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Sergei Eisenstein

Born Sergei Mikhailovich Eizenshtein
January 23, 1898
Riga, Russian Empire
Died February 11, 1948
Moscow, Soviet Union
Years active 1923-1946
Spouse(s) Pera Atasheva (1934-1948)

Sergei Mikhailovich Eisenstein (Russian: Сергей Михайлович Эйзенштейн; January 23, 1898 – February 11, 1948) was a revolutionary Soviet Russian film director and film theorist noted in particular for his silent films Strike, Battleship Potemkin and October, as well as historical epics Alexander Nevsky and Ivan the Terrible. Events 393 - Roman Emperor Theodosius I proclaims his nine year old son Honorius co-emperor Year 1898 ( MDCCCXCVIII) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Riga (Rīga riːga) the Capital of Latvia, is situated on the Baltic Sea coast on the mouth of the river Daugava. The Russian Empire ( Pre-reform Russian: Pоссійская Имперія Modern Russian: Российская Империя translit: Rossiyskaya Events 660 BC - Traditional founding date of Japan by Emperor Jimmu. Year 1948 ( MCMXLVIII) was a Leap year starting on Thursday (link will display the 1948 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Moscow (Москва́ romanised: Moskvá, IPA: see also other names) is the Capital and the largest city of The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991 Russian ( transliteration:,) is the most geographically widespread language of Eurasia, the most widely spoken of the Slavic languages Events 393 - Roman Emperor Theodosius I proclaims his nine year old son Honorius co-emperor Year 1898 ( MDCCCXCVIII) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Events 660 BC - Traditional founding date of Japan by Emperor Jimmu. Year 1948 ( MCMXLVIII) was a Leap year starting on Thursday (link will display the 1948 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991 The Russian people (Русские— Russkie) are an East Slavic Ethnic group, primarily living in Russia and neighboring countries A film director, or filmmaker, is a person who directs the making of a Film. Film theory debates the essence of the cinema and provides conceptual frameworks for understanding film's relationship to Reality, the other Arts individual Strike ( Russian " Стачка " is a 1925 Silent film made in the Soviet Union by Sergei Eisenstein The Battleship Potemkin ( Броненосец «Потёмкин», ru '''''Bronyenosyets Potyomkin''''' sometimes rendered as The Battleship October Ten Days That Shook the World ( Октябрь (Десять дней которые потрясли мир; Transliteration: The historical drama is a Film genre in which stories are based upon historical events and famous persons The Epic is a genre of film which places emphasis on human drama on a grand scale Alexander Nevsky (Александр Невский is a Historical drama film directed by Sergei Eisenstein and Dmitry Vasiliev and produced Ivan The Terrible (written Иван Грозный in Russian pronounced Ivan Groznyy) is a two-part film about Ivan IV of Russia His work vastly influenced early film makers owing to his innovative use of and writings about montage. Soviet montage theory is an approach to understanding and creating cinema that relies heavily upon editing ( montage is French for "putting together"

Contents

Biography

Early years

Young Sergei with his parents Mikhail and Julia Eisenstein.
Young Sergei with his parents Mikhail and Julia Eisenstein.

Eisenstein's father Mikhail Osipovich Eisenstein, who was Jewish,[1] worked as an architect; and his mother Julia Ivanovna Konetskaya, from a Russian Orthodox family, was the daughter of a wealthy merchant. Mikhail Osipovich Eisenstein, (Михаил Осипович Эйзенштейн 1867 St PLEASE TAKE NOTE************ The Russian people (Русские— Russkie) are an East Slavic Ethnic group, primarily living in Russia and neighboring countries The term Orthodox Christianity may refer to The Eastern Orthodox Church: the Eastern Christian churches of Byzantine [2] Julia left Riga the year of the 1905 Revolution, bringing Sergei with her to St. See also Russian Revolution (1917 The 1905 Russian Revolution also known as the Failed Russian Revolution of 1905 was an empire-wide struggle of Petersburg. [3] Sergei would return at times to see his father, who later moved to join them around 1910. [4] Divorce followed this time of separation, with Julia deserting the family to live in France. [5] At the Petrograd Institute of Civil Engineering, Sergei studied architecture and engineering, the profession of his father. [6] At school with his fellow students however, Sergei would join the military to serve the revolution, which would divide him from his father. In 1918 Sergei joined the Red Army with his father Mikhail supporting the opposite side. The Red Army ( Russian: Рабоче-Крестьянская Красная Армия R aboche- K rest'yanskaya K rasnaya A rmiya [7] This brought his father to Germany after defeat, and Sergei to Petrograd, Vologda, and Dvinsk. Vologda (Во́логда is a city in Russia and the administrative center of Vologda Oblast. Daugavpils (daugavpils) is the second largest City in Latvia. [8] In 1920, Sergei was transferred to a command position in Minsk, after success providing propaganda for the October Revolution. Minsk (Мінск mʲinsk Минск mʲinsk is the Capital and largest city in Belarus, situated on the Svislach and Niamiha rivers Propaganda is a concerted set of messages aimed at influencing the opinions or behaviors of large numbers of people The October Revolution (Октябрьская революция Oktyabrskaya revolyutsiya) also known as the Soviet Revolution At this time, Sergei studied Japanese- he learned some three hundred kanji characters and gained an exposure to Kabuki theatre,[9] these studies led to travel to Japan. is a language spoken by over 130 million people in Japan and in Japanese emigrant communities are the Chinese characters that are used in the modern Japanese logographic writing system along with Hiragana (ひらがな 平仮名 Katakana is a form of traditional Japanese theatre. Kabuki theatre is known for the stylization of its drama and for the elaborate Make-up worn by some of its performers In 1920 Eisenstein moved to Moscow, and began his career in theatre working for Proletkult. Proletkult is an Portmanteau of "proletarskaya kultura" (пролетарская культура Russian for "proletarian culture" [10] His productions there were entitled Gas Masks, Listen Moscow, and The Wise Man,[11] Eisenstein would then work as a designer for Vsevolod Meyerhold. Vsevolod Emilevich Meyerhold (Всеволод Эмильевич Мейерхольд born Karl Kasimir Theodor Meyerhold ( &mdash 2 February 1940 ? was a [12] In 1923 Eisenstein began his career as a theorist,[13] by writing The Montage of Attractions for LEF. LEF (" ЛЕФ " was the journal of the Left Front of the Arts (" Levyi Front Iskusstv " [14] Eisenstein's first film, Glumov's Diary,[15] was also made in this year.

The Battleship Potemkin (1925) was acclaimed critically worldwide. The Battleship Potemkin ( Броненосец «Потёмкин», ru '''''Bronyenosyets Potyomkin''''' sometimes rendered as The Battleship But it was mostly his international critical renown which enabled Eisenstein to direct The General Line (aka Old and New), and then October (aka Ten Days That Shook The World) as part of a grand tenth anniversary celebration of the October Revolution of 1917. The General Line aka Old and New (original title Staroye i novoye) is a 1929 Soviet film directed by Sergei Eisenstein October Ten Days That Shook the World ( Октябрь (Десять дней которые потрясли мир; Transliteration: The October Revolution (Октябрьская революция Oktyabrskaya revolyutsiya) also known as the Soviet Revolution The critics of the outside world praised them, but at home, Eisenstein's focus in these films on structural issues such as camera angles, crowd movements and montage, brought him and likeminded others, such as Pudovkin and Dovzhenko, under fire from the Soviet film community, forcing him to issue public articles of self-criticism and commitments to reform his cinematic visions to conform to socialist realism's increasingly specific doctrines. Vsevolod Illarionovich Pudovkin (Всеволод Илларионович Пудовкин ( February 16, 1893 – June 20, 1953) was a Alexander Petrovych Dovzhenko (Олександр Петрович Довженко Oleksandr; Александр Петрович Довженко Aleksandr Petrovich Socialist realism is a teleologically -oriented style of realistic art which has as its purpose the furtherance of the goals of Socialism and Communism

Time abroad

In the autumn of 1928, with October still under fire in many Soviet quarters, Eisenstein left the Soviet Union for a tour of Europe, accompanied by his perennial film collaborator Grigori Aleksandrov and cinematographer Eduard Tisse. Eduard Tisse (Eduards Tisē 1897-04-01 - 1961-11-18) was a Soviet era cinematographer born to a Swedish father and Russian mother Officially, the trip was supposed to allow Eisenstein and company to learn about sound motion pictures and to present the famous Soviet artists, in person, to the capitalist West. For Eisenstein, however, it was also an opportunity to see landscapes and cultures outside those found within the Soviet Union. He spent the next two years touring and lecturing in Berlin, Zurich, London, and Paris. [16] In 1929, in Switzerland, Eisenstein supervised an educational documentary about abortion directed by Edouard Tissé entitled Frauennot - Frauenglück. [17] In late April 1930, Jesse L. Lasky, on behalf of Paramount Pictures, offered the opportunity to make a film in the United States. Jesse Louis Lasky ( September 13, 1880 &ndash January 13, 1958) was a pioneer Hollywood film producer and also a key founder Paramount Pictures Corporation is an American motion picture production and Distribution company, based in Hollywood California. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the [18] He accepted a short-term contract for $100,000 and arrived in Hollywood in May 1930. However, this arrangement failed. Eisenstein's idiosyncratic and artistic approach to cinema was incompatible with the more formulaic and commercial approach of American studios. Eisenstein proposed a biography of munitions tycoon Sir Basil Zaharoff and a film version of Arms and the Man by George Bernard Shaw, and more fully developed plans for a film of Sutter's Gold by Jack London,[19] but on all accounts failed to impress the studio's producers. Sir Basil Zaharoff KBE aka Basileios Zacharias ( October 6 1849, Muğla, Ottoman Empire – November 27 Arms and the Man is a Comedy by George Bernard Shaw. Its title comes from the opening words of Virgil 's Aeneid: "Arma virumque George Bernard Shaw ( (26 July 1856 &ndash 2 November 1950 was an Irish Playwright. Jack London (January 12 1876 &ndash November 22 1916 was an American author who wrote The Call of the Wild, White Fang, and The [20] Paramount then proposed a movie version of Theodore Dreiser's An American Tragedy. Theodore Herman Albert Dreiser ( August 27 1871 &ndash December 28 1945) was an American novelist and journalist An American Tragedy ( 1925) is a Novel by the American writer Theodore Dreiser. [21] This excited Eisenstein, who had read and liked the work, and had met Dreiser at one time in Moscow. Eisenstein completed a script by the start of October 1930,[22] but Paramount disliked it completely and, additionally, found themselves intimidated by Major Frank Pease,[23] president of the Hollywood Technical Director's Institute. Pease, an anti-semite and anti-communist, mounted a public campaign against Eisenstein. Seventeen days later, on 23 October 1930 by "mutual consent", Paramount and Eisenstein declared their contract null and void, and the Eisenstein party were treated to return tickets to Moscow, at Paramount's expense. [24]

Eisenstein holding a skull made of sugar. Skulls and skeletons appeared in ¡Qué viva México! depicting the Day of the Dead festival.
Eisenstein holding a skull made of sugar. Skulls and skeletons appeared in ¡Qué viva México! depicting the Day of the Dead festival. ¡Qué viva México! ( Russian: Да здравствует Мексика! is a film project begun by the Russian avant-garde director Sergei Eisenstein The

Eisenstein was thus faced with returning home a failure. The Soviet film industry was solving the sound-film issue without him and his films, techniques and theories were becoming increasingly attacked as 'ideological failures' and prime examples of formalism. Formalist film theory is a theory of Film study that is focused on the formal or technical elements of a film i Many of his theoretical articles from this period, such as Eisenstein on Disney have surfaced decades later as seminal scholarly texts used as curriculum in film schools around the world. Eisenstein on Disney (1986 is a book by Film critic Jay Leyda that collects and reprints the various literature that Sergei Eisenstein produced Eisenstein and his entourage spent considerable time with Charlie Chaplin,[25] who recommended that Eisenstein meet with a sympathetic benefactor in the person of American socialist author Upton Sinclair. Upton Beall Sinclair Jr ( September 20, 1878 &ndash November 25, 1968) was a Pulitzer [26] Sinclair's works had been accepted by and were widely read in the USSR, and were known to Eisenstein. The two had mutual admiration and between the end of October 1930, and Thanksgiving of that year, Sinclair had secured an extension of Eisenstein's absences from the USSR, and permission for him to travel to Mexico to make a film to be produced by Sinclair and his wife, Mary Craig Kimbrough Sinclair, and three other investors organized as the Mexican Film Trust. [27]

On November 24, Eisenstein signed a contract with the Trust "upon the basis of Eisenstein's desire to be free to direct the making of a picture according to his own ideas of what a Mexican picture should be, and in full faith in Eisenstein's artistic integrity". Events 380 - Theodosius I makes his adventus, or formal [28] The contract also stipulated that the film would be "non-political", that immediately available funding came from Mrs. Sinclair in an amount of "not less than Twenty-Five Thousand Dollars",[29] that the shooting schedule amounted to "a period of from three to four months",[29] and most importantly that "Eisenstein furthermore agrees that all pictures made or directed by him in Mexico, all negative film and positive prints, and all story and ideas embodied in said Mexican picture, will be the property of Mrs. Sinclair. . . "[29] A codicil to the contract, dated 1 December, allowed that the "Soviet Government may have the [finished] film free for showing inside the U. Events 800 - Charlemagne judges the accusations against Pope Leo III in the Vatican S. S. R. "[30] Reportedly, it was verbally clarified that the expectation was for a finished film of about an hour's duration.

Eisenstein behind the camera directing ¡Qué viva México! on the Quetzalcoatl pyramid at Teotihuacán.
Eisenstein behind the camera directing ¡Qué viva México! on the Quetzalcoatl pyramid at Teotihuacán.

By the 4th of December, 1930, Eisenstein was en route to Mexico by train, accompanied by Alexandrov and Tisse. Later he produced a brief synopsis of the six-part film which would come, in one form or another, to be the final plan Eisenstein would settle on for his project. The title for the project, ¡Qué viva México!, was decided on some time later still. ¡Qué viva México! ( Russian: Да здравствует Мексика! is a film project begun by the Russian avant-garde director Sergei Eisenstein While in Mexico Eisenstein mixed socially with Frida Kahlo, and Diego Rivera. Frida Kahlo (July 6 1907 – July 13 1954 was a Mexican painter, who has achieved great international popularity Diego Rivera (December 8 1886 &ndash November 24 1957 was born Diego María de la Concepción Juan Nepomuceno Estanislao de la Rivera y Barrientos Acosta y Rodríguez Eisenstein admired these artists as much as Mexican culture in general, they inspired Eisenstein to call his films, "moving frescoes". [31] After a prolonged absence, Stalin sent a telegram expressing the concern that Eisenstein had become a deserter. [32] Under pressure, Eisenstein blamed Mary Sinclair's younger brother, Hunter Kimbrough -- who had been sent along to act as a line producer -- for the film's problems. [33] Eisenstein hoped to pressure the Sinclairs to insinuate themselves between him and Stalin, so Eisenstein could finish the film in his own way. The furious Sinclair shut down production and ordered Kimbrough to return to the U. S. with the remaining film footage and the three Soviets to see what they could do with the film already shot, estimates ranging from 170,000 lineal feet with "Soldadera" unfilmed,[34] to an excess of 250,000 lineal feet. [35] For the unfinished filming of the "novel" of Soldadera, without incurring any cost, Eisenstein had secured 500 soldiers, 10,000 guns, and 50 cannons from the Mexican Army. [36] but this was lost due to Sinclair's canceling of production.

When Eisenstein arrived at the American border, a customs search of his trunk revealed sketches and drawings of Jesus caricatures amongst other material of a lewd pornographic nature. Jesus of Nazareth (7–2 BC / BCE —26–36 AD / CE) [37][38] Eisenstein's re-entry visa had expired,[39] and Sinclair's contacts in Washington were unable to secure him an additional extension. Eisenstein, Alexandrov and Tisse were, after a month's stay at the U.S.-Mexico border outside Laredo, Texas, allowed a 30-day "pass" to get from Texas to New York,[39] and thence depart for Moscow, while Kimbrough returned to Los Angeles with the remaining film. Laredo ( "luh-RAID-o" in English in Spanish is the County seat of Webb County, Texas, United States Eisenstein toured the American South, on his way to New York. In mid-1932, the Sinclairs were able to secure the services of Sol Lesser, who had just opened his own distribution office in New York, Principal Distributing Corp. Sol Lesser (born February 17, 1890 in Spokane Washington – September 19, 1980 in Hollywood California) was an Academy . Lesser agreed to supervise post-production work on the miles of negative — at the Sinclairs expense — and distribute any resulting product. Two short feature films and a short subject — Thunder Over Mexico based on the "Maguey" footage,[40] Eisenstein in Mexico, and Death Day respectively — were completed and released in the United States between the autumn of 1933 and early 1934. In the Film industry, a feature film is a Film made for initial distribution in theaters and being the "main attraction" of the screening Short subject is a format description originally coined in the North American Film industry in the early period of cinema.

Late work

Eisenstein directing actor Boris Zakhava in Bezhin Meadow.
Eisenstein directing actor Boris Zakhava in Bezhin Meadow. Boris Evgenyevich Zakhava (1896–1976 Борис Захава was a Russian Theatre director, Actor and acting coach

Eisenstein never saw any of the Sinclair-Lesser films, nor a later effort by his first biographer, Marie Seton, called Time In The Sun. [41] He would publicly maintain that he had lost all interest in the project. Eisenstein's foray into the west made the now-staunchly Stalinist film industry look upon him with a more suspicious eye, and this suspicion would never be completely erased in the mind of the Stalinist elite. He apparently spent some time in a Soviet mental hospital in Kislovodsk in July 1933,[42] ostensibly a result of depression born of his final acceptance that he would never be allowed to edit the Mexican footage which was turned over by Sinclair to Hollywood editors, who would irreparably alter the negatives. Kislovodsk (Кислово́дск is a city in Stavropol Krai, Russia. [43]He was subsequently assigned a teaching position with the film school GIK (now Gerasimov Institute of Cinematography) where he had taught earlier and in 1933 and 1934 was in charge of writing curriculum. The All-Russian State University of Cinematography named after S [44] Eisenstein married filmmaker and writer Pera Atasheva (1900-1965) in 1934[45] and remained so until his death in 1948. In 1935, he began another project, Bezhin Meadow, but it appears the film was afflicted with many of the same problems as Que Viva Mexico — Eisenstein unilaterally decided to film two versions of the scenario, one for adult viewers and one for children; failed to define a clear shooting schedule; and shot film prodigiously, resulting in cost overruns and missed deadlines. Bezhin Meadow (Бежин луг Bezhin lug) is a 1937 Soviet film directed by Sergei Eisenstein, which is renowned for having been suppressed Even though Soviet film executive Boris Shumyatsky encouraged Sinclair in undermining Eisenstein [46] it was derailed not as much as Bezhin Meadow by the Soviet film industry, but by its American backers. Boris Zakharovich Shumyatsky (Борис Захарович Шумяцкий ( November 4, 1886 - July 29, 1938) was the de-facto Executive [47]

Nikolai Cherkasov as Ivan the Terrible in Eisenstein's film of the same name.
Nikolai Cherkasov as Ivan the Terrible in Eisenstein's film of the same name. Nikolai Konstantinovich Cherkasov (Никола́й Константи́нович Черка́сов July 27, 1903 &ndash September 14, 1966 Ivan The Terrible (written Иван Грозный in Russian pronounced Ivan Groznyy) is a two-part film about Ivan IV of Russia

The thing which appeared to save Eisenstein's career at this point was that Stalin ended up taking the position that the Bezhin Meadow catastrophe, along with several other problems facing the industry at that point, had less to do with Eisenstein's approach to filmmaking as with the executives who were supposed to have been supervising him. Ultimately this came down on the shoulders of Boris Shumyatsky,[48] "executive producer" of Soviet film since 1932, who in early 1938 was denounced, arrested, tried and convicted as a traitor, and shot. Boris Zakharovich Shumyatsky (Борис Захарович Шумяцкий ( November 4, 1886 - July 29, 1938) was the de-facto Executive (The production executive at Film studio Mosfilm, where Meadow was being made, was also replaced, but without further executions. Mosfilm ( Russian: Мосфильм məs'fʲɨlʲm is a Film studio, which is often described as the largest and oldest in Russia and in )

Eisenstein was thence able to ingratiate himself with Stalin for 'one more chance', and he chose, from two offerings, the assignment of a biopic of Alexander Nevsky, with music composed by Sergei Prokofiev. Alexander Nevsky (Александр Невский is a Historical drama film directed by Sergei Eisenstein and Dmitry Vasiliev and produced Sergei Sergeyevich Prokofiev (Серге́й Серге́евич Проко́фьев Sergéj Sergéjevič Prokófjev) ( - 5 March 1953 was a Russian composer who This time, however, he was also assigned a co-scenarist, Pyotr Pavlenko,[49] to bring in a completed script; professional actors to play the roles; and an assistant director, Dmitry Vasiliev, to expedite shooting. [49] The result was a film critically received by both the Soviets and in the West, which won him the Order of Lenin and the Stalin Prize. Design of the decoration The first design of the Order of Lenin was made of silver with The USSR State Prize (Госуда́рственная пре́мия СССР was the Soviet Union 's state honour [50] It was an obvious allegory and stern warning against the massing forces of Nazi Germany, well-played and well-made. This was started, completed, and placed in distribution all within the year 1938, and represented not only Eisenstein's first film in nearly a decade, but also his first sound film. Unfortunately, within months of its release, the mercurial Stalin entered into his infamous pact with Hitler, and Nevsky was promptly pulled from distribution. Thwarted again on the morning of triumph, Eisenstein returned to teaching and was assigned to direct Richard Wagner's Die Walküre at the Bolshoi Theatre. Die Walküre ( The Valkyrie) is the second of the four Operas that comprise Der Ring des Nibelungen ( The Ring of the Nibelung The Bolshoi Theatre (Большой театр Bol'shoy Teatr Great Theatre) is a historic theatre in Moscow, Russia, designed by famed architect [50] Eisenstein had to wait until Hitler's double-cross sent German troops pouring across the Soviet border in a devastating first strike, to see "his" success receive its just, wide distribution and real international success.

Faina Ranevskaya as Princess Staritskaya in a screen test for Ivan the Terrible, Part I (1942).
Faina Ranevskaya as Princess Staritskaya in a screen test for Ivan the Terrible, Part I (1942). Faina Grigoryevna Ranevskaya (Фаина Григорьевна Раневская ( - July 19, 1984) is recognized as one of the most popular Soviet Russian Vladimir Andreyevich ( 1533 - October 9, 1569) was the last Appanage Russian prince

With the war approaching Moscow, Eisenstein was one of the many filmmakers based who was evacuated to Alma-Ata, where he first considered the idea of making a film about Czar Ivan IV. Almaty ( Алматы; formerly known as Alma-Ata ( Алма-Ата) also Verniy, (Верный is the largest city in Kazakhstan Eisenstein corresponded with composer Sergei Prokofiev from Alma Ata, and was joined by him there in 1942. Prokofiev composed the score for Eisenstein's film and Eisenstein reciprocated by designing sets for an operatic rendition of War and Peace that Prokofiev was developing. Ivan the Terrible was music written by Sergei Prokofiev to the film directed by Eisenstein. War and Peace (Война и мир Voyna i mir) is a Novel by Leo Tolstoy, first published from 1865 to 1869 in Russkii Vestnik [51] Eisenstein's film, Ivan The Terrible, Part I, presenting Ivan IV of Russia as a national hero, won Stalin's approval (and a Stalin Prize),[52] but the sequel, Ivan The Terrible, Part II was not approved of by the government. Ivan The Terrible (written Иван Грозный in Russian pronounced Ivan Groznyy) is a two-part film about Ivan IV of Russia Joseph Stalin ( ნამდვილი გვარი ჯუღაშვილი|Iosif Vissarionovich Dzhugashvili; March 5 1953 was General Secretary of the Communist Party The USSR State Prize (Госуда́рственная пре́мия СССР was the Soviet Union 's state honour Ivan The Terrible (written Иван Грозный in Russian pronounced Ivan Groznyy) is a two-part film about Ivan IV of Russia All footage from the still incomplete Ivan The Terrible: Part III was confiscated, and most of it was destroyed[53] (though several filmed scenes still exist today). Eisenstein's health was also failing, he was struck by a heart attack during the making of this picture, and soon died of another at the age of 50. Myocardial infarction ( MI or AMI for acute myocardial infarction) also known as a heart attack, occurs when the blood supply [54] He is buried at Novodevichy Cemetery in Moscow. Novodevichy Cemetery (Новоде́вичье кла́дбище Novodevichye kladbishche is the most famous cemetery in Moscow, Russia, situated next to the

Theory

Eisenstein was a pioneer in the use of montage, a specific use of film editing. Soviet montage theory is an approach to understanding and creating cinema that relies heavily upon editing ( montage is French for "putting together" Film editing is an art of storytelling practiced by connecting two or more shots together to form a sequence, and the subsequent connecting of sequences to form an He and his contemporary, Lev Kuleshov, two of the earliest film theorists, argued that montage was the essence of the cinema. Lev Vladimirovich Kuleshov ( Лев Владимирович Кулешов; in Tambov - 29 March 1970 in Moscow) was a Russian His articles and books — particularly Film Form and The Film Sense — explain the significance of montage in detail. His writings and films have continued to have a major impact on subsequent filmmakers. Eisenstein believed that editing could be used for more than just expounding a scene or moment, through a "linkage" of related images. Eisenstein felt the "collision" of shots could be used to manipulate the emotions of the audience and create film metaphors. He believed that an idea should be derived from the juxtaposition of two independent shots, bringing an element of collage into film. He developed what he called "methods of montage":

  1. Metric[55]
  2. Rhythmic[56]
  3. Tonal[57]
  4. Overtonal[58]
  5. Intellectual[59]

Eisenstein taught film making during his career at GIK where he wrote the curricula for the directors' course,[60] his classroom illustrations are reproduced in Vladimir Nizhniĭ's Lessons with Eisenstein. Exercises and examples for students were based on rendering literature such as Honoré de Balzac's Le Père Goriot. Le Père Goriot (English Father Goriot or Old Goriot) is an 1835 novel by French novelist and playwright Honoré de Balzac (1799–1850 [61] Another hypothetical was the staging of the Haitian struggle for independence as depicted in Anatolii Vinogradov's The Black Consul,[62] influenced as well by John Vandercook's Black Majesty. Haiti ( English: ˈheɪ·tiː or haɪ·ˈjiː·tiː French Haïti a·i·ti Haitian Creole: [63] Lessons from this scenario delved into the character of Jean-Jacques Dessalines, replaying his movements, actions and the drama surrounding him. Jean-Jacques Dessalines ( September 20, 1758 – 17 October 1806 was a leader of the Haitian Revolution and the first ruler of an independent Further to the didactics of literary and dramatic content, Eisenstein taught the technicalities of directing, photography, and editing; while encouraging his students' development of individuality, expressiveness, and creativity. [64] Eisenstein's pedagogy, like his films, were politically charged and contained quotes from Vladimir Lenin interwoven with his teaching. [65]

In his initial films, Eisenstein did not use professional actors. His narratives eschewed individual characters and addressed broad social issues, especially class conflict. Class conflict, also class war or class warfare, is both the friction that accompanies social relationships between members or groups of different He used stock characters, and the roles were filled with untrained people from the appropriate classes, he avoided casting stars. For other uses including various songs titled "Movie Star" see Movie star (disambiguation. [66] Eisenstein's vision of Communism brought him into conflict with officials in the ruling regime of Joseph Stalin. Communism is a Socioeconomic structure that promotes the establishment of an egalitarian, classless, stateless Society based Joseph Stalin ( ნამდვილი გვარი ჯუღაშვილი|Iosif Vissarionovich Dzhugashvili; March 5 1953 was General Secretary of the Communist Party Like many Bolshevik artists, Eisenstein envisioned a new society which would subsidize artists totally, freeing them from the confines of bosses and budgets, leaving them absolutely free to create, but budgets and producers were as significant to the Soviet film industry as the rest of the world. The Bolsheviks, originally also Bolshevists ( Большевик Большевист (singular, derived from bolshe, "more" were a faction The fledgling war- and revolution-wracked and isolated new nation did not have the resources to nationalize its film industry at first. When it did, limited resources - both monetary and equipment - required production controls as extensive as in the capitalist world.

List of selected films

List of writings

In Russian, and available online

Notes

  1. ^ Seton 1952, p.  17
  2. ^ Bordwell 1993, p.  1
  3. ^ Seton 1952, p.  19
  4. ^ Seton 1952, p.  20
  5. ^ Seton 1952, p.  22
  6. ^ Seton 1952, p.  28
  7. ^ Seton 1952, pp.  34-35
  8. ^ Seton 1952, p.  35
  9. ^ Seton 1952, p.  37
  10. ^ Seton 1952, p.  41
  11. ^ Seton 1952, p.  529
  12. ^ Seton 1952, pp.  46-48
  13. ^ Seton 1952, p.  61
  14. ^ Christie & Taylor 1994, pp.  87-89
  15. ^ Bordwell 1993, pp.  7-8
  16. ^ Eisenstein 1972, p.  8
  17. ^ Bordwell 1993, p.  16
  18. ^ Geduld & Gottesman 1970, p.  12
  19. ^ Montagu 1968, p.  151
  20. ^ Seton 1952, p.  172
  21. ^ Seton 1952, p.  174
  22. ^ Montagu 1968, p.  209
  23. ^ Seton 1952, p.  167
  24. ^ Seton 1952, pp.  185-186
  25. ^ Montagu 1968, pp.  89-97
  26. ^ Seton 1952, p.  187
  27. ^ Seton 1952, p.  188
  28. ^ Seton 1952, p.  189
  29. ^ a b c Geduld & Gottesman 1970, p.  22
  30. ^ Geduld & Gottesman 1970, p.  23
  31. ^ Bordwell 1993, p.  19
  32. ^ Seton 1952, p.  513
  33. ^ Geduld & Gottesman 1970, p.  281
  34. ^ Eisenstein 1972, p.  14
  35. ^ Geduld & Gottesman 1970, p.  132
  36. ^ Geduld & Gottesman 1970, p.  281
  37. ^ Seton 1952, pp.  234-235
  38. ^ Geduld & Gottesman 1970, pp.  309-310
  39. ^ a b Geduld & Gottesman 1970, p.  288
  40. ^ Bordwell 1993, p.  21
  41. ^ Seton 1952, p.  446
  42. ^ Seton 1952, p.  280
  43. ^ Leyda 1960, p.  299
  44. ^ Bordwell 1993, p.  140
  45. ^ Bordwell 1993, p.  33
  46. ^ Leyda 1960, p.  299
  47. ^ Leyda 1960, p.  275
  48. ^ Seton 1952, p.  369
  49. ^ a b Bordwell 1993, p.  27
  50. ^ a b Bordwell 1993, p.  28
  51. ^ Leyda & Voynow 1982, p.  146
  52. ^ Neuberger 2003, p.  22
  53. ^ Leyda & Voynow 1982, p.  135
  54. ^ Neuberger 2003, p.  23
  55. ^ Eisenstein 1949, p.  72
  56. ^ Eisenstein 1949, p.  73
  57. ^ Eisenstein 1949, p.  75
  58. ^ Eisenstein 1949, p.  78
  59. ^ Eisenstein 1949, p.  82
  60. ^ Nizhniĭ 1962, p.  93
  61. ^ Nizhniĭ 1962, p.  3
  62. ^ Nizhniĭ 1962, p.  21
  63. ^ Leyda & Voynow 1982, p.  74
  64. ^ Nizhniĭ 1962, pp.  148-155
  65. ^ Nizhniĭ 1962, p.  143
  66. ^ Seton 1952, p.  185

References

External links


Persondata
NAME Eisenstein, Sergei
ALTERNATIVE NAMES Eizenshtein, Sergei Mikhailovich
SHORT DESCRIPTION Film director
DATE OF BIRTH January 23, 1898
PLACE OF BIRTH Riga, Russian Empire
DATE OF DEATH February 11, 1948
PLACE OF DEATH Moscow, Soviet Union
A film director, or filmmaker, is a person who directs the making of a Film. Events 393 - Roman Emperor Theodosius I proclaims his nine year old son Honorius co-emperor Year 1898 ( MDCCCXCVIII) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Riga (Rīga riːga) the Capital of Latvia, is situated on the Baltic Sea coast on the mouth of the river Daugava. The Russian Empire ( Pre-reform Russian: Pоссійская Имперія Modern Russian: Российская Империя translit: Rossiyskaya Events 660 BC - Traditional founding date of Japan by Emperor Jimmu. Year 1948 ( MCMXLVIII) was a Leap year starting on Thursday (link will display the 1948 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Moscow (Москва́ romanised: Moskvá, IPA: see also other names) is the Capital and the largest city of The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991
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