- This article is about Latin poems and songs. For the early music group, see Sequentia (music group). Early music is commonly defined as European classical music from the Middle Ages, the Renaissance and the Baroque. Sequentia is an Early music ensemble founded in 1977 by Benjamin Bagby and the late Barbara Thornton (d For other uses, see sequence (disambiguation).
A sequence (Latin: sequentia) is a chant sung or recited during the Mass, before the proclamation of the Gospel. Latin ( lingua Latīna, laˈtiːna is an Italic language, historically spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome. History Gregorian chant was organized codified and notated mainly in the Frankish lands of western and central Europe during the 12th and 13th centuries with later additions The Mass is the Eucharistic celebration in the Latin liturgical rites of the Roman Catholic Church. This article is about the canonical books of the New Testament By the time of the Council of Trent (1543-1563) there were sequences for many feasts in the Church's year. The Council of Trent was the 19th Ecumenical Council of the Roman Catholic Church.
Until 1970, the sequence was always sung before the Gospel. [1] Since the promulgation of the Missal of Paul VI (1970) it has been brought forward to before the Alleluia and its psalm verse. This article is about the post-Vatican-II changes to the Mass for an explanation of the current structure of the Mass see Mass (Catholic Church. The Alleluia is chanted before the Gospel lesson in the Eucharistic Liturgies of the various Christian liturgical rites. [2]
The form of this chant inspired a genre of Latin poetry written in a non-classical metre, often on a sacred Christian subject, which is also called a sequence. Latin poetry was a major part of Latin literature during the height of the Latin language. Classical antiquity (also the classical era or classical period) is a broad term for a long period of cultural History centered on the Mediterranean In Poetry, the meter or metre is the basic rhythmic structure of a verse. Christian poetry is any Poetry that contains Christian teachings themes or references
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The Latin sequence in literature and liturgy
The Latin sequence has its beginnings, as an artistic form, in early Christian hymns such as the Vexilla Regis of Venantius Fortunatus. A hymn is a type of Song, usually religious specifically written for the purpose of praise adoration or Prayer, and typically addressed to a deity/deities The "Vexilla Regis" is a Latin Hymn by the Christian poet Venantius Fortunatus, Bishop of Poitiers Saint Venantius Fortunatus or Venantius Honorius Clementianus Fortunatus (c Venantius modified the classical metres based on syllable quantity to an accentual metre more easily suitable to be chanted to music in Christian worship. In the ninth century, Hrabanus Maurus also moved away from classical metres to produce Christian hymns such as Veni Creator Spiritus. The 9th century is the period from 801 to 900 in accordance with the Julian calendar in the Christian / Common Era. Rabanus Maurus Magnentius (c 780 &ndash 4 February 856) also known as Hrabanus or Rhabanus, was a Frankish Benedictine Veni Creator Spiritus is a hymn normally sung in Gregorian Chant and is considered the "most famous of hymns
The name sequentia, on the other hand, came to be bestowed upon these hymns as a result of the works of Notker Balbulus, who during the tenth century popularized the genre by publishing a collection of sequentiae in his Liber hymnorum. Notker the Stammerer ( Notker Balbulus) also called Notker the Poet or Notker of Saint Gall ( c Since early sequences were written in rhythmical prose, they were also called proses (Latin: prosae). For the Wikipedia guideline regarding editing articles see WikipediaManual of Style.
Notker's texts were meant to be sung. In the Latin Mass of the Middle Ages, it became customary to prolong the last syllable of the Alleluia, while the deacon was ascending from the altar to the ambo, to sing or chant the Gospel. The Mass is the Eucharistic celebration in the Latin liturgical rites of the Roman Catholic Church. The Alleluia is chanted before the Gospel lesson in the Eucharistic Liturgies of the various Christian liturgical rites. Deacon is a role in the Christian Church that is generally associated with service of some kind but which varies among theological and denominational traditions A pulpit (from Latin pulpitum "scaffold" "platform" "stage" is a small elevated platform where a member of the clergy stands This prolonged melisma was called the jubilus, jubilatio, or laudes, because of its jubilant tone. Melisma, in music is singing a single syllable of text while moving between several different notes in succession Jubilus (plural jubili) is the term for the long Melisma placed on the final syllable of the Alleluia as it is sung in the Gregorian It was also called sequentia, "sequence," because it followed (Latin: sequere) the Alleluia. Notker set words to this melisma in rhythmic prose for chanting as a trope. In Music a trope is In Medieval music From the Greek τρόπος ( tropos) "turn" related to the root of The name sequence thus came to be applied to these texts; and by extension, to hymns containing rhyme and accentual metre. This article is about the poetic technique For the form of ice see Rime ice. A collection of sequences was called the Sequentiale.
One well-known sequence, falsely attributed to Notker during the Middle Ages, is the prose text Media vita in morte sumus ("In the midst of life we are in death"), which was translated by Cranmer and became a part of the burial service in the funeral rites of the Anglican Book of Common Prayer. The Requiem (from Latin requiem, accusative case of requies, rest or Requiem Mass (informally a funeral Mass also known formally (in Latin as the A funeral is a Ceremony marking a person's Death. Funerary customs comprise the complex of Beliefs and practices used by a Culture to remember Anglicanism is a tradition of Christian faith Churches in this tradition either have historical connections to the Church of England or have similar beliefs The Book of Common Prayer is the common title of a number of prayer books of the Church of England and used throughout the Anglican Communion. Other well-known sequences include Tommaso da Celano's Dies Irae, St. Thomas of Celano (Tommaso da Celano c 1200 &ndash c 1260-1270 was an Italian Friar of the Franciscans (Order of Friars Minor a poet and the author Dies Irae (Day of Wrath is a famous thirteenth century Latin Hymn thought to be written by Thomas of Celano. Thomas Aquinas' Pange lingua in praise of the Eucharist, the anonymous medieval hymn Ave maris stella ("Hail, star of the sea!"), and the Marian sequence Stabat Mater by Jacopone da Todi. Pange Lingua may refer to either of two Mediaeval Latin hymns of the Roman Catholic Church Pange Lingua Gloriosi Proelium Certaminis - by Venantius Fortunatus The Eucharist, also called Holy Communion or Lord's Supper and other names is a Christian Sacrament by which in a common interpretation those Ave Maris Stella ("Hail Star of the Sea" is a Plainsong Vespers hymn to the Virgin Mary. This ecumenical article is about general Christian views on and veneration of the Virgin Mary Stabat Mater is a thirteenth century Roman Catholic sequence variously attributed to Innocent III and Jacopone da Todi Jacopone da Todi ( Todi, 1228 &ndash Collazzone 1306 was a Franciscan friar from Umbria, Italy During the Middle Ages, secular or semi-secular sequences, such as Peter of Blois' Olim sudor Herculis ("The labours of Hercules") were written; the Goliards, a group of Latin poets who wrote mostly satirical verse, used the form extensively. Peter of Blois or Petrus Blesensis (c 1135 &ndash c 1203 was a French poet and diplomat who wrote in Latin. The Goliards were a group of Clergy who wrote bibulous satirical Latin Poetry in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries. Satire is often strictly defined as a literary genre or form; although in practice it is also found in the graphic and Performing arts In satire human The Carmina Burana is a collection of these sequences. Carmina Burana (ˈkarmɪna buˈraːna also known as the Burana Codex, is a Manuscript collection found in 1803 in the Bavarian monastery of
Many sequences abolished
In the Missal of Pius V (1570) the number of sequences for the entire Roman Rite was reduced to four: Victimae paschali laudes (11th century) for Easter, Veni Sancte Spiritus for Pentecost (12th century), Lauda Sion Salvatorem (c. The Tridentine Mass (Missa Tridentina is the form of the Roman Rite Mass contained in the typical editions of the Roman Missal that were published The liturgical rite of the Church of Rome is called the Roman Rite. Victimae paschali laudes is a sequence prescribed for the Roman Catholic Mass of Easter Sunday. Easter ( Greek: Πάσχα Pascha or Pasxa) is the most important religious feast in the Christian Liturgical year. Veni Sancte Spiritus, sometimes called the "Golden Sequence" is a sequence prescribed for the Roman Catholic Mass of Pentecost Pentecost (πεντηκοστή, pentekostē, "the fiftieth day" is one of the prominent feasts in the Christian Liturgical year, celebrated the Lauda Sion Salvatorem is a sequence prescribed for the Roman Catholic Mass of Corpus Christi. 1264) for Corpus Christi, and Dies Irae (13th century) for All Souls and in Masses for the Dead. Corpus Christi ( Latin for Body of Christ) is a Christian feast. Dies Irae (Day of Wrath is a famous thirteenth century Latin Hymn thought to be written by Thomas of Celano. The Requiem (from Latin requiem, accusative case of requies, rest or Requiem Mass (informally a funeral Mass also known formally (in Latin as the In 1727, the 13th century Stabat Mater for Our Lady of Sorrows was added to this list. Stabat Mater is a thirteenth century Roman Catholic sequence variously attributed to Innocent III and Jacopone da Todi Our Lady of Sorrows (Latin Beata Maria Virgo Perdolens) the Sorrowful Mother or Mother of Sorrows (Latin Mater Dolorosa) Our Lady [3] In 1970 the Dies Irae was removed from the Requiem Mass of the revised, new Roman Missal and was transferred to the Liturgy of the Hours to be sung ad libitum in the week before the beginning of Advent. Dies Irae (Day of Wrath is a famous thirteenth century Latin Hymn thought to be written by Thomas of Celano. This article is about the post-Vatican-II changes to the Mass for an explanation of the current structure of the Mass see Mass (Catholic Church. This article refers to the Liturgy of the Hours as a specific manifestation of public prayer in the Roman Catholic Church. Advent (from the Latin word la ''adventus'' meaning "coming" is a season of the Christian church, the period of expectant waiting and preparation for the [4] The Christmas sequence "Laetabundus," not present in the Roman Missal, is found in the Dominican Missal. This sequence is permitted for the Third Mass of Christmas, the Epiphany, and Candlemas.
The sequence as a musical genre
Sequences are distinguished by a structure dominated by couplets. A couplet is a pair of lines of verse. It usually consists of two lines that rhyme and have the same meter Musically, sequences fall into early, middle, and late periods. In the early period, sequences such as Notker's often included single lines that were not part of a couplet. These single lines most often appeared at the beginning or end of the sequence, but could also appear in the middle. Sequences from the middle period, starting around the 11th century, such as the sequence for the Mass of Easter Day, Victimae paschali laudes, are less likely to have single lines outside of couplets, and their couplets are more likely to rhyme. Easter ( Greek: Πάσχα Pascha or Pasxa) is the most important religious feast in the Christian Liturgical year. Victimae paschali laudes is a sequence prescribed for the Roman Catholic Mass of Easter Sunday. By the 12th century, later sequences, such as the sequence for Pentecost, Veni Sancte Spiritus, showed increasing regularity of structure, with rhyming couplets throughout. Pentecost (πεντηκοστή, pentekostē, "the fiftieth day" is one of the prominent feasts in the Christian Liturgical year, celebrated the Veni Sancte Spiritus, sometimes called the "Golden Sequence" is a sequence prescribed for the Roman Catholic Mass of Pentecost
Medieval sequences are usually modal melodies. In Music, a scale is an ordered series of Musical intervals which along with the key or tonic, define the pitches However mode While primarily syllabic, sequences can contain melismas. Melisma, in music is singing a single syllable of text while moving between several different notes in succession The two verses of each couplet are sung to the same musical line, usually ending on a tonally stabilizing pitch, with variety being created by couplets of different lengths and with different musical arches. Although sequences are vocal and monophonic, certain sequence texts suggest possible vocal harmonization in organum or instrumental accompaniment. In Music, monophony is the simplest of textures, consisting of Melody without accompanying Harmony. Organum (ˈɔrgənəm though the stress is now sometimes incorrectly put on the second syllable from Ancient Greek ὄργανον - organon "organ instrument
The composition of sequences became less frequent when Humanist Latin replaced medieval Latin as the preferred literary style in Latin. Renaissance Latin is a name given to the distinctive form of Latin style developed during the European Renaissance of the fourteenth to fifteenth centuries particularly Medieval Latin was the form of Latin used in the Middle Ages, primarily as a medium of scholarly exchange and as the Liturgical language of the medieval A literary language is a register of a Language that is used in Literary Writing. New sequences continued to be written in Latin; one of the best known later sequences is the Christmas carol Adeste Fideles, known in English as "O Come, All Ye Faithful". A Christmas carol (also called a Noël) is a carol ( Song or Hymn) whose lyrics are on the theme of Christmas, or the winter " Adeste Fideles " is the name of a Hymn tune written by John Francis Wade in 1743 and the first line of the Latin text for which the tune was
Footnotes
- ^ To be precise, the sequence came between the second and third sections of the "alleluia. " See Rubricæ Generales Missalis Romani (1960) n. 470, Retrieved 14 June 2006.
- ^ Institutio Generalis Missalis Romani (2002) n. 64, Retrieved 14 June 2006.
- ^ "Stabat Mater", The Catholic Encyclopedia (1917), Retrieved 14 June 2006.
- ^ Liturgia Horarum IV, (Libreria Editrice Vaticana, 2000), p. 489.
External links
- Schaff, Philip, History of the Christian Church (1910)
- Catholic Encyclopedia, Blessed Notker Balbulus (Stammerer)
References
- Hoppin, Richard (1978). Medieval Music. W. W. Norton & Company. ISBN 0-393-09090-6.
- Crocker, Richard (1977). The Early Medieval Sequence. University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-02847-3.
 Gregorian chants of the Roman Mass |
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Kyrie | Gloria | Credo | Sanctus | Agnus Dei | Ite missa est or Benedicamus Domino |
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