The Seventh, Eighth, Ninth, Tenth and Eleventh (Thebes only) Dynasties of ancient Egypt are often combined under the group title, First Intermediate Period. Pharaoh is the title given in modern parlance to the ancient Egyptian kings of all periods Ancient Egypt was an Ancient Civilization in eastern North Africa, concentrated along the lower reaches of the Nile River in what is now The Predynastic Period of Egypt (prior to 3100 BC is traditionally the period between the Early Neolithic and the beginning of the Pharaonic monarchy beginning with King The Protodynastic Period of Egypt (generally dated 3200 BC - 3000 BC) refers to the period of time at the very end of the Predynastic Period. The Archaic or Early Dynastic Period of Egypt immediately follows the unification of Lower and Upper Egypt c The first dynasty of Ancient Egypt is often combined with the second dynasty under the group title Early Dynastic Period of Egypt. The Second Dynasty of Ancient Egypt is often combined with the First dynasty under the group title Early Dynastic Period of Egypt. The Old Kingdom is the name commonly given to that period in the 3rd millennium BCE when Egypt attained its first continuous peak of civilization in complexity and achievement Third Dynasty The Third Dynasty of Ancient Egypt is the first dynasty of the Old Kingdom. The fourth dynasty of Ancient Egypt is characterized as a Golden age of the Old Kingdom. The Third Fourth Fifth and Sixth Dynasties of ancient Egypt are often combined under the group title Old Kingdom. The Third Fourth Fifth and Sixth Dynasties of ancient Egypt are often combined under the title " Old Kingdom " The First Intermediate Period is the name conventionally given by Egyptologists to that period in Ancient Egyptian history between the end of the Old The Seventh, Eighth, Ninth Tenth and Eleventh (Thebes only Dynasties of ancient Egypt are often combined under the group title First Intermediate Period The Seventh, Eighth, Ninth Tenth and Eleventh (Thebes only Dynasties of ancient Egypt are often combined under the group title First Intermediate Period The Seventh Eighth Ninth, Tenth and Eleventh (Thebes only Dynasties of ancient Egypt are often combined under the group title First Intermediate Period. The Seventh Eighth Ninth Tenth and Eleventh (Thebes only Dynasties of ancient Egypt are often combined under the group title First Intermediate Period. The Eleventh dynasty of Ancient Egypt was one group of rulers whose earlier members are grouped with the four preceding dynasties to form the First Intermediate Period Thebes ( Thēbai) was a city in Ancient Egypt located about 800 km south of the Mediterranean on the east bank of the river Nile ( The Middle Kingdom is the period in the history of Ancient Egypt stretching from the establishment of the Eleventh Dynasty to the end of the Fourteenth Dynasty The Eleventh dynasty of Ancient Egypt was one group of rulers whose earlier members are grouped with the four preceding dynasties to form the First Intermediate Period This article is about the country of Egypt For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Egypt topics. The Eleventh (all of Egypt Twelfth, Thirteenth and Fourteenth Dynasties of ancient Egypt are often combined under the group title Middle Kingdom. The Thirteenth Dynasty is one of the groupings of Pharaohs or rulers of Ancient Egypt. The Eleventh (all of Egypt Twelfth Thirteenth and Fourteenth Dynasties of ancient Egypt are often combined under the group title Middle Kingdom, though this dynasty The Second Intermediate Period marks a period when Ancient Egypt once again fell into disarray between the end of the Middle Kingdom, and the start of the New The Fifteenth, Sixteenth and Seventeenth Dynasties of ancient Egypt are often combined under the group title Second Intermediate Period. The Fifteenth Sixteenth and Seventeenth Dynasties of ancient Egypt are often combined under the group title Second Intermediate Period. The Fifteenth Sixteenth and Seventeenth Dynasties of ancient Egypt are often combined under the group title Second Intermediate Period. The New Kingdom, sometimes referred to as the Egyptian Empire, is the period in Ancient Egyptian history between the 16th century BC and "Amarna period" redirects here For information on Amarna see Amarna The Eighteenth Dynasty (1550-1292 BC is perhaps the best known of The Eighteenth Nineteenth, and Twentieth Dynasties of ancient Egypt are often combined under the group title New Kingdom. The Eighteenth Nineteenth and Twentieth Dynasties of ancient Egypt are often combined under the group title New Kingdom. The Third Intermediate Period refers to the time in Ancient Egypt from the death of Pharaoh Ramesses XI in 1070 BC to the foundation of the The Twenty-First, Twenty-Second Twenty-Third Twenty-Fourth and Twenty-Fifth Dynasties of ancient Egypt are often combined under the group title Third Intermediate The Twenty-First Twenty-Second, Twenty-Third Twenty-Fourth and Twenty-Fifth Dynasties of ancient Egypt are often combined under the group title Third Intermediate The Twenty-third Dynasty of ancient Egypt was a separate regime of Meshwesh Libyan kings, who ruled Ancient Egypt. The Twenty-First Twenty-Second Twenty-Third Twenty-Fourth and Twenty-Fifth Dynasties of ancient Egypt are often combined under the group title Third Intermediate The twenty-first twenty-second twenty-third twenty-fourth and twenty-fifth dynasties of Ancient Egypt are often combined under the group title Third Intermediate The Saite or Twenty-sixth Dynasty of Egypt was the last native dynasty to rule Egypt before the Persian conquest (although others followed and had its capital at The Late Period of Egypt refers to the last flowering of native Egyptian rulers after the Third Intermediate Period from the 26th Saite Dynasty into Persian The Twenty-Eighth Dynasty is often combined with other groupings of rulers of Ancient Egypt under the title Late Period. Nepherites I founded the Twenty-ninth Dynasty of ancient Egypt (according to an account preserved in a Papyrus in the Brooklyn Museum) by The Thirtieth Dynasty of ancient Egypt followed Nectanebo I 's deposition of Nefaarud II, the son of Hakor. Alexander the Great ( or, Mégas Aléxandros; July 20 356 BC June 10 or June 11 323 BC also known as Alexander III of Macedon (el Ἀλέξανδρος Γ' The Ptolemaic dynasty (sometimes also known as the Lagids, from the name of Ptolemy I's father Lagus) was a Hellenistic Macedonian royal family Ægyptus redirects here See Egypt Province for the province of the Ottoman Empire At the commencement of the Muslim conquest of Egypt Egypt was part of the Byzantine Empire with its capital in Constantinople. The First Intermediate Period is the name conventionally given by Egyptologists to that period in Ancient Egyptian history between the end of the Old
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Rulers
The Seventh and Eighth Dynasties are a little-known line of kings (pharaohs) during a confusing time in the history of Egypt. Pharaoh is the title given in modern parlance to the ancient Egyptian kings of all periods This article is about the country of Egypt For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Egypt topics. Known rulers, in the History of Egypt, for the Seventh and Eighth Dynasties are as follows:
| Nomen | Prenomen | Comments |
|---|---|---|
| - | Netjerkare? | This person is possibly Nitocris, and if so would belong in the sixth dynasty. The history of Egypt is the longest continuous history as a unified state of any country in the world Netjerkare may have been a king during the First Intermediate Period of Ancient Egypt. Nitocris ( Greek Νίτωκρις has been claimed to have been the last Pharaoh of the Sixth Dynasty. |
| - | Menkare | - |
| - | Neferkare II | - |
| Nebi | Neferkare Neby | - |
| - | Djedkare Shemai | - |
| - | Neferkare Khendu | - |
| - | Merenhor | - |
| Seneferka | Neferkamin | - |
| - | Nikare | - |
| - | Neferkare Tereru | - |
| - | Neferkahor | - |
| Nomen | Prenomen | Comments | |
|---|---|---|---|
| - | Neferkare Pepiseneb | - | |
| - | Neferkamin Anu | ||
| Iby | Qakare Ibi | Turin Canon gives rule of two years, one month, one day[2] | |
| - | Neferkaure II | Turin Canon gives rule of four years, two months[3] | |
| Khwiwihepu | Neferkauhor | Turin Canon gives rule of two years, one month, one day[4] | |
| - | Neferirkare | Turin Canon gives a reign of one and a half years[5] | - |
Sources
Manetho
The three sources which provide our knowledge on this period is exceedingly difficult to work with. Menkare may have been a king of the First Intermediate Period of Ancient Egypt. Neferkare II may have been a seventh dynasty king of ancient Egypt during the First Intermediate Period. Neferkare Neby may have been a king of the Seventh Dynasty of ancient Egypt during the First Intermediate Period. Djedkare Shemai may have been a seventh dynasty king of ancient Egypt during the First Intermediate Period. Neferkare Khendu may have been a seventh dynasty king of Ancient Egypt during the First Intermediate Period. Merenhor may have been a seventh dynasty king of ancient Egypt during the First Intermediate Period. Neferkamin may have been a seventh dynasty king of ancient Egypt during the First Intermediate Period. Nikare may have been a seventh dynasty king of ancient Egypt during the First Intermediate Period. Neferkare Tereru may have been a seventh dynasty king of ancient Egypt during the First Intermediate Period. Neferkahor may have been a seventh dynasty king of ancient Egypt during the First Intermediate Period. Neferkare Pepiseneb may have been an eighth dynasty king of ancient Egypt during the First Intermediate Period. Neferkamin Anu may have been an eighth dynasty king of ancient Egypt during the First Intermediate Period. Qakare Ibi was an ancient Egyptian ruler of the 8th Dynasty. Qa-ka-Re (='strong is the soul of Re') Neferkaure II was an eighth dynasty king of ancient Egypt during the First Intermediate Period. Neferkauhor was an eighth dynasty king of ancient Egypt during the First Intermediate Period. For the better known Fifth dynasty pharaoh by this name see Neferirkare Kakai Neferirkare was an Eighth dynasty king of ancient Egypt Manetho's full history does not survive intact, but is known through other writers who quoted from it. Unfortunately, the two ancient historians who quote from this section, Sextus Julius Africanus and Eusebius of Caesarea, provide inconsistent accounts of both dynasties. Sextus Julius Africanus was a Christian traveller and Historian of the early 3rd century AD Africanus claims that the Seventh dynasty consisted of 70 kings that ruled during a period of seventy days in Memphis, and the Eighth consisted of 27 kings who reigned for 146 years. Memphis was the ancient capitol of the first nome of Lower Egypt, and of the Old Kingdom of Egypt from its foundation until around 2200 BC and However, Eusebius records that during the Seventh Dynasty five kings ruled over seventy five days, and the Eighth includes five kings who ruled for 100 years. Seventy kings in seventy days is usually considered the correct version of Manetho, but obviously not the actual correct dates. This epithet is interpreted to mean that the pharaohs of this period were extremely ephemeral, and the use of seventy may be a pun on fact that this was Manetho's seventh dynasty. [6] The fact that Manetho does not provide actual historical data on this period is interpreted by many as meaning that the seventh dynasty is fictitious.
The Turin Canon of Kings and Abydos King List
Two Egyptian documents record the names of the kings of Egypt, however they do not divide them into dynasties. Kings 42 to 56 on the Abydos King List come between the end of the Sixth Dynasty and the beginning of the Eleventh, and do not appear to be from the Ninth or Tenth Dynasties either. [7] The Turin Canon is heavily damaged, and cannot be read without much difficulty. However, the fragment containing what is believed to be the name of Nitocris has two mangled names and a third name on it which is clearly that of Qakare Ibi, the 53rd king on the Abydos King List. Qakare Ibi was an ancient Egyptian ruler of the 8th Dynasty. Qa-ka-Re (='strong is the soul of Re') There seems to be room for two more kings before the end of the dynasty. [8] This would indicate that the missing parts of the Turin Papyrus probably contained the kings in the 51st to 55th registers of the Abydos King List. Because the Turin papyrus omits the first nine kings on the Abydos list, W. C. Hayes thinks it reasonable that the Egyptians may have divided the Seventh and Eighth Dynasties at this point. [9][10]
Decline into chaos
Given that five names of the kings from this period have Pepi II's throne name Neferkare in their own names, they may have been descendants of the Sixth Dynasty, who were trying to hold on to some sort of power. [11] Some of the acts of the final four Eighth Dynasty kings are recorded in their decrees to Shemay, a vizier during this period, however only Qakare Ibi can connected to any monumental construction. His pyramid has been found at Saqarra near Pepi II and continues to have the pyramid texts written on the walls. [12]
However many kings there actually were, it is clear that during this time period a breakdown of the central authority of Egypt was underway. The rulers of these dynasties were based in Memphis; with the exception of the final Eighth Dynasty kings, all that is known of most of these rulers is their names. Memphis was the ancient capitol of the first nome of Lower Egypt, and of the Old Kingdom of Egypt from its foundation until around 2200 BC and This group of kings was eventually overthrown by a rival group, the Ninth Dynasty, based in Herakleopolis Magna. The Seventh Eighth Ninth, Tenth and Eleventh (Thebes only Dynasties of ancient Egypt are often combined under the group title First Intermediate Period. Herakleopolis Magna is the Greek name of the capital of the Twentieth nome (administrative division of Ancient Egypt.
References
- ^ a b Division between dynasties is on the assumption that the omission of nine kings in the Turin Canon separates the two dynasties.
- ^ J. von Beckerath, The Date of the End of the Old Kingdom of Egypt, JNES 21 (1962), p. 143
- ^ Beckerath, op. cit. , p. 143
- ^ Beckerath, op. cit. , p. 143
- ^ Beckerath, op. cit. , p. 143
- ^ Grimal, Nicolas. A History of Ancient Egypt. p. 138. Librairie Arthéme Fayard, 1988.
- ^ Abydos King List, Accessed November 9, 2006
- ^ Smith, W. Stevenson. The Old Kingdom in Egypt and the Beginning of the First Intermediate Period, in The Cambridge Ancient History," vol. I, part 2, ed. Edwards, I. E. S, et al. p. 197. Cambridge University Press, New York, 1971
- ^ Smith, W. Stevenson. The Old Kingdom in Egypt and the Beginning of the First Intermediate Period, in The Cambridge Ancient History," vol. I, part 2, ed. Edwards, I. E. S, et al. p. 197. Cambridge University Press, New York, 1971
- ^ Piccione's King Lists
- ^ Grimal, Nicolas. A History of Ancient Egypt. p. 140. Librairie Arthéme Fayard, 1988.
- ^ Grimal, Nicolas. A History of Ancient Egypt. p. 140. Librairie Arthéme Fayard, 1988.
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