Sequoiadendron giganteum
The "Grizzly Giant" tree in the Mariposa Grove, Yosemite National Park
Conservation status
Vulnerable (IUCN 2.3)
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae Division: Pinophyta Class: Pinopsida Order: Pinales Family: Cupressaceae Genus: Sequoiadendron Species: S. Mariposa Grove is a sequoia grove located near Wawona California in the southernmost part of Yosemite National Park, at. The conservation status of a Species is an indicator of the likelihood of that species remaining extant either in the present day or the near future A vulnerable species is a Species which is likely to become endangered unless the circumstances threatening its survival and reproduction improve The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species (also known as the IUCN Red List or Red Data List) created in 1963 is the world's most comprehensive inventory of the global Plants are living Organisms belonging to the kingdom Plantae. The Order Pinales in the Division Pinophyta, Class Pinopsida comprises all the extant Conifers This order was formerly known as the The Cupressaceae or Cypress family is a Conifer family with worldwide distribution giganteum
Binomial name
Sequoiadendron giganteum (Lindl.) J.Buchh.

Sequoiadendron giganteum (Giant Sequoia, Sierra Redwood, or Wellingtonia) is the sole species in the genus Sequoiadendron, and one of three species of coniferous trees known as redwoods, classified in the family Cupressaceae in the subfamily Sequoioideae, together with Sequoia sempervirens (Coast Redwood) and Metasequoia glyptostroboides (Dawn Redwood). John Lindley ( February 8, 1799 - November 1, 1865) was an English Botanist. John Theodore Buchholz (1888-1951 was an American Botanist, specialising in Gymnosperms;Selected bibliography Polyembryony among Abietineae A tree is a perennial Woody plant. It is most often defined as a woody plant that has many secondary branches supported clear of the ground on a single main stem or The Cupressaceae or Cypress family is a Conifer family with worldwide distribution The Cupressaceae or Cypress family is a Conifer family with worldwide distribution Sequoia sempervirens is the sole living Species of the Genus Sequoia in the cypress family Cupressaceae (formerly Metasequoia ( Dawn Redwood) is a fast growing Tree genus in the conifer family Cupressaceae of which Metasequoia glyptostroboides

Description

Leaves of Sequoiadendron giganteum

Giant Sequoias are the world's largest trees in terms of total volume (technically, only 7 Giant Sequoia exceed the 42,500 cubic feet of the Lost Monarch Coastal Redwood tree; see Largest trees). The largest organism found on earth can be measured using a variety of methods The volume of any solid plasma vacuum or theoretical object is how much three- Dimensional space it occupies often quantified numerically Lost Monarch is the name of a redwood tree in Northern California that has been confirmed by measuring to be at least in diameter at DBH (diameter breast height Sequoiadendron giganteum ( Giant Sequoia, Sierra Redwood, or Wellingtonia) is the sole species in the genus Sequoiadendron They grow to an average height of 50-85 m (165-280 ft) and 6-8 m (18-24 ft) in diameter. Record trees have been measured to be 94. 8 m (311 ft) in height and 17 m (57 ft) in diameter. ^[1] The oldest known Giant Sequoia based on ring count is 3,500 years old. Dendrochronology (from Greek grc δένδρον dendron, "tree" grc χρόνος khronos, "time" and grc -λογία Sequoia bark is fibrous, furrowed, and may be 90 cm (3 ft) thick at the base of the columnar trunk. It provides significant fire protection for the trees. The leaves are evergreen, awl-shaped, 3-6 mm long, and arranged spirally on the shoots. In Botany, an Evergreen plant is a plant having leaves all year round The seed cones are 4-7 cm long and mature in 18-20 months, though they typically remain green and closed for up to 20 years; each cone has 30-50 spirally arranged scales, with several seeds on each scale giving an average of 230 seeds per cone. A cone (in formal botanical usage Strobilus, plural strobili is an organ on Plants in the division Pinophyta ( Conifers A seed (in some plants referred to as a kernel) is a small embryonic Plant enclosed in a covering called the seed coat usually with some stored The seed is dark brown, 4-5 mm long and 1 mm broad, with a 1 mm wide yellow-brown wing along each side. Some seed is shed when the cone scales shrink during hot weather in late summer, but most seeds are liberated when the cone dries out from fire heat and/or insect damage (see Ecology, below).

Giant Sequoia cones. See also: Cone compared to Sugar Pine cone, Sugar Pine

Giant Sequoia regenerates by seed. The Sugar Pine ( Pinus lambertiana; family Pinaceae) is a species of Pine that occurs in the mountains of Oregon and California Trees up to about 20 years old may produce stump sprouts subsequent to injury. Giant Sequoia of all ages may sprout from the bole when old branches are lost to fire or breakage, but (unlike Coast Redwood) mature trees do not sprout from cut stumps. Young trees start to bear cones at the age of 12 years.

At any given time, a large tree may be expected to have approximately 11,000 cones. The upper part of the crown of any mature Giant Sequoia invariably produces a greater abundance of cones than its lower portions. A mature Giant Sequoia has been estimated to disperse from 300,000-400,000 seeds per year. The winged seeds may be carried up to 180m (600 ft) from the parent tree.

Lower branches die fairly readily from shading, but trees less than 100 years old retain most of their dead branches. Trunks of mature trees in groves are generally free of branches to a height of 20-50 m, but solitary trees will retain low branches.

Distribution

The natural distribution of Giant Sequoia is restricted to a limited area of the western Sierra Nevada, California. The Sierra Nevada ( Spanish for "Snowy Range" is a Mountain range located in the U California ( is a US state on the West Coast of the United States, along the Pacific Ocean. It occurs in scattered groves, with a total of 65-76 groves (see list of sequoia groves for a full inventory), comprising a total area of only 14,416 ha (144. Explanation The hectare is commonly used in most countries around the world especially in domains concerned with land planning and management such as Agriculture, 16 km² or 35,607 acres). Nowhere does it grow in pure stands, although in a few small areas stands do approach a pure condition. The northern two-thirds of its range, from the American River in Placer County southward to the Kings River, has only eight disjunct groves. American River ( Río de los Americanos in the Mexican period located in the US state of California, has a prominent place in United States history for Placer County (from Spanish: placer - "pleasure" is a county located in the Sierra Nevada of the U The Kings River is a major river of California, USA. It arises in the Sierra Nevada, consisting of three forks The remaining southern groves are concentrated between the Kings River and the Deer Creek Grove in southern Tulare County. Tulare County is a county located in the Central Valley of the U Groves range in size from 1,240 ha (3,100 acres) with 20,000 mature trees, to small groves with only six living trees. Many are protected in Sequoia and Kings Canyon National Parks and Giant Sequoia National Monument. Sequoia National Park is a National park in the southern Sierra Nevada, east of Visalia California, in the United States of America. This article is about Kings Canyon National Park USA For Kings Canyon Australia see Kings Canyon (Northern Territory. The Giant Sequoia National Monument is a US National Monument located in the

Giant Sequoia is usually found in a humid climate characterized by dry summers and snowy winters. "Snowfall" redirects here For other uses see Snow (disambiguation or Snowfall (disambiguation. Most Giant Sequoia groves are on granitic-based residual and alluvial soils. Alluvium (from the Latin, alluvius, from alluere, "to wash against" is Soil or Sediments deposited by a river or other running The elevation of the Giant Sequoia groves generally ranges from 1,400-2,000 m (4,600-6,600 ft) in the north, and 1,700-2,150 m (5,600-7,000 ft) to the south. Giant Sequoia generally occurs on the south facing side of northern mountains, and on the northern face of more southern slopes.

High levels of reproduction are not necessary to maintain the present population levels. Few groves, however, have sufficient young trees to maintain the present density of mature Giant Sequoias for the future. The majority of Giant Sequoias are currently undergoing a gradual decline in density since the European settlement days.

Ecology

The Giant Sequoias are having difficulty reproducing in their original habitat (and very rarely reproduce in cultivation) due to the seeds only being able to grow successfully in mineral soils in full sunlight, free from competing vegetation. Soil, often typeset as SOiL, is a four piece rock band from Chicago Illinois United States founded by Shaun Glass Tom Schofield Tim King and Adam Zadel Although the seeds can germinate in moist needle humus in the spring, these seedlings will die as the duff dries in the summer. Humus (Origin 1790–1800 Latin: earth ground) is the organic material in Soil lending it a dark brown or black colouration They therefore require periodic wildfire to clear competing vegetation and soil humus before successful regeneration can occur. A wildfire, also known as a wildland fire, forest fire, brush fire, vegetation fire, grass fire, Peat fire, Without fire, shade-loving species will crowd out young sequoia seedlings, and sequoia seeds will not germinate. When full grown, these trees typically require large amounts of water and are therefore often concentrated near streams.

Two Giant Sequoias, Sequoia National Park. Sequoia National Park is a National park in the southern Sierra Nevada, east of Visalia California, in the United States of America. Note the large fire scar at the base of the right-hand tree; fires do not kill the trees but do remove competing thin-barked species, and aid Giant Sequoia regeneration.

Fires also bring hot air high into the canopy via convection, which in turn dries and opens the cones. Convection in the most general terms refers to the movement of molecules within Fluids (i The subsequent release of large quantities of seeds coincides with the optimal post-fire seedbed conditions. Loose ground ash may also act as a cover to protect the fallen seeds from ultraviolet radiation damage.

Due to fire suppression efforts and livestock grazing during the early and mid 20th century, low-intensity fires no longer occurred naturally in many groves, and still do not occur in some groves today. The suppression of fires also led to ground fuel build-up and the dense growth of fire-sensitive White Fir. White Fir ( Abies concolor) is a Fir native to the Mountains of western North America, occurring at altitudes of 900-3400 m This increased the risk of more intense fires that can use the firs as ladders to threaten mature Giant Sequoia crowns. Natural fires may also be important in keeping carpenter ants in check. Carpenter ants are large Ants (¼  in –1 in indigenous to many parts of the world

In 1970 the National Park Service began controlled burns of its groves to correct these problems. The National Park Service ( NPS) is the United States federal agency that manages all National Parks, many National Monuments, and other conservation Current policies also allow natural fires to burn. One of these untamed burns severely damaged the second-largest tree in the world, the Washington tree, in September 2003, 45 days after the fire started. The Washington Tree is a Giant Sequoia in the Giant Forest grove This damage made it unable to withstand the snowstorm of January 2005, leading to the collapse of over half the trunk.

In addition to fire, there are also two animal agents for Giant Sequoia seed release. The more significant of the two is a longhorn beetle (Phymatodes nitidus) that lays eggs on the cones, into which the larvae then bore holes. The longhorn beetles ( Cerambycidae; also known as long-horned beetles or more archaically longicorns) are a cosmopolitan family of Beetles Phymatodes nitidus is a species of Longhorn beetle. It lays its eggs on the surface of Giant Sequoia and Coast Redwood cones into which the This cuts the vascular water supply to the cone scales, allowing the cones to dry and open for the seeds to fall. Cones damaged by the beetles during the summer will slowly open over the next several months. Some research indicates that many cones, particularly higher in the crowns, may need to be partially dried by beetle damage before fire can fully open them. The other agent is the Douglas Squirrel (Tamiasciurus douglasi) that gnaws on the fleshy green scales of younger cones. The Douglas Squirrel, Tamiasciurus douglasii, is a Pine squirrel found in the Pacific coastal states and provinces of North America. The squirrels are active year round, and some seeds are dislodged and dropped as the cone is eaten.

Discovery and naming

The Giant Sequoia was well known to Native American tribes living in its area. Native Americans in the United States are the indigenous peoples from the regions of North America now encompassed by the continental United States Native American names for the species include Wawona, Toos-pung-ish and Hea-mi-withic, the latter two in the language of the Tule River Tribe.

The first reference to the Giant Sequoia by Europeans is in 1833, in the diary of the explorer J. K. Leonard; the reference does not mention any locality, but his route would have taken him through the Calaveras Grove. Calaveras Big Trees State Park, located 4 miles (6 km northeast of Arnold California in the middle altitudes of the Sierra Nevada in Calaveras County ^[2] This discovery was not publicized. The next European to see the species was John M. Wooster, who carved his initials in the bark of the 'Hercules' tree in the Calaveras Grove in 1850; again, this received no publicity. Much more publicity was given to the "discovery" by Augustus T. Dowd of the Calaveras Grove in 1852, and this is commonly cited as the species' discovery. ^[2] The tree found by Dowd, christened the 'Discovery Tree', was felled in 1853.

Shortly after their discovery, Giant Sequoias were subject to much exhibitionism.

The first scientific naming of the species was by John Lindley in 1853, who named it Wellingtonia gigantea, without realizing this was an invalid name under the botanical code as the name Wellingtonia had already been used earlier for another unrelated plant (Wellingtonia arnottiana in the family Sabiaceae). John Lindley ( February 8, 1799 - November 1, 1865) was an English Botanist. The International Code of Botanical Nomenclature ( ICBN) is the set of rules and recommendations dealing with the formal Botanical names that are given to Sabiaceae is a family of Flowering plants, native to tropical to warm temperate regions of southern Asia and the Americas. The name "Wellingtonia" has persisted in England as a common name, though is deprecated as cultural imperialism (R. Cultural imperialism is the practice of promoting distinguishing separating or artificially injecting the Culture or language of one nation into another Ornduff in Aune 1994). The following year, Joseph Decaisne transferred it to the same genus as the Coast Redwood, naming it Sequoia gigantea, but again this name was invalid, having been applied earlier (in 1847, by Endlicher) to the Coast Redwood. Joseph Decaisne ( March 7, 1807 &ndash January 1882 was a French Botanist and Agronomist. Sequoia sempervirens is the sole living Species of the Genus Sequoia in the cypress family Cupressaceae (formerly Stephan Ladislaus Endlicher ( June 24 1804 &ndash March 28 1849) was an Austrian Botanist, numismatist and Sinologist The name Washingtonia californica was also applied to it by Winslow in 1854, though this too is invalid, belonging to the palm genus Washingtonia. Arecaceae or Palmae (also known by the name Palmaceae, which is taxonomically invalid or commonly palm tree) the palm family is a family of Flowering Washingtonia is a Genus of palms, native to the southwestern United States (in southern California, southwest Arizona

In 1907 it was placed by Carl Ernst Otto Kuntze in the otherwise fossil genus Steinhauera, but doubt as to whether the Giant Sequoia is related to the fossil originally so named makes this name invalid. Otto Carl Ernst Kuntze ( June 23 1843 - 1907 was a German botanist. FOSSIL is a standard protocol for allowing serial communication for Telecommunications programs under the DOS Operating system.

The nomenclatural oversights were finally corrected in 1939 by J. Buchholz, who also pointed out that the Giant Sequoia is distinct from the Coast Redwood at the genus level and coined the name Sequoiadendron giganteum for it. John Theodore Buchholz (1888-1951 was an American Botanist, specialising in Gymnosperms;Selected bibliography Polyembryony among Abietineae

John Muir wrote of the species in about 1870:

Do behold the King Sequoia! Behold! Behold! seems all I can say. John Muir ( April 21, 1838 – December 24, 1914) was a Scottish -born American Naturalist, author and early Some time ago I left all for Sequoia and have been and am at his feet, fasting and praying for light, for is he not the greatest light in the woods, in the world? Where are such columns of sunshine, tangible, accessible, terrestrialized?

Largest trees

General Sherman, the largest tree in the world

As of 2002 (updated to remove Washington tree, previously in second place), the 30 largest Giant Sequoias by volume are:

Source:^[1] The volume figures have a low degree of accuracy (at best about ±14m³), due to difficulties in measurement; stem diameter measurements are taken at a few set heights up the trunk, and assume that the trunk is circular in cross-section, and that taper between measurement points is even. The volume measurements also do not take cavities into account. The measurements are trunk-only, and do not include the volume of wood in the branches or roots.

The General Sherman tree is estimated to weigh about 2100 tonnes (Fry & White 1938). This article is about the tonne or metric ton For other tons see Ton.

• (*) Not the famous tree from Giant Forest but another tree by the same name, situated in Mariposa Grove

Giant Sequoia superlatives

Largest

• General Sherman - Giant Forest - 52,508 cubic feet (1,486. Giant Forest, famed for its Giant Sequoia trees is within Sequoia National Park. Mariposa Grove is a sequoia grove located near Wawona California in the southernmost part of Yosemite National Park, at. 9 m³)

Tallest

• Unnamed Tree - Redwood Mountain Grove - 311 feet (95 m)

Oldest

• 3500 years or more

Greatest Ground Perimeter

• Waterfall Tree - Alder Creek Grove - 155 feet (47 m) - tree with enormous basal buttress on very steep ground.

Greatest Maximum Base Diameter

• Waterfall Tree - Alder Creek Grove - 57 feet (17 m) - tree with enormous basal buttress on very steep ground.

Greatest Mean Diameter at Breast Height

• General Grant - Grant Grove - 29. 0 feet (8. 8 m)

Largest Limb

• Arm Tree - Atwell Mill, East Fork Grove - 12. 8 feet (3. 9 m) in diameter

Thickest Bark

• Up to 3 feet (0. 91 m)

Source:^[1]

Uses

Giant Sequoia in the Mariposa Grove, Yosemite National Park

Wood from mature Giant Sequoias is highly resistant to decay, but is fibrous and brittle, making it generally unsuitable for construction. Wood is hard fibrous lignified structural tissue produced as secondary Xylem in the stems of Woody plants notably trees but also shrubs From the 1880s through the 1920s logging took place in many groves in spite of marginal commercial returns. Due to their weight and brittleness trees would often shatter when they hit the ground, wasting much of the wood. Loggers attempted to cushion the impact by digging trenches and filling them with branches. Still, it is estimated that as little as 50 percent of the timber made it from groves to the mill. The wood was used mainly for shingles and fence posts, or even for matchsticks.

Pictures of the once majestic trees broken and abandoned in formerly pristine groves, and the thought of the giants put to such modest use, spurred the public outcry that caused most of the groves to be preserved as protected land. The public can visit an example of 1880s clear-cutting at Big Stump Grove near Grant Grove. Grant Grove is a sequoia grove located in Kings Canyon National Park in the Sierra Nevada in eastern California. As late as the 1980s some immature trees were logged in Sequoia National Forest, publicity of which helped lead to the creation of Giant Sequoia National Monument. Sequoia National Forest is located in the southern Sierra Nevada mountains of California. The Giant Sequoia National Monument is a US National Monument located in the

The wood from immature trees is less brittle, with recent tests on young plantation-grown trees showing it similar to Coast Redwood wood in quality. Fundamentally a plantation is usually a large Farm or estate, especially in a tropical or semitropical country on which Cotton, Tobacco Sequoia sempervirens is the sole living Species of the Genus Sequoia in the cypress family Cupressaceae (formerly This is resulting in some interest in cultivating Giant Sequoia as a very high-yielding timber crop tree, both in California and also in parts of western Europe, where it may grow more efficiently than Coast Redwoods. In the northwest United States some entrepreneurs have also begun growing Giant Sequoias for Christmas trees. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the A Christmas tree, Yule tree, holiday tree or Tannenbaum (fir tree is one of the most popular Traditions associated with the celebration Besides these attempts at tree farming, the principal economic uses for Giant Sequoia today are tourism and horticulture (see Cultivation, below). Tourism is Travel for Recreational or Leisure purposes The World Tourism Organization defines tourists as people who "travel Horticulture is the art and science of plant cultivation Horticulturists (or horticuluralists) work and conduct research in the fields of Plant propagation

Cultivation

Sequoiadendron giganteum at Westonbirt Arboretum, Gloucestershire, England. Another, at Kenilworth Castle

Giant Sequoia is a very popular ornamental tree in many areas. Ornamental plants are typically grown in the flower Garden or as House plants Most commonly they are grown for the display of their Flowers Other common Areas where it is successfully grown include most of western and southern Europe, the Pacific Northwest of North America north to southwest British Columbia, southeast Australia, New Zealand and central-southern Chile. British Columbia (ˌbrɪtɨʃ kəˈlʌmbiə ( BC) ( (la Colombie-Britannique C For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Australia topics. New Zealand is an Island country in the south-western Pacific Ocean comprising two main landmasses (the North Island and the South Island Chile, officially the Republic of Chile ( Spanish:) is a country in South America occupying a long and narrow Coastal strip wedged between the It is also grown, though less successfully, in parts of eastern North America.

Sequoiadendron has been successfully planted in the British Isles, parts of continental Europe, as well as in much of the western, southern, and eastern USA. Trees can withstand temperatures of -31 °C (-25 °F) or colder, for short periods of time providing the ground around the roots is insulated with either heavy snow or mulch. Outside its natural range, sequoia's foliage suffers from damaging windburn. Large specimen examples grow in arboretums in Pennsylvania and Rhode Island USA. The Commonwealth of Pennsylvania ( often colloquially referred to as PA (its abbreviation by natives and Northeasterners is a state located in the Northeastern Rhode Island ( officially named the State of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations, is a state in the New England region of the United States A large sequoia, planted by horticulturist Claude Heit in the 1960s, is growing in the Finger Lakes region of New York USA. The Finger Lakes are a chain of lakes in the west-central section of Upstate New York that are a popular tourist destination New York ( is a state in the Mid-Atlantic and Northeastern regions of the United States and is the nation's third most populous An experimental private planting of young sequoia trees (less than 5 years old in early 2007) exists in Vermont USA. Vermont ( is a state in the New England region of the northeastern United States of America. In Washington and Oregon, it is common to find giant sequoias that have been successfully planted in both urban and rural areas. In the Seattle area, large specimens (over 90 feet) are fairly common and exist in several city parks and many private yards (especially east Seattle including Capitol Hill, Washington Park, & Leschi/Madrona). Additionally, Coast Redwoods can be seen in Lincoln Park and on the University of Washington campus.

The limit of winter cold tolerance is generally down to about −30 °C, but with a few individuals known to have tolerated lower temperatures, particularly where they benefit from deep snow cover over the roots. "Snowfall" redirects here For other uses see Snow (disambiguation or Snowfall (disambiguation.

Since its discovery a wide range of horticultural varieties have been selected, especially in Europe. A cultivar is a cultivated Plant that has been selected and given a unique name because of its decorative or useful characteristics it is usually distinct from similar There are, amongst others, weeping, variegated, pygmy, blue, grass green, and compact forms ^[3].

Europe

It was first brought into cultivation in 1853 by Scotsman John D. The Scots people ( Scots Gaelic: Albannaich) are a Nation and an Ethnic group indigenous to Scotland. Matthew, who collected a small quantity of seed in the Calaveras Grove, arriving with it in Scotland in August 1853 (Mitchell 1996). Calaveras Big Trees State Park, located 4 miles (6 km northeast of Arnold California in the middle altitudes of the Sierra Nevada in Calaveras County Scotland ( Gaelic: Alba) is a Country in northwest Europethat occupies the northern third of the island of Great Britain. A much larger shipment of seed collected (also in the Calaveras Grove) by William Lobb, acting for the Veitch Nursery at Budlake near Exeter, arrived in England in December 1853; seed from this batch was widely distributed throughout Europe. Exeter ( (IPA ˈeksɪtər is a city, district and County town of Devon, England. England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland

The famous Giant Redwood avenue at Benmore Botanic Garden, planted in 1863, these giants are all over 50 m tall. Benmore Botanic Garden is a large botanic garden situated between Dunoon and Loch Eck, in Argyll and Bute, Scotland.

Growth in Britain is very fast, with the tallest tree, at Benmore in southwest Scotland, reaching 54 m (177 ft) at age 150 years,^[4] and several others from 50-53 m tall; the stoutest is around 12 m in girth and 4 m in diameter, in Perthshire. See also Kingdom of Great Britain Great Britain (Breatainn Mhòr Prydain Fawr Breten Veur Graet Breetain is the larger of the two main islands Benmore Botanic Garden is a large botanic garden situated between Dunoon and Loch Eck, in Argyll and Bute, Scotland. The Royal Botanic Gardens at Kew in London also contains a large specimen. Kew is a place in the London Borough of Richmond upon Thames in South West London.

Growth rates in some areas are remarkable; one young tree in Italy reached 22 m (72. Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest 18 ft) tall and 88 cm (2. 89 ft) trunk diameter in 17 years (Mitchell, 1972).

Giant redwoods have also been planted in Belgium, the Netherlands and Luxembourg^[5]. The stoutest one has a diameter of 2. 83 m (9. 28 ft).

Growth further northeast in Europe is limited by winter cold. In Denmark, where extreme winters can reach −32 °C, the largest tree was 35 m (114. The Kingdom of Denmark ( ˈd̥ænmɑɡ̊ (archaic ˈd̥anmɑːɡ̊ commonly known as Denmark, is a country in the Scandinavian region of northern Europe 83 ft) tall and 1. 7 m (5. 58 ft) diameter in 1976 and is bigger today. One in Poland has purportedly survived temperatures down to −37 °C with heavy snow cover. Poland (Polska officially the Republic of Poland

USA and Canada

The Pennsylvania state champion at the Tyler Arboretum. The Commonwealth of Pennsylvania ( often colloquially referred to as PA (its abbreviation by natives and Northeasterners is a state located in the Northeastern John J Tyler Arboretum is a nonprofit Arboretum located at 515 Painter Road Media Pennsylvania. Planted in 1856, its circumference is 155 inches (3. 9 m), height is 95. 4 feet (29. 1 m), and spread is 36 feet (11 m) (as of 2006)^[6].

It is very successful in the Pacific Northwest from western Oregon north to southwest British Columbia, with fast growth rates. The Pacific Northwest is a region in the northwest of North America (the term refers to the land not the ocean Oregon ( is a state in the Pacific Northwest region of the United States. British Columbia (ˌbrɪtɨʃ kəˈlʌmbiə ( BC) ( (la Colombie-Britannique C

In the northeastern USA there has been some limited success in growing the species, but growth is much slower there, and it is prone to Cercospora and Kabatina fungal diseases due to the hot, humid summer climate there. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Cercospora is a Genus of ascomycete fungi Several species of this genus cause plant diseases, mostly forms of Leaf spot. A fungus (ˈfʌŋgəs is a eukaryotic Organism that is a member of the kingdom Fungi (ˈfʌndʒaɪ A tree at Blithewold Gardens, in Bristol, Rhode Island is reported to be 27 meters (90 ft) tall, reportedly the tallest in the New England states^[7][8]. The Blithewold Mansion Gardens and Arboretum is an Arboretum of 13 ha (33 acres located at 101 Ferry Road Bristol Rhode Island, mid-way between Newport Bristol is a town in and the historic County seat of Bristol County, Rhode Island, United States. History See also History of New England New England's earliest inhabitants were Algonquian -speaking Native Americans including the The tree at the Tyler Arboretum in Delaware County, Pennsylvania at 29. John J Tyler Arboretum is a nonprofit Arboretum located at 515 Painter Road Media Pennsylvania. Delaware County (known colloquially as "Delco" is a County located in the U 1 m (95. 4 ft) may be the tallest in the northeast^[6]. Specimens also grow in the Arnold Arboretum in Boston, Massachusetts (planted 1972, 18 m tall in 1998), at the Longwood Gardens near Wilmington, Delaware, and in the Finger Lakes region of New York for many years. The Arnold Arboretum of Harvard University is an Arboretum located in the Jamaica Plain and Roslindale sections of Boston Massachusetts One of the premier Botanical gardens in the United States Longwood Gardens consists of 1050 acres (4 Wilmington is the largest city in the state of Delaware, United States and is located at the confluence of the Christina River and Brandywine The Finger Lakes are a chain of lakes in the west-central section of Upstate New York that are a popular tourist destination New York ( is a state in the Mid-Atlantic and Northeastern regions of the United States and is the nation's third most populous Private plantings of Giant Sequoias around the Middle Atlantic States are not uncommon. Since 2000, a small amateur experimental planting has been underway in the Lake Champlain valley of Vermont at the Vermont Experimental Cold-Hardy Cactus Garden where winter temperatures can reach −37 °C with variable snowcover. Lake Champlain (French lac Champlain) is a natural freshwater Lake in North America, located mainly within the borders of the United States Vermont ( is a state in the New England region of the northeastern United States of America. The Vermont Experimental Cold-Hardy Cactus Garden (less than 100 square feet is a nonprofit amateur Botanical garden for Cactus and Succulents that are

A cold-tolerant cultivar 'Hazel Smith' selected in about 1960 is proving more successful in the northeastern U. S. A. This clone was the sole survivor of several hundred seedlings grown at a nursery in New Jersey. New Jersey ( is a state in the Mid-Atlantic and Northeastern regions of the United States.

Australia

The Ballarat Botanical Gardens contain a significant collection, many of them about 150 years old. The Ballarat Botanical Gardens Reserve, located on the western shore of picturesque Lake Wendouree, in Ballarat, Victoria, Australia, covers Also Jubilee Park in Daylesford. Daylesford is a town located in Shire of Hepburn, Victoria, Australia. Cook Park in Orange, New South Wales also has a single specimen planted in about 1870. Orange is a provincial city in New South Wales, Australia. It is located on the Mitchell Highway, west of Sydney at an altitude of.

New Zealand

Several impressive specimens of Sequoiadendron giganteum exist throughout the South Island of New Zealand. Notable examples include a set of trees in a public park of Picton, as well as robust specimens in the public and botanical parks of Queenstown. [1]

Notes

References

• Conifer Specialist Group (1998). Sequoiadendron giganteum. 2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species (also known as the IUCN Red List or Red Data List) created in 1963 is the world's most comprehensive inventory of the global IUCN 2006. Retrieved on 11 May 2006. Listed as Vulnerable (VU A1cd v2. 3)
• Aune, P. S. , ed. (1994). Proceedings of the Symposium on Giant Sequoias. US Dept. of Agriculture Forest Service (Pacific Southwest Research Station) General Technical Report PSW-GTR-151.
• Fry, W. & White, J. B. (1938). Big Trees. Stanford University Press.
• Mitchell, A. F. (1972). Conifers in the British Isles. Forestry Commission Booklet 33. HMSO.
• Mitchell, A. F. (1996). Alan Mitchell's Trees of Britain. HarperCollins ISBN 0-00-219972-6.
• Thomas, H. H. , Shellhammer, H. S. , & Stecker, R. E. (1980). Giant sequoia ecology. U. S. Department of the Interior, National Park Service, Scientific Monograph Series 12. Washington, DC. 182 p.
• Kilgore, B. (1970). Restoring Fire to the Sequoias. National Parks and Conservation Magazine 44 (277): 16-22.

External links

• Sequoias: Giants of Sierra Nevada interpretive poster fine art by John C. Pitcher
• ARKive: Sequoiadendron giganteum
• Gymnosperm Database - Sequoiadendron giganteum
• Arboretum de Villardebelle - photos of cones & shoots with phenology notes
• Forest Service database entry on Sequoiadendron giganteum
• Giant Sequoia Fire History in Mariposa Grove, Yosemite National Park (.pdf file!)
• Save-the-Redwoods League
• Overview of the horticultural varieties (cultivars) of the giant redwood
• "Sequoias of Yosemite National Park" 1949 by James W. McFarland
• Prof Stephen Sillett's webpage with photos taken during canopy research. Canopy research is the field of Scientific research based upon data collected in the canopy of trees
• www.redwoodworld.co.uk giant redwoods in the U. K.