Sewage is the mainly liquid waste containing some solids produced by humans which typically consists of washing water, faeces, urine, laundry waste and other material which goes down drains and toilets from households and industry. WASTE is a Peer-to-peer and Friend-to-friend protocol and software application developed by Justin Frankel at Nullsoft in 2003 that features Feces, faeces, or fæces (see spelling differences) is a waste product from an animal's digestive tract expelled through the Anus Urine is a liquid waste product of the body secreted by the Kidneys by a process of filtration from Blood and Excreted through the Urethra. A plumbing fixture is a device which is part of a system to deliver and drain away water but which is also configured to enable a particular use It is one type of wastewater. Distinguish from Wastwater (a lake in the Lake District in northwest England Sewage services exist to manage sewage by collection, treatment and recycling or safe disposal into the environment. See also Nature The natural environment, commonly referred to simply as the environment, is a terminology that is comprised of all living and As of 2004 in the U. S. , 850 billion gallons of raw sewage are being dumped into waterways every year. [1]
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History
According to Teresi et al. (2002):[2]
The Indus architects designed sewage disposal systems on a large scale, building networks of brick effluent drains following the lines of the streets. The Indus Valley Civilization (Mature period 2600&ndash1900 BCE abbreviated IVC, was an ancient Civilization that flourished in the Indus River basin The drains were seven to ten feet wide, cut at two feet below ground level with U-shaped bottoms lined with loose brick easily taken up for cleaning. At the intersection of two drains, the sewage planners installed cesspools with steps leading down into them, for periodic cleaning. By 2700 B. C. , these cities had standardized earthenware plumbing pipes with broad flanges for easy joining with asphalt to stop leaks.
The first sanitation system have been found at the prehistoric Middle East and the surrounding areas. The first time an inverted siphon system was used, along with glass covered clay pipes, was in the palaces of Crete, Greece. It is still in working condition, after about 3000 years. The system then remained with not much progress until the 16th century, where, in England, Sir John Harington invented a device for Queen Elizabeth (his Godmother) that released wastes into cesspools.
Sewage services
Collection and disposal
A system of sewer pipes (sewers) collects sewage and takes it for treatment or disposal. Urban areas require some methods for collection and disposal of Sewage. The system of sewers is called sewerage or sewerage system (see London sewerage system) in UK English and sewage system in US English. The London sewerage system is part of the Water infrastructure serving London. Where a main sewerage system has not been provided, sewage may be collected from homes by pipes into septic tanks or cesspits, where it may be treated or collected in vehicles and taken for treatment or disposal. Description A septic tank generally consists of tanks between the size of 1000 and 2000 gallons (4000 - 7500 litres which is connected to an inlet wastewater pipe at one end and A cesspit, or cesspool, is a pit conservancy tank or covered Cistern, which can be used for Sewage or Refuse. Vehicles, derived from the Latin word vehiculum, are non-living Means of transport. Properly functioning septic tanks require emptying every 2-5 years depending on the load of the system.
Treatment
Sewage treatment is the process of removing the contaminants from sewage to produce liquid and solid (sludge) suitable for discharge to the environment or for reuse. Sewage treatment, or domestic wastewater treatment, is the process of removing Contaminants from Wastewater, both Runoff ( Effluents Sewage treatment, or domestic wastewater treatment, is the process of removing Contaminants from Wastewater, both Runoff ( Effluents SLUDGE (Scripting Language for Unhindered Development of a Gaming Environment is a open source adventure game engine developed by Hungry Software It is a form of waste management. Waste management is the collection Transport, processing, Recycling or disposal of Waste materials A septic tank or other on-site wastewater treatment system such as biofilters can be used to treat sewage close to where it is created. On Site Sewage Facilities ( OSSF) are Wastewater systems designed to treat and dispose of effluent on the same property that produces the wastewater Biofiltration is a Pollution control technique using living material to capture and biologically degrade process pollutants
Sewage water is a complex matrix, with many distinctive chemical characteristics. These include high concentrations of ammonium, nitrate, phosphorus, high conductivity (due to high dissolved solids), high alkalinity, with pH typically ranging between 7 and 8. Trihalomethanes are also likely to be present as a result of past disinfection.
In developed countries sewage collection and treatment is typically subject to local, state and federal regulations and standards. The term developed country, or advanced country, is used to categorize countries with developed Economies in which the tertiary and quaternary sectors Sewage treatment, or domestic wastewater treatment, is the process of removing Contaminants from Wastewater, both Runoff ( Effluents
Facts about sewage
- The words 'sewage' and 'sewer' come from Old French seuwiere or from Anglo-Norman sewere or from Anglo-French assewer, essiver meaning "(channel) to drain the overflow from a fish pond" or "to drain" and ultimately from Vulgar Latin *exaquare or *exaquria, from Latin ex- ‘out of’ + aqua ‘water’. Old French was the Romance Dialect continuum spoken in territories which span roughly the northern half of modern France and parts of modern Belgium The Anglo-Normans were mainly the descendants of the Normans who ruled England following the conquest by William of Normandy in 1066, although [1]
- The words 'sewerage' and 'sewage' were used interchangeably (but wrongly) in the past. This use is correct in US English. [2][3]
See also
- Drainage system
- Ecological sanitation
- Humanure
- ISO 5667
- ISO 10304
- Jenkem
- Sanitary sewer overflow
- Sewage pumping
- Waste management
- Water quality
Notes
- ^ Domestic Pollution and Sewage : Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution. Ecological sanitation, also known as ecosan or eco-san, is a new paradigm in sanitation that recognises human excreta and household wastewater not as waste but as "Humanure" is a Neologism designating human excrement (feces and urine that is recycled via Composting for agricultural or other Jenkem is an alleged hallucinogenic recreational drug composed of noxious gas formed from Fermented human Feces. Sanitary sewer overflow (SSO is a condition whereby untreated Sewage is discharged into the environment prior to reaching treatment facilities thereby escaping Wastewater Sewage pumping is normally done by a Submersible pump. This became popular in the early 1960s when a guide-rail system was developed to lift the submersible pump Waste management is the collection Transport, processing, Recycling or disposal of Waste materials Water quality is the physical chemical and biological characteristics of Water in relationship to a set of standards www. whoi. edu. Retrieved on 2008-03-16. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 597 BC - Babylonians capture Jerusalem, replace Jehoiachin with Zedekiah as king
- ^ Teresi et al. 2002
References
- Teresi, Dick; et al. (2002). Lost Discoveries: The Ancient Roots of Modern Science--from the Babylonians to the Maya. New York: Simon & Schuster, 352. ISBN 0-684-83718-8.
External links
- Sewer History - main focus is sewers, but also contains significant information on sewage, sewage treatment and disposal, and health impacts.
- A tour of the Everett Water Pollution Control Facility in Washington, written by an employee.
- Website of the Technische Universität Darmstadt and the CEEP about Phosphorus Recovery
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