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For other uses, see Cardinal sin (disambiguation) and Seven deadly sins (disambiguation).
Hieronymus Bosch's The Seven Deadly Sins and the Four Last Things
Hieronymus Bosch's The Seven Deadly Sins and the Four Last Things

The seven deadly sins, also known as the capital vices or cardinal sins, are a classification of vices that were originally used in early Christian teachings to educate and instruct followers concerning (immoral) fallen man's tendency to sin. Hieronymus Bosch ( Dutch, born Jeroen Anthonissen van Aken c 1450 &ndash August 9, 1516) was an Early Netherlandish The Seven Deadly Sins and the Four Last Things is a Painting by Hieronymus Bosch, completed in 1485. The software program VICE (all caps standing for V ersat' I' le C ommodore E mulator, is an Emulator for Commodore A Christian is a person who adheres to Christianity, a monotheistic Religion centered on the life and teachings of Jesus of Nazareth Morality (from the Latin la moralitas "manner character proper behavior" has three principal meanings Sin is a term used mainly in a religious context to describe an act that violates a moral Rule, or the state of having committed such a violation The Roman Catholic Church divided sin into two principal categories: "venial", which are relatively minor, and could be forgiven through any sacramentals or sacraments of the church, and the more severe "capital" or mortal sin. Sin is a term used mainly in a religious context to describe an act that violates a moral Rule, or the state of having committed such a violation According to Roman Catholicism, a venial sin (meaning "forgivable" Sin) is a lesser sin that does not result in a complete separation from God Sacramentals are material objects or things ( sacramentalia) set apart or blessed by the Roman Catholic Church, the Orthodox Churches and the Anglican A sacrament, as defined in Hexam's Concise Dictionary of Religion is "a Rite in which God is uniquely active Mortal sin, according to the beliefs of Roman Catholicism, and some Protestant denominations is a Sin that unless confessed and absolved (or at least Mortal sins destroyed the life of grace, and created the threat of eternal damnation unless either absolved through the sacrament of confession, or forgiven through perfect contrition on the part of the penitent. Dammit redirects here to see the Opeth album see Damnation (album. The confession of one's Sins is a religious practice important to many faiths e Contrition (from the Latin contritus 'ground to pieces ie crushed by Guilt) is sincere and complete remorse (i Beginning in the early 14th century, the popularity of the seven deadly sins as a theme among European artists of the time eventually helped to ingrain them in many areas of Christian culture and Christian consciousness in general throughout the world. One means of such ingraining was the creation of the mnemonic "SALIGIA" based on the first letters in Latin of the seven deadly sins: superbia, avaritia, luxuria, invidia, gula, ira, acedia. A mnemonic device (nəˈmɒnɪk is a Memory aid Commonly met mnemonics are often verbal something such as a very short poem or a special word used to help a person remember [1]

Contents

Background of the Seven Deadly Sins

There is nowhere in the Christian Bible that a list of the Seven Deadly Sins is given, although lists of virtues contrasted with lists of sins are found in certain books of the New Testament, such as "Galatians". Etymology According to the Online Etymology Dictionary, the word bible is from Latin biblia, traced from the same word through Medieval Latin and Late Latin The modern concept of the Seven Deadly Sins is linked to the works of the 4th century monk Evagrius Ponticus, who listed eight "evil thoughts" as follows (Refoule, 1967):

Gluttony; fornication; avarice; sorrow; anger; discouragement; vainglory; pride. MONK is a Monte Carlo software package for simulating nuclear processes particularly for the purpose of determining the neutron multiplication factor or k-effective Evagrius Ponticus, or Evagrius the Solitary (345-399 AD was a Christian monk and ascetic

The first three of these sins, as Refoule explains, link to lustful appetite; anger links with the irascible; and vainglory and pride link with the intellect. Some years later, Pope Gregory I (Pope Gregory the Great) would revise this list to form the more common "Seven Deadly Sins".

Listings of the sins since Gregory the Great

Listed in the same order used by both Pope Gregory the Great in the 6th century, and later by Dante Alighieri in his epic poem The Divine Comedy, the seven deadly sins are as follows: luxuria (extravagance, later lust), gula (gluttony), avaritia (greed), acedia (sloth), ira (wrath), invidia (envy), and superbia (pride). The Divine Comedy Literature In Dante's Inferno, the first Canticle of the Divine Comedy, the lustful are punished by being continuously Derived from the Latin gluttire, meaning to gulp down or swallow gluttony is the over-indulgence and Over-consumption of food drink or intoxicants Greed is the Selfish desire for or pursuit of Money, Wealth, power, Food, or other Possessions, especially when this denies In the Christian Moral Tradition, sloth ( Latin: acedia, accidia, pigritia) is one of the seven capital sins Anger is an emotional state that may range from minor irritation to intense rage Envy (also called invidiousness) may be defined as an Emotion that "occurs when a person lacks another’s superior quality achievement or possession and Pride is a lofty view of one's self or one's own Pride often manifests itself as a high opinion of one's Nation (national pride Ethnicity (ethnic pride or appearance Each of the seven deadly sins has an opposite among the corresponding seven holy virtues (sometimes also referred to as the contrary virtues). The seven virtues are a set of seven cardinal virtues recognized in Christian Philosophy, especially Virtue ethics, and Theology. In parallel order to the sins they oppose, the seven holy virtues are chastity, temperance, charity, diligence, patience, kindness, and humility. Chastity is Sexual behavior of a man or woman acceptable to the ethical norms and guidelines of a culture civilization or Religion. Diligence is a zealous and careful nature in one's actions and work Patience (ˈpā-shənz is the state of endurance under difficult circumstances Kindness is the act or the state of charitable behavior to other people Humility, or being humble, is the defining characteristic of an unpretentious and modest person someone who does not think that he or she is better or more important

The identification and definition of the seven deadly sins over their history has been a fluid process and the idea of what each of the seven actually encompasses has evolved over time. This process has been aided by the fact that they are not referred to in either a cohesive or codified manner in the Bible itself, and as a result other literary and ecclesiastical works referring to the seven deadly sins were instead consulted as sources from which definitions might be drawn. Part II of Dante's Divine Comedy, "Purgatorio", has almost certainly been the best known source since the Renaissance. The Divine Comedy The Renaissance (from French Renaissance, meaning "rebirth" Italian: Rinascimento, from re- "again" and nascere

The sins

Lust (Latin, luxuria)

Main article: Lust

Lust (or lechery) is usually thought of as involving obsessive or excessive thoughts or desires of a sexual nature. Literature In Dante's Inferno, the first Canticle of the Divine Comedy, the lustful are punished by being continuously Generally speaking human sexuality is how people experience and express themselves as sexual beings Unfulfilled lusts sometimes lead to sexual or sociological compulsions and/or transgressions including (but obviously not limited to) sexual addiction, adultery, bestiality, rape, and incest . Sexual addiction is a controversial term to describe sexual behaviour that is characterized at least by two key features recurrent failure to control the behavior and continuation of the Adultery is the voluntary Sexual intercourse between a married person and another person who is not his or her Spouse, though in many places it is Zoophilia, from the Greek ζῷον ( zṓion, "animal" and φιλία ( philia, "friendship" or "love" is a Paraphilia Rape, also referred to as Sexual assault, is an Assault by a person involving Sexual intercourse with or Sexual penetration of another person Incest refers to any sexual activity between closely related persons (often within the immediate family that is illegal or socially Taboo. Dante's criterion was "excessive love of others," which therefore rendered love and devotion to God as secondary. In "Purgatorio", the penitent walks within flames to purge himself of lustful/sexual thoughts and feelings. The Divine Comedy

Gluttony (Latin, gula)

Main article: Gluttony

Derived from the Latin gluttire, meaning to gulp down or swallow, gluttony is the over-indulgence and over-consumption of anything to the point of waste. Derived from the Latin gluttire, meaning to gulp down or swallow gluttony is the over-indulgence and Over-consumption of food drink or intoxicants Over-consumption is a concept related to Overpopulation, referring to situations where Per capita In the Christian religions, it is considered a sin because of the excessive desire for food, or its withholding from the needy. [2]

Depending on the culture, it can be seen as either a vice or a sign of status. Where food is relatively scarce, being able to eat well might be something to take pride in (although this can also result in a moral backlash when confronted with the reality of those less fortunate). Where food is routinely plentiful, it may be considered a sign of self control to resist the temptation to over-indulge.

Medieval church leaders (e. g. , Thomas Aquinas) took a more expansive view of gluttony,[2] arguing that it could also include an obsessive anticipation of meals, and the constant eating of delicacies and excessively costly foods. [3] He went so far as to prepare a list of six ways to commit gluttony, including:

Greed (Latin, avaritia)

Main article: Greed

Greed (or avarice, covetousness) is, like lust and gluttony, a sin of excess. Greed is the Selfish desire for or pursuit of Money, Wealth, power, Food, or other Possessions, especially when this denies However, greed (as seen by the church) is applied to the acquisition of wealth in particular. Wealth derives from the old English word "weal" which means "well-being St. Thomas Aquinas wrote that greed was "a sin against God, just as all mortal sins, in as much as man condemns things eternal for the sake of temporal things. " In Dante's Purgatory, the penitents were bound and laid face down on the ground for having concentrated too much on earthly thoughts. "Avarice" is more of a blanket term that can describe many other examples of greedy behavior. These include disloyalty, deliberate betrayal, or treason, especially for personal gain, for example through bribery . Betrayal, a form of Deception or dismissal of prior presumptions is the breaking or violation of a presumptive Social contract ( trust, or Confidence In Law, treason is the Crime that covers some of the more serious acts of disloyalty to one's sovereign or Nation. Bribery, a form of pecuniary corruption is an act usually implying money or gift given that alters the behaviour of the recipient in ways not consistent with the duties of that person Scavenging and hoarding of materials or objects, theft and robbery, especially by means of violence, trickery, or manipulation of authority are all actions that may be inspired by greed. Scavenging, or necrophagy, is a Carnivorous Feeding behaviour in which a predator consumes Corpses or Carrion that were killed In Archaeology, a Hoard is a collection of artifacts purposely buried in the ground In Criminal law, theft (also known as stealing or filching) is the illegal taking of another person's Property without that person's freely-given Robbery is the Crime of seizing Property through Violence or Intimidation. Violence is the exertion of force so as to injure or abuse The word is used broadly to describe the destructive action of natural phenomena like Storms and Earthquakes In Mythology, and in the study of Folklore and Religion, a trickster is a God, Goddess, spirit, man woman or anthropomorphic In Politics, authority ( Latin Auctoritas, used in Roman law as opposed to Potestas and Imperium Such misdeeds can include simony, where one profits from soliciting goods within the actual confines of a church. Simony is the Ecclesiastical crime of paying for Holy offices or positions in the hierarchy of a church named after Simon Magus, who appears in the

Sloth (Latin, acedia)

Main article: Sloth (deadly sin)

More than other sins, the definition of sloth has changed considerably since its original inclusion among the seven deadly sins. In the Christian Moral Tradition, sloth ( Latin: acedia, accidia, pigritia) is one of the seven capital sins In fact it was first called the sin of sadness or despair. It had been in the early years of Christianity characterized by what modern writers would now describe as melancholy: apathy, depression, and joylessness — the last being viewed as being a refusal to enjoy the goodness of God and the world he created. Originally, its place was fulfilled by two other aspects, acedia and sadness. The former described a spiritual apathy that affected the faithful by discouraging them from their religious work. Sadness (tristitia in Latin) described a feeling of dissatisfaction or discontent, which caused unhappiness with one's current situation. When Thomas Aquinas selected acedia for his list, he described it as an "uneasiness of the mind", being a progenitor for lesser sins such as restlessness and instability. Dante refined this definition further, describing sloth as being the "failure to love God with all one's heart, all one's mind and all one's soul. " He also described it as the middle sin, and as such was the only sin characterised by an absence or insufficiency of love. In his "Purgatorio", the slothful penitents were made to run continuously at top speed.

The modern view of the vice, as highlighted by its contrary virtue of zeal or diligence, is that it represents the failure to utilize one's talents and gifts. For example, a student who does not work beyond what is required (and thus fails to achieve his or her full potential) could be labeled slothful.

Current interpretations are therefore much less stringent and comprehensive than they were in medieval times, and portray sloth as being more simply a sin of laziness or indifference, of an unwillingness to act, an unwillingness to care (rather than a failure to love God and his works). For this reason sloth is now often seen as being considerably less serious than the other sins, more a sin of omission than of commission. The South American animal was named after this sin by Roman Catholic explorers. The living sloths comprise six Species of medium-sized Mammals that live in Central and South America belonging to the families

Wrath (Latin, ira)

Main article: Wrath

Wrath (or anger) may be described as inordinate and uncontrolled feelings of hatred and anger. Anger is an emotional state that may range from minor irritation to intense rage These feelings can manifest as vehement denial of the truth, both to others and in the form of self-denial, impatience with the procedure of law, and the desire to seek revenge outside of the workings of the justice system (such as engaging in vigilantism) and generally wishing to do evil or harm to others. Denial (also called abnegation) is a Defense mechanism postulated by Sigmund Freud, in which a person is faced with a fact that is too uncomfortable to The meaning of the word truth extends from Honesty, Good faith, and Sincerity in general to agreement with Fact or Reality Patience (ˈpā-shənz is the state of endurance under difficult circumstances A vigilante is a person who ignores Due process of law and enacts their own form of Justice in response to a perception of insufficient response by the The transgressions borne of vengeance are among the most serious, including murder, assault, and in extreme cases, genocide. Murder is the unlawful killing of another human person with Malice aforethought, as defined in Common Law countries Assault is a Crime of Violence against another person. In some Jurisdictions including Australia and New Zealand, Genocide is the deliberate and systematic destruction in whole or in part of an ethnic racial religious or national group Wrath is the only sin not necessarily associated with selfishness or self-interest (although one can of course be wrathful for selfish reasons, such as jealousy, closely related to the sin of envy). Dante described vengeance as "love of justice perverted to revenge and spite". JUSTICE is a Human rights and law reform organisation based in the United Kingdom. Revenge (also vengeance, retribution, or vendetta amongst others consists primarily of retaliation against a person or group in response This page is about spite in the context of Fair division, a branch of theoretical Economics. In its original form, the sin of wrath also encompassed anger pointed internally rather than externally. Thus suicide was deemed as the ultimate, albeit tragic, expression of wrath directed inwardly, a final rejection of God's gifts.

Envy (Latin, invidia)

Main article: Envy

Like greed, envy is characterized by an insatiable desire; they differ, however, for two main reasons. Envy (also called invidiousness) may be defined as an Emotion that "occurs when a person lacks another’s superior quality achievement or possession and First, greed is largely associated with material goods, whereas envy may apply more generally. Second, those who commit the sin of envy desire something that someone else has which they perceive themselves as lacking. Dante defined this as "love of one's own good perverted to a desire to deprive other men of theirs. " In Dante's Purgatory, the punishment for the envious is to have their eyes sewn shut with wire, because they have gained sinful pleasure from seeing others brought low. Aquinas described envy as "sorrow for another's good". [1]

Pride (Latin, superbia)

Vanitas with her mirror. Painting by Titian, c. 1515
Vanitas with her mirror. Painting by Titian, c. Tiziano Vecelli or Tiziano Vecellio (c 1485 &ndash August 27 1576 better known as Titian, was the leading painter of the 16th-century Venetian 1515
Main article: Pride

In almost every list pride ( or hubris or vanity) is considered the original and most serious of the seven deadly sins, and indeed the ultimate source from which the others arise. Pride is a lofty view of one's self or one's own Pride often manifests itself as a high opinion of one's Nation (national pride Ethnicity (ethnic pride or appearance It is identified as a desire to be more important or attractive than others, failing to give compliments to others though they may be deserving of them, and excessive love of self (especially holding self out of proper position toward God). Dante's definition was "love of self perverted to hatred and contempt for one's neighbor. " In Jacob Bidermann's medieval miracle play, Cenodoxus, pride is the deadliest of all the sins and leads directly to the damnation of the titulary famed Parisian doctor. Mystery plays and Miracle plays are among the earliest formally developed plays in Medieval Europe. Cenodoxus is one of several medieval Miracle plays by Jacob Bidermann, an early 17th century German seminarian and prolific playwright In perhaps the best-known example, the story of Lucifer, pride was what caused his fall from Heaven, and his resultant transformation into Satan. Lucifer is a name frequently given to Satan in Christian belief Satan, ( Standard Hebrew Satan'el, English accuser) is a term that originates from the Abrahamic faiths, being traditionally Vanity and narcissism are prime examples of this sin. Narcissism describes the trait of excessive Self-love, based on Self-image or Ego. In Dante's Divine Comedy, the penitent were forced to walk with stone slabs bearing down on their backs in order to induce feelings of humility.

Biblical references

"Proverbs" 6:16–19

In "Proverbs" 6:16–19, it is stated that "(16) These six things doth the Lord hate: yea, seven are an abomination unto him:" (quotes from King James Version (KJV) translation of the Bible). These are:

While there are seven of them, these sins are considerably different in outward appearance from the seven deadly sins list that arose later. The only sin which is clearly on both lists is pride. "Hands that kill innocent people" could be taken to refer to wrath. However, it is possible to imagine a case where cold blooded murder of an innocent would be one of the "hated things" without necessarily being an example of wrath. Practices such as abortion, genocide, and euthanasia can be arguably covered under this umbrella of "hands that shed innocent blood".

The remaining five of the "deadly sins" do not have even this loose correspondence to the "hated things", even if it is easy to imagine how they might lead someone to acting in one of the ways described in "Proverbs". As previously stated, there is no where in the Bible where the traditional "seven deadly sins" are located or listed, although they are all condemned in various parts, along with several others. These "deadly sins" are not necessarily worse than any others that are listed. The Bible makes it clear throughout its New Testament that it only takes one sin, which is an act of disobeying God's law, to separate man from a perfect God, placing him in need of redemption and salvation.

Other Biblical references

The list in Proverbs is not the only list of sins in the Bible. It does list them as "seven", but it is far from being an exhaustive listing of sins. Another list of sins is given in the (New Testament) book of "Galatians" 5:19-21. That list reads: (19) Now the works of the flesh are manifest, which are these; Adultery, fornication, uncleanness, lasciviousness, (20) Idolatry, witchcraft, hatred, variance, emulations, wrath, strife, seditions, heresies, (21) Envyings, murders, drunkenness, revellings, and such like: of the which I tell you before, as I have also told you in time past, that they which do such things shall not inherit the kingdom of God. (KJV)

Wrath is mentioned specifically, but linked with hate, includes the notions of hostility both acted upon and purely internalized.

Envy/Jealousy is part of the list in "Galatians".

Greed is part of "selfish ambitions" from "Galatians", but is also mirrored in "Proverbs"' "wicked plans. "

Gluttony is evident in "drunkenness and revellings", but also implied as the contrary of the virtue in "Galatians" 5:23: "temperance" (self-control).

Sloth is not listed in "Galatians", but it can be found in verses such as "Proverbs" 6:6-10, "How long will you sleep, O sluggard?" Laziness is addressed in many other verses, though not necessarily labeled obviously as sin. In "I Corinthians" 3:8, a man is to receive "according to his labors". Similarly in "Timothy" 5:18, a laborer is worthy of his wages, with the implied converse being that the sluggard is not entitled to be fed or rewarded. He sins in living off others' labors.

Pride is mentioned in Proverbs 16:18 "Pride goeth before destruction and a haughty spirit before a fall. " (KJV)

Catholic virtues

The Roman Catholic Church also recognizes Seven Virtues which correspond inversely to each of the seven deadly sins. The seven virtues are a set of seven cardinal virtues recognized in Christian Philosophy, especially Virtue ethics, and Theology.

Vice Virtue
Lust Chastity
Gluttony Temperance
Greed Charity
Sloth Diligence
Wrath Kindness
Envy Patience
Pride Humility

Associations with demons

In 1589, Peter Binsfeld paired each of the deadly sins with a demon, who tempted people by means of the associated sin. Literature In Dante's Inferno, the first Canticle of the Divine Comedy, the lustful are punished by being continuously Chastity is Sexual behavior of a man or woman acceptable to the ethical norms and guidelines of a culture civilization or Religion. Derived from the Latin gluttire, meaning to gulp down or swallow gluttony is the over-indulgence and Over-consumption of food drink or intoxicants Temperance ( Sophrosyne in Greek) is the practice of Moderation. Greed is the Selfish desire for or pursuit of Money, Wealth, power, Food, or other Possessions, especially when this denies In Christian Theology charity, or love ( Agapē) means an unlimited loving-kindness toward all others In the Christian Moral Tradition, sloth ( Latin: acedia, accidia, pigritia) is one of the seven capital sins Diligence is a zealous and careful nature in one's actions and work Anger is an emotional state that may range from minor irritation to intense rage Kindness is the act or the state of charitable behavior to other people Envy (also called invidiousness) may be defined as an Emotion that "occurs when a person lacks another’s superior quality achievement or possession and Patience (ˈpā-shənz is the state of endurance under difficult circumstances Pride is a lofty view of one's self or one's own Pride often manifests itself as a high opinion of one's Nation (national pride Ethnicity (ethnic pride or appearance Humility, or being humble, is the defining characteristic of an unpretentious and modest person someone who does not think that he or she is better or more important Peter Binsfeld (alternate spelling Peter Binsfield, lat Petrus Binsfeldius) (c According to Binsfeld's classification of demons, the pairings are as follows:[4]

There are also other demons who invoke sin, for instance Lilith and her offspring, the incubi and succubi, invoke lust. There have been many attempts throughout the history of Christianity to classify Demons into categories Lucifer is a name frequently given to Satan in Christian belief Mammon is a term derived from the Christian Bible, used to describe material Wealth or Greed, most often personified as a Deity Asmodai or Asmodeus (see below for other variations is a Demon mostly known from the deuterocanonical Book of Tobit. Leviathan ( is a Biblical Sea monster referred to in the Old Testament ( Psalm 74:13-14 Job 41 Isaiah 271 Ba‘al Zebûb, Ba‘al Zəbûb or Ba‘al Zəvûv ( Hebrew בעל זבוב, with numerous variants appears as the Satan, ( Standard Hebrew Satan'el, English accuser) is a term that originates from the Abrahamic faiths, being traditionally In Demonology, Amon is a Marquis of Hell. He controls forty legions of spirits In Demonology, Belphegor (or Beelphegor) is a Demon who helps people to make discoveries Lilith (Hebrew he לילית is a mythological female Mesopotamian Storm Demon associated with Wind and was thought to be a bearer A succubus (plural succubi) is a Demon who takes the form of a beautiful woman to seduce men especially monks in Dreams to have Sexual intercourse The succubi sleep with men in order to impregnate themselves, so that they can spawn demons. The incubi sleep with women to lead them astray and to impregnate them with demon spawn.

Modern sins

On March 9, 2008 the Vatican newspaper published an interview with Bishop Gianfranco Girotti (head of the Apostolic Penitentiary, the Vatican body which oversees confessions and plenary indulgences), in which he listed seven modern social sins. Events 590 - Bahram Chobin is crowned as king Barham VI of Persia. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common [5][6] These "social sins" include environmental pollution, genetic manipulation, obscene wealth, infliction of poverty, drug trafficking, morally debatable experiments, and violation of the fundamental rights of human nature. Pollution is the introduction of contaminants into an environment that causes instability disorder harm or discomfort to the physical systems or living organisms they are in Genetic engineering, Recombinant DNA technology, genetic modification/manipulation (GM and gene splicing are terms that apply to the direct The illegal drug trade or drug trafficking is a global Black market consisting of the cultivation manufacture distribution and sale of illegal Drugs

It is unclear to what extent these are intended to be new categories of deadly sin, and to what extent they are merely examples of sins. The American Catholic weekly America in its March 10, 2008 editorial blog has criticized the mass media's interpretation of the interview:

The Vatican's intent seemed to be less about adding to the traditional "deadly" sins than reminding the world that sin has a social dimension, and that participation in institutions that themselves sin is an important point upon which believers needed to reflect. America is a national weekly Magazine published by the American Jesuits that contains news and opinion about the Roman Catholic Church Events 241 BC - First Punic War: Battle of the Aegates Islands - The Romans sink the Carthaginian fleet bringing 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common A blog (a contraction of the term " Web log " is a Web site, usually maintained by an individual with regular entries of commentary descriptions of [7]

Cultural references

The seven deadly sins have long been a source of inspiration for writers and artists, from morality tales of the Middle Ages to modern manga series and video games. Morality Play is a detective story by Barry Unsworth, a Man Booker Prize -winning author for his book Sacred Hunger Published in 1996 by ˈmɑŋgə is the Japanese word for Comics (sometimes called komikku コミック and print Cartoons In their modern form manga date from shortly

Literary works inspired by the seven deadly sins

Art and music

Film, television, comic books and video games

References

  1. ^ http://content32.cdlib.org/xtf/view?docId=ft2t1nb1rw&chunk.id=d0e3370&doc.view=print
  2. ^ a b >Okholm, Dennis. "Rx for Gluttony". Christianity Today, Vol. Christianity Today is an Evangelical Christian Periodical based in Carol Stream Illinois. 44, No. 10, September 11, 2000, p. 62
  3. ^ Gluttony. Catholic Encyclopedia. The Catholic Encyclopedia, also referred to today as the Old Catholic Encyclopedia, is an English-language Encyclopedia published by The Encyclopedia
  4. ^ Binsfield's Classification of Demons | Sanctuary
  5. ^ Fewer confessions and new sins=BBC news.
  6. ^ Social effects of sin greater than ever, says Vatican official=Catholic News Sevice.
  7. ^ Seven Seven (New) Deadly Sins? Or Not?. America (magazine). America is a national weekly Magazine published by the American Jesuits that contains news and opinion about the Roman Catholic Church

Further reading

External links

Dictionary

seven deadly sins

-noun

  1. The cardinal sins enumerated by Thomas Aquinas in the 13th century - pride/vanity, envy, gluttony, greed/avarice, lust, sloth, wrath/anger.
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