of domestic violence, self-ownership of a woman's body, and the impact of pornography on women. Feminism is a discourse that involves various movements theories, and Philosophies which are concerned with the issue of Gender difference, advocate The feminist movement (also known as the Women's Movement or Women's Liberation) is a series of campaigns on issues such as Reproductive rights (sometimes Pornography or porn is the explicit depiction of Sexual subject matter with the sole intention of sexually exciting the viewer ^[4][5]

Sexism against men

The view that women are superior to men is also a form of sexism, and when expressed by a woman can be called female chauvinism. Chauvinism (ˈʃoʊvɨnɪzəm is extreme and unreasoning Partisanship on behalf of a group to which one belongs especially when the partisanship includes malice and hatred Androphobia, on the other hand, refers to the fear of men or masculinity. Misandry ( IPA) is hatred (or contempt of Men or Boys. Misandry is parallel to Misogyny —the hatred of women

Sexism against men has been referred to as "reverse sexism. " Suedfeld criticizes this label, stating that discrimination against men is sexism, and that the reverse of discrimination is non-discrimination. ^[6]

In The War Against Boys, Christina Hoff Sommers analyzes the gender gap in education using studies that show that by twelfth grade, "males are four times as likely as females not to do homework. Christina Hoff Christina Hoff "^[7] Sommers argues that this gender gap is troubling and that it is not being addressed due to institutionalized sexist attitudes towards men. ^[7] Canadian authors Nathanson and Young have also claimed that the modern feminist movement has contributed to sexism against men. Paul Nathanson and Katherine K Young are Religious studies academics and co-researchers for a project funded by the Canadian government ^{[8] [9]}

Glenn Sacks, an American men's and fathers' issues columnist and radio broadcaster, initiated a campaign in 2003 against T-shirts carrying the slogan "Boys are stupid, throw rocks at them!". Glenn Sacks is an American men's and fathers' issues columnist and radio broadcaster Boys are stupid throw rocks at them! is a slogan on a T-shirt by Florida company David and Goliath. He claimed that these T-shirts were part of a general societal mood that stigmatizes and victimizes boys. ^[10] The company that produced the shirts claimed that they were meant only to be humorous. ^[11] The campaign against the line received support from several men's rights groups, such as the National Coalition of Free Men, but also from groups with broader agendas, such as the Southern Poverty Law Center. The National Coalition of Free Men (NCFM is a Non-profit educational & Civil rights organization based in the United States. The Southern Poverty Law Center ( SPLC) is an American Non-profit legal organization internationally known for its tolerance education programs its legal ^[12] Many critics of the T-shirts pointed out that similar slogans directed against girls or ethnic groups would be widely regarded as unacceptable. The Canadian Children's Rights Council termed the slogan hate speech. Hate speech is a term for speech intended to degrade intimidate or incite violence or prejudicial action against a person or group of people based on their race, Gender ^[13] The campaign led to the removal of the shirts from more than 3,000 retail outlets. The slogan has also been criticized by Bernard Goldberg in his book, 100 People Who Are Screwing Up America, where Todd Goldman, the shirts' creator, was listed as number 97. Bernard Richard Goldberg‎ (b 31 May 1945 in New York City, New York) is an American Writer, Journalist, and

According to Nathanson and Young, one form of feminism they call "ideological feminism" is chauvinistic as well as misandric. Paul Nathanson and Katherine K Young are Religious studies academics and co-researchers for a project funded by the Canadian government Misandry ( IPA) is hatred (or contempt of Men or Boys. Misandry is parallel to Misogyny —the hatred of women They assert that this form of feminism alleges "directly or indirectly that women are superior to men," and that its supporters often claim that "women are psychologically, morally, spiritually, intellectually, and biologically superior to men". ^[14]

Wendy McElroy refers to male stereotyping when she claims that in some gender feminist views, all men are considered irreconcilable rapists, wife-beating brutes, and useless as partners or fathers to women. Wendy McElroy (born 1951 is a Canadian Individualist anarchist and Individualist feminist. Equity feminism and gender feminism are terms coined by conservative libertarian Christina Hoff Sommers in her book Who Stole Feminism? published in 1992 ^[15] McElroy and Camille Paglia claim that gender feminists view women as innocent victims who never make irresponsible or morally questionable choices. ^[16] Other feminists such as Kate Fillion have questioned the idea that women are always innocent victims and men always the guilty victimizers when the interests of each collide with those of the other. ^[17]

On the other hand, Ariel Levy uses the term in another sense in the title of her book, Female Chauvinist Pigs. Ariel Levy (born October 17, 1974) is a Contributing editor at New York magazine and author of the book Female Chauvinist Female Chauvinist Pigs Women and the Rise of Raunch Culture is a 2005 book by Ariel Levy which critiques modern feminist culture in America She claims that many young women in the United States are replicating male chauvinism and sexist stereotypes about women in their embrace of what she labels "raunch culture" and traditionally masculine attributes. These women she designates female chauvinist pigs. ^[18]

In 1997, the Canadian Advertising Foundation ruled that a National Ad campaign that featuring Nicole Brown Simpson's sister Denise with the slogan, "Stop violence against Women" was in fact portraying only men as aggressors, and that it was not providing a balanced message and was in fact contributing to gender stereotyping. Nicole Brown Simpson ( May 19, 1959 - June 12, 1994) was the ex-wife of American football player O (The murder of Nicole Simpson also included the murder of Ronald Goldman)^[19]

Sexism against transsexuals

Main article: Transphobia

Transsexuality (also known as transgender) is a complex condition that is defined differently by different people. Ronald Lyle Goldman ( July 2, 1968 June 12, 1994) was Killed in Los Angeles California, along with Nicole Transsexualism is a condition in which a person identifies with a physical Sex different from the one with which they were born Transgender (trænzˈdʒɛndɚ from ( Latin) derivatives Transphobia refers to discrimination against transsexuality and transsexual or transgender people, based on their personal gender identification (see Phobia - terms indicating prejudice or class discrimination). Phobias Phobias (in the clinical meaning of the term are the most common form of Anxiety disorders An American study by the National Institute of Mental Health Whether intentional or not, transphobia can have severe consequences for the person the object of the negative attitude. The LGBT movement has campaigned against sexism against transsexuals. LGBT (also GLBT) is an initialism referring collectively to Lesbian, Gay, bisexual, and Transgender / transsexual The most typical forms of sexism against transsexuals are how many "women-only" and "men-only" events and organizations have been criticized for rejecting transfemales, and transmales respectively.

Sexism and sexual expression

The expression of sexual intimacy is a part of the human condition. The human condition encompasses all of the Experience of being Human. However, various aspects of human sexuality have been argued as having contributed to sexism.

The Sexual Revolution

During the sexual revolution, there was a change in the cultural perception of sexual morality and sexual behavior. The sexual revolution refers to the well-documented changes in social thought and codes of behaviour related to sexuality throughout the Western world that continues to evolve The sexual revolution has been known as the sexual liberation by feminists since some saw this new development in the West as a leveling ground for females to have as many choices concerning their sexuality as males--hoping to eliminate the problematic virgin/whore dichotomy of traditional Western society. Sex-positive feminism, also known as pro-sex feminism, sex-radical feminism, or sexually liberal feminism, is a movement that began in the early 1980s Feminism is a discourse that involves various movements theories, and Philosophies which are concerned with the issue of Gender difference, advocate

Modern feminists like Ariel Levy have warned that the current state of commercial sexuality has created a "Raunch Culture". Ariel Levy (born October 17, 1974) is a Contributing editor at New York magazine and author of the book Female Chauvinist Female Chauvinist Pigs Women and the Rise of Raunch Culture is a 2005 book by Ariel Levy which critiques modern feminist culture in America This cultural development, (which has largely occurred in the West) the commercialization of the sexual objectification of women, has been criticized as being limiting for men and women. Rather than being liberating, some feminists argue that the "pornification" of Western society has reduced and equated the scope of feminine power to sexual power only. Some feminists argue that women are themselves objectifying other women by becoming producers and promoters of the "Raunch Culture".

Some masculist theorists posit that prior to the sexual revolution the idealized male was expected to be virile while the idealized female was expected to be modest. Masculism (or Masculinism) has two contrasting meanings When used by self-identified masculists the term refers to social theories, Political movements They note that after the sexual revolution, women were given more liberty to express virility while the reverse has not been true for men, who have yet to be given a choice to be non-virile. They argued that the dual identity of hypersexuality and asexuality is a luxury and special status that only exists for women. Hypersexuality is the desire to engage in Human sexual behavior at a level high enough to be considered clinically significant Asexuality is a Sexual orientation that describes individuals who do not experience Sexual attraction. However, many feminists believe that this dual identity rather allows men to condemn a women for her sexuality for being either modest or virile (see double standard). A double standard refers to one class of entities being treated differently from another class of entities and implies an unfair or unjustified differentiation

Pornography

Some individuals express the view that pornography is contributing to sexism, arguing that in usual pornographic performances for male spectators the actresses are sexually objectified. Pornography or porn is the explicit depiction of Sexual subject matter with the sole intention of sexually exciting the viewer They state that the narrative is usually formed around men's pleasure as the only goal of sexual activity. The German feminist Alice Schwarzer is one representative of this point of view. Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. Alice Schwarzer (born December 3 1942 in Wuppertal) is the most prominent contemporary German Feminist. She has brought this topic up repeatedly since the 1970s, in particular in the feminist magazine Emma. The reverse, where female spectators are objectifying male actors, has also been identified as sexism.

On the other hand, some famous pornographic actresses such as Teresa Orlowski and Tímea Vágvölgyi have publicly stated that they do not feel themselves to be victims of sexism against women. Teresa Orlowski (born Teresa Orłowska on July 29, 1953 in Poland) is a former performer in and a current leading producer In fact, many female pornographic stars and sex-positive feminists view pornography to be progressive, since they are paid money for performing consensual acts, and also since many directors and managers of the industry are women as well. Sex-positive feminism, also known as pro-sex feminism, sex-radical feminism, or sexually liberal feminism, is a movement that began in the early 1980s Porn positive feminists often support their position by pointing out the situation of women in countries with strict pornography laws (e. g. , Saudi Arabia) versus women in countries with liberal pornography laws (e. g. , the Netherlands). Many opponents of pornography believe that pornography gives a distorted view of men and women's bodies, as well as the actual sexual act, often showing the performers with synthetic implants or exaggerated expressions of pleasure. Some opponents believe pornographic films tend to show women in particular as being extremely passive, or that the acts women perform are degrading and solely for the pleasure of their sexual partner, and that this is evidence of sexism.

Occupational sexism

Main article: Occupational sexism

Occupational sexism refers to any discriminatory practices, statements, actions, etc. Occupational sexism (also called sexism in the work place and employment sexism) refers to any Discriminatory practices statements actions etc Unlike most discrimination policies discrimination between, which is the discernment of qualities and recognition of the differences focused here discrimination against is based on a person's sex that are present or occur in a place of employment. An organism's sex is defined by the gametes it produces males produce male gametes (spermatozoa or Sperm) while females produce female gametes (ova or Egg cells; individual Employment is a Contract between two parties, one being the employer and the other being the employee. One form of occupational sexism is wage discrimination, which is prohibited in the US. ^[20]

Sexual discrimination

See also: Discrimination

Though sexism refers to beliefs and attitudes in relation to the gender of a person, such beliefs and attitudes are of a social nature and do not, normally, carry any legal consequences. Unlike most discrimination policies discrimination between, which is the discernment of qualities and recognition of the differences focused here discrimination against is Gender comprises a range of differences between men and women extending from the biological to the social Sex discrimination, on the other hand, may have legal consequences. Unlike most discrimination policies discrimination between, which is the discernment of qualities and recognition of the differences focused here discrimination against is Though what constitutes sex discrimination varies between countries, the essence is that it is an adverse action taken by one person against another person that would not have occurred had the person been of another sex. Discrimination of that nature in certain enumerated circumstances is illegal in many countries.

Sexual discrimination can arise in different contexts. For instance an employee may be discriminated against by being asked discriminatory questions during a job interview, or because an employer did not hire, promote or wrongfully terminated an employee based on his or her gender, or employers pay unequally based on gender. Employment is a Contract between two parties, one being the employer and the other being the employee. In an educational setting there could be claims that a student was excluded from an educational institution, program, opportunity, loan, student group, or scholarship due to his or her gender. In the housing setting there could be claims that a person was refused negotiations on seeking a house, contracting/leasing a house or getting a loan based on his or her gender. Another setting where there have been claims of gender discrimination is banking; for example if one is refused credit or is offered unequal loan terms based on one’s gender.

Socially, sexual differences have been used to justify different roles for men and women, in some cases giving rise to claims of primary and secondary roles. While there are non-physical differences between men and women, there is little agreement as to what those differences are.

The United Nations had concluded that women often experience a "glass ceiling" and that there are no societies in which women enjoy the same opportunities as men. The United Nations ( UN) is an International organization whose stated aims are to facilitate cooperation in International law, International security

The term "glass ceiling" is used to describe a perceived barrier to advancement in employment based on discrimination, especially sex discrimination. In the United States, the Glass Ceiling Commission, a government-funded group, stated: "Over half of all Master’s degrees are now awarded to women, yet 95 percent of senior-level managers, of the top Fortune 1000 industrial and 500 service companies are men. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Of them, 97 percent are white. " In its report, it recommended affirmative action, which is the consideration of an employee's gender and race in hiring and promotion decisions, as a means to end this form of discrimination. Affirmative action in the United States|Employment equity (Canada|Reservation in India|Numerus clausus The term affirmative action describes many policies aimed at a historically ^[21]

Transgendered individuals, both male to female and female to male, often experience problems which often lead to dismissals, underachievement, difficulty in finding a job, social isolation, and, occasionally, violent attacks against them. Transsexualism is a condition in which a person identifies with a physical Sex different from the one with which they were born

See also

• Chauvinism
• Equal Pay Act
• Gender Egalitarianism
• Gender role
• Intersectionality
• LGBT stereotypes
• Misandry
• Misogyny
• Occupational sexism
• Sexual harassment
• Sex in advertising
• Stereotype
• Triple oppression

References

External links

• National Organisation of Men Against Sexism NOMAS, USA
• Sexism and Sexuality in advertising
• Reverse Sexism Rears its Ugly Head
• Middle Sex
• Father Phobia of the Family Court
• Father's Day Lament
• Federal and California Sex Discrimination Laws
• Hate Crimes: Criminal Law & Identity Politics
• When It Happens To Men
• Gender Bias and Fairness. ERIC Digest.
• A law lecture in mp3 format (part 1, part 2, and part 3) on gender discrimination and U. S. constitutional law
• Equal Pay Act - Actual Text
• Gender Discrimination Law in the United States