Septimius Severus
Emperor of the Roman Empire
Alabaster bust of Septimius Severus, at Musei Capitolini, Rome
Reign	April 14, 193 - February 197 (in competition with others); February 197-198 (alone); 198 - 209 (with Caracalla); 209 - February 4, 211 (with Caracalla & Geta)
Full name	Lucius Septimius Severus
Born	April 11, 145(145-04-11)
Birthplace	Leptis Magna
Died	February 4, 211 (aged 65)
Place of death	Eboracum
Predecessor	Didius Julianus
Successor	Caracalla and Geta
Wives	Paccia Marciana, an African woman of Roman origin. The Roman Emperor was the ruler of the Roman State during the imperial period (starting at about 27 BC The Roman Empire was the post-Republican phase of the ancient Roman civilization, characterised by an autocratic form of government and large territorial The Capitoline Museums ( Italian Musei Capitolini) are a group of art and archeological Museums in Piazza del Campidoglio Rome ( Roma ˈroma Roma is the capital city of Italy and Lazio, and is Italy's largest and most populous city with more than 2 Events 43 BC - Battle of Forum Gallorum: Mark Antony, besieging Julius Caesar 's assassin Decimus Junius Brutus in Events By Place Roman Empire January 1 — Pertinax is proclaimed Roman Emperor. Events By Place Roman Empire 19 February — Battle of Lugdunum: Roman usurper Albinus is defeated by the Events By Place Roman Empire 19 February — Battle of Lugdunum: Roman usurper Albinus is defeated by the Events By Place Roman Empire Publius Septimius Geta, son of Septimus Severus, receives the title of Caesar. Events By Place Roman Empire Publius Septimius Geta, son of Septimus Severus, receives the title of Caesar. For the area code see Area code 209. Events By Place Roman Empire Publius Septimius Geta receives Caracalla ( April 4 188 &ndash April 8, 217) born Lucius Septimius Bassianus and later For the area code see Area code 209. Events By Place Roman Empire Publius Septimius Geta receives Events 211 - Roman Emperor Septimius Severus dies leaving the Roman Empire in the hands of his two quarrelsome sons For the N11 code see 2-1-1. Events By Place Roman Empire Septimus Severus dies in Britain Caracalla ( April 4 188 &ndash April 8, 217) born Lucius Septimius Bassianus and later Publius Septimius Geta ( March 7, 189 &ndash December 26 211) was a Roman Emperor co-ruling with his father Septimius Severus Events 491 - Flavius Anastasius becomes Byzantine Emperor, with the name of Anastasius I. Leptis Magna,(لبدة also known as Lectis Magna (or Lepcis Magna as it is sometimes spelled also called Lpqy or Neapolis, was a prominent city Events 211 - Roman Emperor Septimius Severus dies leaving the Roman Empire in the hands of his two quarrelsome sons For the N11 code see 2-1-1. Events By Place Roman Empire Septimus Severus dies in Britain Eboracum was a fort and City in Roman Britain. Today it is known as York, located in North Yorkshire, England. Marcus Didius Severus Julianus (133 or 137–193 was briefly Roman Emperor from 28 March 193 to 1 June 193. Caracalla ( April 4 188 &ndash April 8, 217) born Lucius Septimius Bassianus and later Publius Septimius Geta ( March 7, 189 &ndash December 26 211) was a Roman Emperor co-ruling with his father Septimius Severus Severus and Marciana married around 175 and she died before Severus married Domna. Events By Place Roman Empire Marcus Aurelius suppresses a revolt of the legate Avidius Cassius in Syria They had no children. Julia Domna
Issue	Caracalla and Publius Septimius Geta
Dynasty	Severan
Father	Publius Septimius Geta
Mother	Fulvia Pia

Roman imperial dynasties
Severan dynasty

The Severan Tondo
Septimius Severus alone
Children
Geta
Caracalla
Septimius Severus, with Geta and Caracalla
Geta and Caracalla
Caracalla alone
Interlude, Macrinus
Elagabalus
Children
Alexander Severus, adoptive
Alexander Severus

Lucius Septimius Severus (or rarely Severus I) (April 11, 145 - February 4, 211) was a Roman general, and Roman Emperor from April 14, 193 to 211. Julia Domna (170-217 was a member of the Severan dynasty of the Roman Empire. Caracalla ( April 4 188 &ndash April 8, 217) born Lucius Septimius Bassianus and later Publius Septimius Geta ( March 7, 189 &ndash December 26 211) was a Roman Emperor co-ruling with his father Septimius Severus The Severan dynasty was a Roman imperial Dynasty, which ruled the Roman Empire between 193 and 235. Publius Septimius Geta (flourished 2nd century) was the father of Lucius Septimius Severus, father-in-law of the Roman empress Julia Domna and the paternal The Severan dynasty was a Roman imperial Dynasty, which ruled the Roman Empire between 193 and 235. The Severan Tondo, from circa AD 200 is one of the few preserved examples of Panel painting from Classical Antiquity. Publius Septimius Geta ( March 7, 189 &ndash December 26 211) was a Roman Emperor co-ruling with his father Septimius Severus Caracalla ( April 4 188 &ndash April 8, 217) born Lucius Septimius Bassianus and later Publius Septimius Geta ( March 7, 189 &ndash December 26 211) was a Roman Emperor co-ruling with his father Septimius Severus Caracalla ( April 4 188 &ndash April 8, 217) born Lucius Septimius Bassianus and later Publius Septimius Geta ( March 7, 189 &ndash December 26 211) was a Roman Emperor co-ruling with his father Septimius Severus Caracalla ( April 4 188 &ndash April 8, 217) born Lucius Septimius Bassianus and later Caracalla ( April 4 188 &ndash April 8, 217) born Lucius Septimius Bassianus and later Marcus Opellius Macrinus (ca 165 - June 218 was Roman emperor for fourteen months in 217 and 218 Elagabalus (c 203 &ndash March 11 222) also known as Heliogabalus or Marcus Aurelius Antoninus, was a Roman Emperor of the Marcus Aurelius Severus Alexander, commonly called Alexander Severus, (October 1 208 &ndash March 18, 235) was the last Roman emperor Marcus Aurelius Severus Alexander, commonly called Alexander Severus, (October 1 208 &ndash March 18, 235) was the last Roman emperor Events 491 - Flavius Anastasius becomes Byzantine Emperor, with the name of Anastasius I. Events 211 - Roman Emperor Septimius Severus dies leaving the Roman Empire in the hands of his two quarrelsome sons For the N11 code see 2-1-1. Events By Place Roman Empire Septimus Severus dies in Britain The Roman Empire was the post-Republican phase of the ancient Roman civilization, characterised by an autocratic form of government and large territorial The Roman Emperor was the ruler of the Roman State during the imperial period (starting at about 27 BC Events 43 BC - Battle of Forum Gallorum: Mark Antony, besieging Julius Caesar 's assassin Decimus Junius Brutus in Events By Place Roman Empire January 1 — Pertinax is proclaimed Roman Emperor. He was born in what is now the Libyan part of Rome's historic Africa Province, making him the first emperor to be born in the Roman province of Africa. Libya ( ليبيا ar-Latn Lībiyā; Libyan vernacular: Lībya; Amazigh:) officially the Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab The Roman province of Africa was established after the Romans defeated Carthage in the Third Punic War. The Roman province of Africa was established after the Romans defeated Carthage in the Third Punic War.

Life

Rise to power

Septimius Severus was born and raised at Leptis Magna (modern Libya, southeast of Carthage, modern Tunisia, North Africa). Leptis Magna,(لبدة also known as Lectis Magna (or Lepcis Magna as it is sometimes spelled also called Lpqy or Neapolis, was a prominent city Libya ( ليبيا ar-Latn Lībiyā; Libyan vernacular: Lībya; Amazigh:) officially the Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab Carthage (Καρχηδών Karkhēdōn, Carthago from the Phoenician קרת חדשת phn-Latn Qart-ḥadašt meaning new town) refers Tunisia (تونس Tūnis officially the Tunisian Republic ( is a country located in North Africa. North Africa or Northern Africa is the Northernmost Region of the African Continent, separated by the Sahara from Sub-Saharan Severus came from a wealthy, distinguished local family of equestrian rank. Severus was of Berber^[1] and Roman ancestry. Little is known of his father, Publius Septimius Geta, who held no major political status but had two cousins who served as consuls under emperor Antoninus Pius. Publius Septimius Geta (flourished 2nd century) was the father of Lucius Septimius Severus, father-in-law of the Roman empress Julia Domna and the paternal Titus Aurelius Fulvus Boionius Arrius Antoninus ( September 19, 86 &ndash March 7 161) generally known in English as Antoninus Pius Fulvia Pia, his mother, was of Roman descent. Her family moved from Italy to North Africa and was of the Fulvius gens, an ancient and politically influential clan, which was originally of plebeian status. Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest North Africa or Northern Africa is the Northernmost Region of the African Continent, separated by the Sahara from Sub-Saharan Fulvius (fem Fulvia) (Italian Fulvio) was the Nomen of the gens Fulvia, a Patrician Gens of Plebs were the general body of landowners of Roman Citizens in Ancient Rome. His siblings were a younger Publius Septimius Geta and Septimia Pia. Publius Septimius Geta (?-around 204 was the second son to the elder Publius Septimius Geta and Fulvia Pia Severus’s maternal cousin was Praetorian Guard and consul Gaius Fulvius Plautianus. The Praetorian Guard ( Latin: PRÆTORIANI was a special force of Guards used by Roman Emperors Before being appropriated Gaius or Lucius Fulvius Plautianus (? - 22 January 205) was a Roman who lived in the 2nd century and 3rd century ^[2]

In 172, Severus was made a Senator by then emperor Marcus Aurelius. The Roman Senate was a political institution in Ancient Rome. Marcus Aurelius Antoninus Augustus (often referred to as "the wise" ( April 26, 121 – March 17, 180) was Roman Emperor In 190 Severus became consul, and in the following year received from the emperor Commodus (successor to Marcus Aurelius) the command of the legions in Pannonia. Consul (abbrev cos; Latin plural consules) was the highest elected office of the Roman Republic and an appointive office under the Empire Lucius Aurelius Commodus Antoninus ( August 31, 161 – December 31, 192) was a Roman Emperor who ruled from 180 to 192 (also with For other uses see Legion The Roman Legion (from Latin legio "military levy Conscription," Pannonia is an ancient province of the Roman Empire bounded north and east by the Danube, coterminous westward with Noricum and upper Italy,

On the murder of Pertinax by the troops in 193, they proclaimed Severus Emperor at Carnuntum, whereupon he hurried to Italy. Publius Helvius Pertinax, commonly known as Pertinax ( August 1, 126 &ndash March 28, 193) was a Roman emperor who briefly Carnuntum (Καρνοιις in Ptolemy) was an important Roman army camp in what is now Austria. The former emperor, Didius Iulianus, was condemned to death by the Senate and killed, and Severus took possession of Rome without opposition. Marcus Didius Severus Julianus (133 or 137–193 was briefly Roman Emperor from 28 March 193 to 1 June 193.

The legions of Syria, however, had proclaimed Pescennius Niger emperor. Syria was a Roman province, conquered in 64 BC by Pompey, as a consequence of his military presence after pursing victory in the Third Mithridatic Gaius Pescennius Niger (c 140&ndash194 was a Roman usurper from 193 to 194 At the same time, Severus felt reasonable to offer Clodius Albinus, the powerful governor of Britannia who had probably supported Didius against him, the rank of Caesar, which implied some claim to succession. For others with this Cognomen, see Albinus (cognomen. Decimus Clodius Ceionius Septimius Al­binus (ca With his rearguard safe, he moved to the East and crushed Niger's forces at the Battle of Issus. The Battle of Issus was the third major battle following the Battle of Nicaea, in 194 between the forces of Emperor Septimus Severus and his rival The following year was devoted to suppressing Mesopotamia and other Parthian vassals who had backed Niger. When afterwards Severus declared openly his son Caracalla as successor, Albinus was hailed emperor by his troops and moved to Gallia. Caracalla ( April 4 188 &ndash April 8, 217) born Lucius Septimius Bassianus and later Severus, after a short stay in Rome, moved northwards to meet him. On February 19, 197, in the Battle of Lugdunum, with an army of 100,000 men, mostly composed of Illyrian, Moesian and Dacian legions, Severus defeated and killed Clodius Albinus, securing his full control over the Empire. Events 197 - Roman Emperor Septimius Severus defeats usurper Clodius Albinus in the Battle of Lugdunum Events By Place Roman Empire 19 February — Battle of Lugdunum: Roman usurper Albinus is defeated by the The Battle of Lugdunum, also called the Battle of Lyon, was fought on 19 February 197 at Lugdunum (modern Lyon, France Illyria ( Albanian Iliria ( Ancient Greek; Latin Illyria; see also Illyricum) was in Classical antiquity a region in the Moesia (Μοισία Moisía; Мизия Miziya; Moesia Мезија Mezija) was an ancient region and Roman province situated in the Dacia, in ancient geography was the land of the Dacians. It was named by the ancient Hellenes ( Greeks) " Getae "

Emperor

Severus was at heart a soldier, and sought glory through military exploits. A soldier is a general English term that refers to a member of a land component of National Armed forces. In 197 he waged a brief and successful war against the Parthian Empire in retaliation for the support given to Pescennius Niger. The Parthian capital Ctesiphon was sacked by the legions, and the northern half of Mesopotamia was restored to Rome. For the Spanish saint see Ctesiphon of Vergium. Ctesiphon (قطسيفون تیسفون was one of the great cities of the Persian Empire Mesopotamia (from the Greek meaning "land between the rivers" is an area geographically located between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers largely corresponding

His relations with the Roman Senate were never good. The Roman Senate was a political institution in Ancient Rome. He was unpopular with them from the outset, having seized power with the help of the military, and he returned the sentiment. Severus ordered the execution of dozens of Senators on charges of corruption and conspiracy against him, replacing them with his own favorites. In a political sense conspiracy refers to a group of persons united in the goal of usurping or overthrowing an established political power He also disbanded the Praetorian Guard and replaced it with one of his own, made up of 50,000 loyal soldiers mainly camped at Albanum, near Rome (also probably to grant the emperor a kind of centralized reserve). The Praetorian Guard ( Latin: PRÆTORIANI was a special force of Guards used by Roman Emperors Before being appropriated Albano Laziale is a commune in the Province of Rome, on the Alban Hills, in Lazio ( Latium) During his reign the number of legions was also increased from 25/30 to 33. He also increased the number of auxiliary corps (numerii), many of these troops coming from the Eastern borders. Additionally the annual wage for a soldier was raised from 300 to 500 denarii. The Roman Currency system included the denarius (plural denarii) after 211 BC a small Silver coin,

Although his actions turned Rome into a military dictatorship, he was popular with the citizens of Rome, having stamped out the rampant corruption of Commodus' reign. A dictatorship is usually defined as an autocratic Form of government in which the Government is ruled by a Dictator. When he returned from his victory over the Parthians, he erected the Arch of Septimius Severus in Rome. The white marble Arch of Septimius Severus at the northeast end of the Roman Forum is a Triumphal arch dedicated in AD 203 to commemorate the

According to the sources, however, after 197 Severus fell heavily under the influence of his prefect of praetorium, Gaius Fulvius Plautianus, who came to have the almost total control of most branches of the imperial administration. Gaius or Lucius Fulvius Plautianus (? - 22 January 205) was a Roman who lived in the 2nd century and 3rd century Plautianus's daughter, Fulvia Plautilla, was married to Severus's son, Caracalla. Publia Fulvia Plautilla, Fulvia Plautilla or Plautilla (around 188/189 - early 212 was a Roman Princess briefly Roman Empress and the only wife to Plautianus’s excessive power came to an end in 205, when he was denounced by the Emperor's dying brother and killed. The two following praefecti, including the jurist Aemilius Papinianus, received however even larger powers. Aemilius Papinianus (142&ndash212 also known as Papinian, was a celebrated Roman jurist magister libellorum and after the death of Gaius

Starting from 208 Severus undertook a number of military actions in defence of Roman Britain against Barbarian incursions and undertook reconstruction of Hadrian's Wall before falling severely ill in Eburacum (York). Roman Britain refers to those parts of the island of Great Britain controlled by the Roman Empire between AD 43 and 410 "Barbarian" is a pejorative term for an uncivilized person either in a general reference to a member of a nation or Ethnos perceived Hadrian's Wall ( Latin: perhaps Vallum Aelium, "the Aelian wall" is a stone and turf Fortification built by the Roman Eboracum was a fort and City in Roman Britain. Today it is known as York, located in North Yorkshire, England. York ( is an historic Walled city sited at the confluence of the rivers Ouse and Foss in North Yorkshire, England. He died there on February 4, 211. Events 211 - Roman Emperor Septimius Severus dies leaving the Roman Empire in the hands of his two quarrelsome sons For the N11 code see 2-1-1. Events By Place Roman Empire Septimus Severus dies in Britain

Upon his death in 211, Severus was deified by the Senate and succeeded by his sons, Caracalla and Geta, who were advised by his wife Julia Domna. Caracalla ( April 4 188 &ndash April 8, 217) born Lucius Septimius Bassianus and later Publius Septimius Geta ( March 7, 189 &ndash December 26 211) was a Roman Emperor co-ruling with his father Septimius Severus Julia Domna (170-217 was a member of the Severan dynasty of the Roman Empire. The stability Severus provided the Empire was soon gone under their reign.

Accomplishments

Though his military leanings were costly to the empire, Severus was the strong, able ruler that Rome needed at the time. He began a line of military emperors that would carry on for the following few rulers. His politics of expansion of the army's benefit were criticized by his contemporary Dio Cassius and Herodianus: in particular, they pointed out the increasing burden (in the form of taxes and vessations) the civilian population had to bear to maintain the new army. Lucius Cassius Dio Cocceianus ( Greek:) (c 155 or 163/164 to after 229 known in English as Cassius Dio, Dio Cassius, or Dio was For the grammarian see Aelius Herodianus. For the dynasty see Herodian Dynasty.

Severus was also distinguished by his buildings. Apart from the triumphal arch in the Roman Forum carrying his full name, he also built the Septizodium in Rome and enriched greatly his native city of Leptis Magna (including another triumphal arch in occasion of his visit of 203). The Septizodium (also called Septizonium or Septicodium) was a building in ancient Rome. Leptis Magna,(لبدة also known as Lectis Magna (or Lepcis Magna as it is sometimes spelled also called Lpqy or Neapolis, was a prominent city

Aureus minted in 193 by Septimius Severus, to celebrate XIIII Gemina Martia Victrix, the legion that proclaimed him emperor. The aureus (pl aurei) was a Gold coin of Ancient Rome valued at 25 silver denarii. Events By Place Roman Empire January 1 — Pertinax is proclaimed Roman Emperor.

Severus and Christianity

The reign of Severus provides an interesting example of the persecution meted out to Christians under the Roman Empire. Persecution is the systematic mistreatment of an individual/group by another group A Christian is a person who adheres to Christianity, a monotheistic Religion centered on the life and teachings of Jesus of Nazareth Septimius allowed the enforcement of policies already long-established, which meant that Roman authorities did not intentionally seek out Christians, but when people were accused of being Christians they could either curse Jesus and make an offering to Roman gods, or be executed. Jesus of Nazareth (7–2 BC / BCE —26–36 AD / CE) Roman mythology, or more appropriately Latin mythology, refers to the mythological beliefs of the Italic people inhabiting the region of Latium and its Furthermore, wishing to strengthen the peace by encouraging religious harmony through syncretism, Severus tried to limit the spread of the two quarrelsome groups who refused to yield to syncretism by outlawing conversion to Christianity or Judaism. Syncretism consists of the attempt to reconcile disparate or contradictory beliefs often while melding practices of various schools of thought Religious conversion is the adoption of a new religious identity or a change from one religious identity to another Judaism (from the Greek Ioudaïsmos, derived from the Hebrew יהודה Yehudah, " Judah " in Hebrew יַהֲדוּת Yahedut Individual officials availed themselves of the laws to proceed with rigor against the Christians. Naturally the emperor, with his strict conception of law, did not hinder such partial persecution, which took place in Egypt and the Thebaid, as well as in Africa proconsularis and the East. This article is about the country of Egypt For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Egypt topics. The Thebaid or Thebais (Θηβαΐς or Θηβαΐδα is the region of Ancient Egypt containing the thirteen southernmost nomes of Upper Egypt The Roman province of Africa was established after the Romans defeated Carthage in the Third Punic War. Christian martyrs were numerous in Alexandria (cf. The term martyr ( Greek μάρτυς martys "witness" is most commonly used today to describe an individual who sacrifices their life (or personal freedom Alexandria ( Egyptian Arabic: اسكندريه Eskendereyya; Standard Arabic: ar الإسكندرية Al-Iskandariyya; Ἀλεξάνδρεια Clement of Alexandria, Stromata, ii. Saint Clement of Alexandria (born Titus Flavius Clemens) (c150 - 211/216 was the first notable member of the Church of Alexandria, and one of its most 20; Eusebius, Church History, V. , xxvi. , VI. , i. ). No less severe were the persecutions in Africa, which seem to have begun in 197 or 198 (cf. Tertullian's Ad martyres), and included the Christians known in the Roman martyrology as the martyrs of Madaura. Quintus Septimius Florens Tertullianus, Anglicised as Tertullian, (ca The Roman Martyrology is the official Martyrology of the Roman Rite of the Roman Catholic Church. Probably in 202 or 203 Felicitas and Perpetua suffered for their faith. Perpetua redirects here For other uses see Perpetua (disambiguation For the other saint named Felicitas see Felicitas of Rome. Perpetua redirects here For other uses see Perpetua (disambiguation For the other saint named Felicitas see Felicitas of Rome. Persecution again raged for a short time under the proconsul Scapula in 211, especially in Numidia and Mauritania. In Anatomy, the scapula, omo, or shoulder blade, is the Bone that connects the Humerus (arm bone with the Clavicle (collar Numidia (202 BC – 46 BC was an ancient Berber kingdom in present-day Algeria and part of Tunisia ( North Africa) that later alternated Mauritania (موريتانيا Mūrītāniyā officially the Islamic Republic of Mauritania, is a country Later accounts of a Gallic persecution, especially at Lyon, are legendary. Gaul (Gallia was the Roman name for the region of Western Europe comprising present day northern Italy, France, Belgium, western ||-||} Lyon, also known as Lyons in English is a city in east-central France. In general it may thus be said that the position of the Christians under Septimius Severus was the same as under the Antonines; but the law of this Emperor at least shows clearly that the rescript of Trajan had failed to execute its purpose. This page is on the Roman imperial dynasty for Catholic clergy of the same name see Anthonians The Antonines most often referred to were two successive A rescript is a document that is issued not on the initiative of the author but in response (it literally means 'written back' to a specific demand made by its addressee Marcus Ulpius Nerva Traianus, commonly known as Trajan ( September 18 53 &ndash August 9 117) was a Roman Emperor who

Notes

1. ^ "Berbers : . . . The best known of them were the Roman author Apuleius, the Roman emperor Septimius Severus, and St. Augustine", Encyclopedia Americana, Scholastic Library Publishing, 2005, v. The Encyclopædia Americana is one of the largest general Encyclopedias in the English language. 3, p. 569
2. ^ Dio Cassius "Roman History, Volume IX, Books 71-80" ISBN 0674991966 Full text

References

• Anthony Birley. Lucius Cassius Dio Cocceianus ( Greek:) (c 155 or 163/164 to after 229 known in English as Cassius Dio, Dio Cassius, or Dio was Anthony Richard Birley (born 8 October 1937) was the Professor of Ancient History at University of Manchester (1974-90 and at University of Dusseldorf Septimius Severus: The African Emperor, 1998. ISBN 0-415-16591-1
• Michael Grant. Michael Grant CBE ( 21 November 1914 &ndash 4 October 2004) was an English classicist and Numismatist. The Roman Emperors, 1985. ISBN 0-760-70091-5
• Michael Grant. Michael Grant CBE ( 21 November 1914 &ndash 4 October 2004) was an English classicist and Numismatist. The Severans: The Changed Roman Empire, 1996. ISBN 0-415-12772-6

External links

• Scotia Invicta Account of the Severan expeditions in Scotland
• Life of Septimius Severus (Historia Augusta at LacusCurtius: Latin text and English translation)
• Books 74, 75, 76, and 77 of Dio Cassius, covering the rise to power and reign of Septimius Severus
• De Imperatoribus Romanis Online encyclopedia of Roman Emperors
• Arch of Septimius Severus in Rome
• Arch of Septimius Severus in Lepcis Magna
• Coins issued by Septimius Severus
•   "Septimius Severus". Lucius Cassius Dio Cocceianus ( Greek:) (c 155 or 163/164 to after 229 known in English as Cassius Dio, Dio Cassius, or Dio was Catholic Encyclopedia. The Catholic Encyclopedia, also referred to today as the Old Catholic Encyclopedia, is an English-language Encyclopedia published by The Encyclopedia (1913). New York: Robert Appleton Company.