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The Servite Order, whose members are known as Servite Friars or Servants of Mary, is one of the five original Catholic mendicant orders. The mendicant orders are religious orders which depend directly on the charity of the people for their livelihood Its objects are the sanctification of its members, preaching the Gospel, and the propagation of devotion to the Mother of God, with special reference to her sorrows.

Contents

Foundation and history

The city of Florence bore the seven youths who formed the nucleus of the order: Buonfiglio dei Monaldi (Bonfilius), Giovanni di Buonagiunta (Bonajuncta), Amadeus of the Amidei (Bartolomeus), Ricovero dei Lippi-Ugguccioni (Hugh), Benedetto dell' Antella (Manettus), Gherardino di Sostegno (Sosteneus), and Alessio de' Falconieri (Alexius); they belonged to seven patrician families of that city, and had early formed a confraternity of laymen, known as the Laudesi, or Praisers of Mary. Saint Alexis Falconieri (Alessio Falconieri ( Florence, 1200 – Mount Senario, 17 February 1310) is one of the seven founders of the Flagellants are practitioners of an extreme form of mortification of their own flesh by Whipping it with various instruments

While engaged in the exercises of the confraternity on the feast of the Assumption, 1233, the Blessed Virgin appeared to them, advised them to withdraw from the world and devote themselves entirely to eternal things. They obeyed, and established themselves close to the convent of the Friars Minor at La Camarzia, a suburb of Florence. Florence ( Italian: Firenze Florentia and Fiorenza) is the Capital City of the Italian region of Tuscany Desiring stricter seclusion than that offered at La Camarzia, they withdrew to Monte Senario, eleven miles north of Florence. Here the Blessed Virgin again appeared to them, conferred on them a black habit, instructed them to follow the Rule of St. Augustine and to found the order of her servants (April 15, 1240). The brethren elected a superior, took the vows of obedience, chastity, and poverty, and admitted associates.

In 1243, Saint Peter of Verona (St. Saint Peter of Verona, OP also known as Saint Peter Martyr (1206 &ndash April 6, 1252) was a 13th century Dominican preacher Peter Martyr), Inquisitor-General of Italy, recommended the new foundation to the pope, but it was not until March 13, 1249, that the first official approval of the order was obtained from Cardinal Raniero Capocci, papal legate in Tuscany. About this time St. Bonfilius obtained permission to found the first branch of the order at Cafaggio outside the walls of Florence. "Saint Bonfilius" can also refer to Buonfiglio dei Monaldi, one of the founders of the Servite Order. Two years later (October 2, 1251) Pope Innocent IV appointed Cardinal Guglielmo Fieschi first protector of the order. Pope Innocent IV, born Sinibaldo Fieschi was Pope from June 28, 1243 to December 7, 1254. Protector, sometimes spelled protecter, is used as a title or part of various historical titles of heads of state and others in authority

The next pontiff, Pope Alexander IV, favoured a plan for the amalgamation of all institutes following the Rule of St. Augustine. Pope Alexander IV (1199 or ca 1185 &ndash May 25 1261) was Pope from 1254 until his death The Augustinians, named after Saint Augustine of Hippo (died AD 430) are several Catholic Monastic orders and congregations This was accomplished in March, 1256, and about the same time a Rescript was issued confirming the Order of the Servites as a separate body with power to elect a general. Four years later a general chapter was convened at which the order was divided into two provinces, Tuscany and Umbria, the former of which St. Manettus directed, while the latter was given into the care of St. Sostene. Within five years two new provinces were added, namely, Romagna and Lombardy.

After St. Philip Benizi was elected general (June 5, 1267) the order, which had long been the object of unjust attack from jealous enemies, entered into the crisis of its existence. Saint Philip Benizi de Damiani (sometimes St Philip Benitius, Felipe Benicio Filip Benizi ( August 15, 1233 — August 22, 1285) was The Second Council of Lyons in 1274 put into execution the ordinance of the Fourth Lateran Council, forbidding the foundation of new religious orders, and absolutely suppressed all mendicant institutions not yet approved by the Holy See. The First Council of Lyon, the Thirteenth Ecumenical Council took place in 1245 The Fourth Council of the Lateran was summoned by Pope Innocent III with his Papal bull of April 19, 1213. The aggressors renewed their assaults, and in the year 1276 Pope Innocent V in a letter to St. Philip declared the order suppressed. St. Philip proceeded to Rome, but before his arrival there Innocent V had died. His successor lived but five weeks. Finally Pope John XXI, on the favourable opinion of three consistorial advocates, decided that the order should continue as before. Pope John (numbering Pope John XXI (1215 – May 20, 1277) born Pedro Julião ( Latin, Petrus Iulianus) a Portuguese also The former dangers reappeared under Pope Martin V (1281), and though other popes continued to favour the order, it was not definitively approved until Pope Benedict XI issued the Bull "Dum levamus" (February 11, 1304). Pope Martin V (c 1368 &ndash February 20, 1431) born Odo (or Pope Of the seven founders, St. Alexis alone lived to see their foundation raised to the dignity of an order. He died in 1310.

We must here make mention of St. Peregrine Laziosi (Latiosi), whose sanctity of life did much towards increasing the repute of the Servite Order in Italy. His Life Saint Peregrine (Pellegrino Laziosi (Latiosi ( 1260 - 1 May 1345) is an Italian saint of the Servite Order (Friar Order Born at Forli in 1265, the son of a Ghibelline leader, Peregrine, in his youth, bitterly hated the Church. The Guelphs and Ghibellines were factions supporting respectively the Papacy and the Holy Roman Empire in central and northern Italy He insulted and struck Philip Benizi, who, at the request of Martin V, had gone to preach peace to the Forlivese. Peregrine's generous nature was immediately aroused by the mildness with which St. Philip received the attack and he begged the saint's forgiveness. In 1283 he was received into the order, and so great was his humility it was only after much persuasion he consented to be ordained a priest. He founded a monastery in his native Forli, where he devoted all his energies to the restoration of peace. His humility and patience were so great that he was called by his people a second Job. He died in 1345. His body remains incorrupt to the present day. He was canonized by Pope Benedict XIII in 1726, and his feast is celebrated on April 30. Pope Benedict XIII ( February 2, 1649 &ndash February 21, 1730) born Pietro Francesco Orsini, later Vincenzo Maria Orsini Events 313 - Roman emperor Licinius unifies the entire Eastern Roman Empire under his rule

One of the most remarkable features of the new foundation was its wonderful growth. Even in the thirteenth century there were houses of the order in Germany, France, and Spain. Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. Spain () or the Kingdom of Spain (Reino de España is a country located mostly in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. Early in the fourteenth century the order had more than one hundred convents including branch houses in Hungary, Bohemia, Austria, Poland, and Belgium; there were also missions in Crete and India. Hungary (Magyarország 'mɔɟɔrorsaːg) officially in English the Republic of Hungary ( Magyar Köztársaság, literally Magyar (Hungarian Republic Bohemia (Čechy; Bohemia Czechy is a historical region in central Europe, occupying the western two-thirds of the traditional Czech Lands, currently the Austria (Österreich ( officially the Republic of Austria (Republik Österreich Poland (Polska officially the Republic of Poland The Kingdom of Belgium is a Country in northwest Europe. It is a founding member of the European Union and hosts its headquarters as well as those Crete ( Greek: Κρήτη transliteration: Krētē, modern transliteration Kriti) is the largest of the Greek islands and the India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country

The disturbances during the Reformation caused the loss of many Servite convents in Germany, but in the South of France the order met with much success. The Convent of Santa Maria in Via (1563) was the second house of the order established in Rome; San Marcello had been founded in 1369. Santa Maria in Via is a Basilica church in Rome. The church was already built in the 9th century but was rebuilt in occasion of a miracle to host Early in the eighteenth century the order sustained losses and confiscations from which it has scarcely yet recovered. The flourishing Province of Narbonne was almost totally destroyed by the plague which swept Marseilles in 1720. French Ancien Régime Roman Catholic Dioceses and ecclesiastical provinces were heirs of Late Roman Civitates (themselves created out of Marseille, ( English alt Marseilles mɑrˈseɪ — French: maʁsɛj locally — Provençal Occitan: Marselha maʀˈsijɔ In 1783 the Servites were expelled from Prague and in 1785 Emperor Joseph II desecrated the shrine of Maria Waldrast. Prague (ˈprɑːg Praha (ˈpraɦa see also other names) is the Capital and Largest city of the Czech Republic. Joseph II may refer to either Joseph II Holy Roman Emperor Joseph II Orthodox Patriarch of Constantinople Joseph II Ten monasteries were suppressed in Spain in 1835. A new foundation was made at Brussels in 1891, and at Rome the College of St. Brussels (Bruxelles pronounced; Brussel pronounced) officially the Brussels Capital-Region, is Alexis was opened in 1895.

At this period the order was introduced into England and America chiefly through the efforts of Fathers Bosio and Morini. The latter, having gone to London (1864) as director of the affiliated Sisters of Compassion, obtained charge of a parish from Archbishop Manning in 1867. London ( ˈlʌndən is the capital and largest urban area in the United Kingdom. His work prospered: besides St. Mary's Priory at London, convents were opened at Bognor (1882) and Begbroke (1886). In 1870 Fathers Morini, Ventura, Giribaldi, and Brother Joseph Camera, at the request of Rt. Rev. Bishop Melcher of Green Bay, Wisconsin, took up a mission in America, at Neenah, Wisconsin. Neenah is a city on Lake Winnebago in Winnebago County, Wisconsin, United States. Wisconsin ( or wɪˈskɑnsɨn (French Ouisconsin) is one of the fifty United States of America, located in the north central part of the United States Father Morini founded at Chicago (1874) the monastery of Our Lady of Sorrows. A novitiate was opened at Granville, Wisconsin, in 1892. Wisconsin ( or wɪˈskɑnsɨn (French Ouisconsin) is one of the fifty United States of America, located in the north central part of the United States The American province, formally established in 1908, embraces convents in the dioceses of Chicago, Illinois St. Louis, Missouri Milwaukee, Wisconsin, Superior, and Denver, Colorado. Chicago (ʃɪˈkɑːgoʊ is the largest City by population in the state of Illinois and the American Midwest of the United States. The City and County of Denver (pronounced /ˈdɛnvɚ/ is the Capital and the most populous city of Colorado, in the United States

In 1910 the order numbered 700 members in 62 monasteries, of which 36 were in Italy, 17 in Austria-Hungary, 4 in England, 4 in North America, 1 in Brussels, Belgium. Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland Brussels (Bruxelles pronounced; Brussel pronounced) officially the Brussels Capital-Region, is

Devotions, manner of life

In common with all religious orders strictly so called, the Servites make solemn profession of the three vows of poverty, chastity, and obedience. The particular object of the order is to sanctify first its own members, and then all men through devotion to the Mother of God, especially in her desolation during the Passion of her Divine Son.

The Servites give missions, have the care of souls, or teach in higher institutions of learning. The Rosary of the Seven Dolors is one of their devotions, as is also the Via Matris. Our Lady of Sorrows (Latin Beata Maria Virgo Perdolens) the Sorrowful Mother or Mother of Sorrows (Latin Mater Dolorosa) Our Lady

The fasts of the order are Advent, Lent, and the vigils of certain feasts. Advent (from the Latin word la ''adventus'' meaning "coming" is a season of the Christian church, the period of expectant waiting and preparation for the Lent, in some Christian denominations, is the forty-day-long liturgical season of fasting and prayer before Easter. Pettie The Vigiljpg|right|thumb|200px|"A Knight's Vigil" by John Pettie]] A vigil (from the Latin vigilia, meaning wakefulness) is

All offices in the order are elective and continue for three years, except that of general and assistant-generals which are for six years.

Canonized Servite saints are: St. Philip Benizi (feast on August 23), St. Peregrine Latiosi (April 30), St. Juliana Falconieri (June 19), and the Feast day of the Seven Holy Founders of the Servite Order (February 12). Canonization is the act by which a particular Christian church declares a deceased person to be a Saint and is included in the canon or list of recognized saints Saint Philip Benizi de Damiani (sometimes St Philip Benitius, Felipe Benicio Filip Benizi ( August 15, 1233 — August 22, 1285) was Events 79 - Mount Vesuvius begins stirring on the feast day of Vulcan the Roman god of fire His Life Saint Peregrine (Pellegrino Laziosi (Latiosi ( 1260 - 1 May 1345) is an Italian saint of the Servite Order (Friar Order Events 313 - Roman emperor Licinius unifies the entire Eastern Roman Empire under his rule Saint Juliana Falconieri (1270 – June 19, 1341) was the Italian foundress of the Servite Third Order. Events 1179 - The Norwegian Battle of Kalvskinnet outside Nidaros. The Calendar of saints is a traditional Christian method of organizing a Liturgical year on the level of days by associating each day with one or more Saints The Servite Order, whose members are known as Servite Friars or Servants of Mary, is one of the five original Catholic Mendicant orders Its objects are Events 1429 - English Forces under Sir John Fastolf defend a supply convoy carrying rations to the army besieging Orleans from attack by the

Affiliated associations

Connected with the first order of men are the cloistered nuns of the second order, which originated with converts of St. Philip Benizi. A cloister (from Latin claustrum) is a part of Cathedral, Monastic and Abbey architecture Saint Philip Benizi de Damiani (sometimes St Philip Benitius, Felipe Benicio Filip Benizi ( August 15, 1233 — August 22, 1285) was These sisters have convents in Spain, Italy, England, The Tyrol, and Germany.

The Mantellate, a third order of women founded by Juliana Falconieri (see Servants of Mary), have houses in Italy, France, Spain, England, and Canada. The term Third Order designates persons who live according to the Third Rule of Catholic religious orders either outside of a monastery in the world or in a religious community Saint Juliana Falconieri (1270 – June 19, 1341) was the Italian foundress of the Servite Third Order. The Servite Order, whose members are known as Servite Friars or Servants of Mary, is one of the five original Catholic Mendicant orders Its objects are Country to "Dominion of Canada" or "Canadian Federation" or anything else please read the Talk Page In the United States they are to be found in the dioceses of Sioux City and Belville. Sioux City (ˌsuːˈsɪti is a city located in northwest Iowa in the United States. Belville can refer to Belville North Carolina, United States Belville Córdoba Province, Córdoba Argentina

There is also a third order for seculars, as well as a confraternity of the Seven Dolours, branches of which may be erected in any church.

Mariology and the Marianum

The Pontifical institute Marianum which is now one of the leading centers of Mariology traces its roots to the Servite Order. The Marianum is both the name of a Pontifical institute for the study of Mariology and the name of the prestigious journal of Marian theology Mariology is the theological study of Mary which methodically presents teachings about her to other parts of the faith such as teachings about Jesus Christ, redemption In 1398 Pope Boniface IX, granted the order the right to confer theological degrees and in 1895 the school reopened under the name Sant Alessio Falcioneri. Pope Boniface IX (1356 &ndash October 1, 1404) born Piero Tomacelli, was the second Roman Pope of the Western Schism from November

In 1939 Father Gabriel Roschini OSM founded the journal Marianum and directed it for thirty years. Gabriel M Roschini, OSM (1900 - †1977 was a Roman Catholic Italian priest and professor of Mariology, who published over 900 titles on Mariology The Marianum is both the name of a Pontifical institute for the study of Mariology and the name of the prestigious journal of Marian theology In 1950, he founded the Marianum Theological Faculty, which, on December 8, 1955 became a Pontifical faculty by Decree Coelesti Honorandae Reginae of the Sacred Congregation of Seminaries and Universities under the authority of Pope Pius XII. Pope [1]

Servites of distinction

A few of the most distinguished members are here grouped under the heading of that particular subject to which they were especially devoted; the dates are those of their death. Ten members have been canonized and several beatified.

Sacred Scripture:

Angelus Torsani (1562?);

Felicianus Capitoni (1577), who wrote an explanation of all the passages misinterpreted by Martin Luther;

Jerome Quaini (1583);

Angelus Montursius (1600), commentary in 5 vols. ;

James Tavanti (1607), whose "Ager Dominicus" comprises 25 vols. ;

Julius Anthony Roboredo (1728).

Theology:

Laurence Optimus (1380), "Commentarium in Magistrum Sententiarum"; Ambrose Spiera (1454); Marian Salvini (1476); Jerome Amidei (1543); Laurence Mazzocchi (1560); Gherardus Baldi (1660), who was styled by his contemporaries "eminens inter theologos"; Amideus Chiroli (1700?), celebrated for his "Lumina fidei divinae"; Julius Arrighetti (1705); Callixtus Lodigerius (1710); Gerard Capassi (1737), who Benedict XIV called the most learned man of his day; Mark Struggl (1761); Caesar Sguanin (1769) ; Gabriel Roschini (1924). Pope Benedict XIV ( March 31, 1675 &ndash May 3, 1758) born Prospero Lorenzo Lambertini, was Pope from August 17 Gabriel M Roschini, OSM (1900 - †1977 was a Roman Catholic Italian priest and professor of Mariology, who published over 900 titles on Mariology

Canon Law: Paul Attavanti (1499), "Breviarium totius juris canonici"; Dominic Brancaccini (1689), "De jure doctoratus"; Paolo Canciani (1795?), "Barbarorum leges antiquae"; Theodore Rupprecht, eighteenth-century jurist; Bonfilius Mura (1882), prefect of La Sapienza before 1870. Sapienza University of Rome ( Italian Sapienza Università di Roma) is a coeducational autonomous state university in Rome, Italy

Philosophy and Mathematics: Urbanus Averroista, commentator of Averroes; Andrew Zaini (1423); Paul Albertini (1475), better known as Paolo Veneto; Philip Mucagatta (1511); John Baptist Drusiani (1656), the "Italian Archimedes"; Benedict Canali (1745); Raymond Adami (1792); Angelus Ventura (1738). Abū 'l-Walīd Muḥammad ibn Aḥmad ibn Rushd (Arabicأبو الوليد محمد بن احمد بن رشد better known just as Ibn Rushd (ابن رشد and in European

History and Hagiography. James Philip Landrofilo (1528); Octavian Bagatti (1566); Raphael Maffei (1577); Archangelus Giani (1623); Philip Ferrari (1626); Archangelus Garbi (1722); Placidus Bonfrizieri (1732); Joseph Damiani (1842); Austin M. Raffaello Maffei ( 17 February[[ 451]]- 25 January[[ 522]] was an Italian humanist historian and theologian Morini (1910).

Music: Alexander Mellino (1554), choirmaster at the Vatican; Elias Zoto, John Philip Dreyer (1772); Paul Bonfichi, who received a pension from Napoleon I Bonaparte for his musical compositions

Poets: Ambrose of Racconigi, Cornelius Candidus, Jilis of Milan, Germanus Sardus,

Plastic arts; Arsenius Mascagni and Gabriel Mattei, painters; Angelus Montursius (1563), architect and sculptor, among whose works are the Neptune of Messina, the arm of Laocoon in the Vatican, and the Angels on the Ponte Sant' Angelo. Napoleon Bonaparte (15 August 1769 – 5 May 1821 was a French military and political leader who had a significant impact on the History of Europe.

See also

References

External links

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