| September 11, 2001 attacks | |
|---|---|
 The towers of the World Trade Center burn shortly after United Airlines Flight 175 crashed into the South Tower on the right. The World Trade Center in New York City, United States (sometimes informally the WTC or Twin Towers) was a complex of seven buildings in Lower Manhattan United Airlines Flight 175 was a scheduled US domestic passenger flight from Logan International Airport in Boston Massachusetts to Los Angeles To its left is the still smoking North Tower, struck earlier by American Airlines Flight 11. | |
| Location | New York City, U.S. (1st & 2nd) Arlington Co, VA, U. The City of New York The United States of America —commonly referred to as the S. (3rd) |
| Date | Tuesday, September 11, 2001 8:46 am – 10:28 am (UTC-4) |
| Attack type | Aircraft hijacking, Mass murder, Murder-suicide, Suicide attack |
| Deaths | 2,998 (excluding the 19 hijackers) |
| Injured | 6,291+ |
| Perpetrator(s) | al-Qaeda led by Osama bin Laden, see also Responsibility and Organizers on the right hand column |
The September 11, 2001 attacks (often referred to as 9/11) were a series of coordinated suicide attacks by al-Qaeda upon the United States. Events 9 - The Battle of the Teutoburg Forest ends 506 - The Bishops of Visigothic Gaul Year 2001 ( MMI) was a Common year starting on Monday according to the Gregorian calendar. Hijacking (also known as skyjacking and aircraft piracy) is the take over of an Aircraft, by a person or group usually armed This article deals with mass killings that are not considered Genocide. A murder-suicide is an act in which an individual kills one or more other persons immediately before or at the same time as killing him or herself This article is about suicide attacks for political and/or military reasons Al-Qaeda, alternatively spelled al-Qaida, al-Qa`ida or al-Qa`idah, ( Arabic:; ar-Latn ''al-qāʿidah'' Translation: The Osama bin Laden, with some spelling variations is the name used in English to refer to (أسامة بن محمد بن عوض بن لادن born 10 March This article is about suicide attacks for political and/or military reasons Al-Qaeda, alternatively spelled al-Qaida, al-Qa`ida or al-Qa`idah, ( Arabic:; ar-Latn ''al-qāʿidah'' Translation: The The United States of America —commonly referred to as the On that morning, terrorists affiliated with al-Qaeda hijacked four commercial passenger jet airliners. Hijacking (also known as skyjacking and aircraft piracy) is the take over of an Aircraft, by a person or group usually armed A jet airliner, sometimes contracted to jetliner, is a passenger Airplane (passenger Aeroplane) that is powered by Jet engines. [1][2] The hijackers intentionally crashed two of the airliners into the World Trade Center in New York City, resulting in the collapse of both buildings soon afterward and extensive damage to nearby buildings. The World Trade Center in New York City, United States (sometimes informally the WTC or Twin Towers) was a complex of seven buildings in Lower Manhattan The City of New York The hijackers crashed a third airliner into the Pentagon. The Pentagon is the Headquarters of the United States Department of Defense, located in Arlington County, Virginia. The fourth plane crashed into a field near Shanksville in rural Somerset County, Pennsylvania after passengers and members of the flight crew on the fourth aircraft attempted to retake control of their plane. Shanksville is a borough in Somerset County, Pennsylvania, United States, with a population of 245 as of the 2000 census Somerset County is a County located in the state of Pennsylvania.
Excluding the hijackers, 2,974 people died as an immediate result of the attacks with another 24 missing and presumed dead. The overwhelming majority of casualties were civilians, including nationals from over 90 different countries. A civilian under International humanitarian law is a person who is not a member of his or her Country 's Armed forces. In addition, the death of at least one person from lung disease was ruled by a medical examiner to be a result of exposure to dust from the World Trade Center's collapse, as rescue and recovery workers were exposed to airborne contaminants following the World Trade Center's collapse. Respiratory Disease is the term for Diseases of the Respiratory system.
The attacks had major ramifications around the world, with the United States declaring a War on Terrorism in response and launching an invasion of Afghanistan to depose the Taliban; who had been accused of willfully harboring terrorists. The War on Terrorism (also known as the War on Terror) is the common term for the military political and legal, and ideological conflict and specifically for U Afghanistan /æfˈgænɪstæn/ officially the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan ( Pashto: د افغانستان اسلامي جمهوریت, The Taliban ( طالبان, also anglicised as Taleban; translation "students" is a Sunni Islamist, predominately The United States passed the USA PATRIOT Act, as many nations around the world strengthened their anti-terrorism legislation and expanded law enforcement powers. The USA PATRIOT Act, commonly known as the Patriot Act, is a controversial Act of Congress that U Stock exchanges were closed for almost a week, and posted enormous losses immediately upon reopening, with airline and insurance industries suffering the greatest financial losses. The economy of Lower Manhattan ground to a halt, as billions of dollars in office space was damaged or destroyed. Lower Manhattan (or downtown Manhattan) is the southernmost part of the island of Manhattan, the main island and center of business and government of the
The damage to the Pentagon was cleared and repaired within a year, and a small memorial built on the site. Rebuilding the World Trade Center site has been more contentious, with controversy over possible designs as well as the pace of construction. The selection of the Freedom Tower for the site has drawn extensive criticism, forcing the abandonment of some parts of the project. 1 World Trade Center, or the Freedom Tower, is the main building of the new World Trade Center complex currently under construction in Lower Manhattan in
Contents |
Attacks
Early in the morning on September 11, 2001, nineteen terrorists hijacked four commercial airliners en route to California from Logan International, Dulles International, and Newark airports. Events 9 - The Battle of the Teutoburg Forest ends 506 - The Bishops of Visigothic Gaul Year 2001 ( MMI) was a Common year starting on Monday according to the Gregorian calendar. California ( is a US state on the West Coast of the United States, along the Pacific Ocean. Washington Dulles International Airport is a public Airport located 25 miles (40 km) west of the Central business district of Washington D Newark Liberty International Airport, first named Newark Airport and later Newark International Airport, is an international Airport within the [1] The hijackers flew two of the airliners, American Airlines Flight 11 and United Airlines Flight 175, into the North and South Towers of the World Trade Center. United Airlines Flight 175 was a scheduled US domestic passenger flight from Logan International Airport in Boston Massachusetts to Los Angeles [3] Another group of hijackers flew American Airlines Flight 77 into the Pentagon, and a fourth flight, United Airlines Flight 93, whose ultimate target was the U.S. Capitol building, crashed near Shanksville, Pennsylvania. American Airlines Flight 77 was the third flight hijacked as part of the September 11 attacks, and it was deliberately crashed into the Pentagon. The Pentagon is the Headquarters of the United States Department of Defense, located in Arlington County, Virginia. United Airlines Flight 93 was a scheduled United States domestic passenger flight from Newark International Airport Shanksville is a borough in Somerset County, Pennsylvania, United States, with a population of 245 as of the 2000 census [4][5]
During the hijacking of the airplanes, some passengers and crew members were able to make phone calls using the cabin GTE airphone service and mobile phones. GTE Corporation (formerly General Telephone & Electronics Corporation) was the largest of the "independent" US Telephone companies during Air-ground radiotelephone service is a method of Telephone communications used by aircraft pilots and passengers of commercial airline jets flying [6][7] They reported that several hijackers were aboard each plane. The terrorists had reportedly taken control of the aircraft by using knives and box-cutter knives to kill flight attendants and at least one pilot or passenger, including the captain of Flight 11, John Ogonowski. Flight attendants or cabin crew (historically known as stewards air hosts/hostesses or stewardesses) are members of an Aircrew John A Ogonowski ( February 24, 1949 &ndash September 11, 2001) was a pilot and an agricultural activist [8] The 9/11 Commission established that two of the hijackers had recently purchased Leatherman multi-function hand tools. 9/11 Commission ReportThe National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States, also known as the 9/11 Commission, was set up on November 27, 2002 Leatherman is a Trademark for a line of Multitools and knives produced by the Leatherman Tool Group. A hand tool is a device for performing work on a Material or a physical system using only Hands The hand tools can be manually used employing Mechanical force [9] Some form of noxious chemical spray, such as tear gas or pepper spray, was reported to have been used on American 11 and United 175 to keep passengers out of the first-class cabin. A lachrymatory agent or lachrymator (from lacrima meaning "a tear " in Latin) (commonly referred to as tear gas) is a Pepper spray (also known as OC spray (from " Oleoresin Capsicum " OC gas, capsicum spray, or oleoresin capsicum [10] A flight attendant on Flight 11, a passenger on Flight 175, and passengers on Flight 93 mentioned that the hijackers had bombs, but one of the passengers also mentioned he thought the bombs were fake. No traces of explosives were found at the crash sites. The 9/11 Commission Report believed the bombs were probably fake. 9/11 Commission Report, formally named Final Report of the National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States, is the official report of the events leading up to [8]
On United Airlines Flight 93, black box recordings revealed that crew and passengers attempted to seize control of the plane from the hijackers after learning through phone calls that similarly hijacked planes had been crashed into buildings that morning. United Airlines Flight 93 was a scheduled United States domestic passenger flight from Newark International Airport The flight data recorder ( FDR) or Black Box is a Flight recorder used to record specific Aircraft performance parameters [11][12] According to the transcript of Flight 93's recorder, one of the hijackers gave the order to roll the plane once it became evident that they would lose control of the plane to the passengers. The Tait-Bryan rotations, named after Peter Guthrie Tait and George Bryan. [13] Soon afterward, the aircraft crashed into a field near Shanksville in Stonycreek Township, Somerset County, Pennsylvania, at 10:03:11 a. Stonycreek Township is a Township in Somerset County, Pennsylvania, United States. Somerset County is a County located in the state of Pennsylvania. m. local time (14:03:11 UTC). The Eastern Time Zone ( ET) of the Western Hemisphere falls mostly along the east coast of North America and the west coast of South America Al-Qaeda leader Khalid Sheikh Mohammed mentioned in a 2002 interview with Yosri Fouda, an al Jazeera journalist, that Flight 93's target was the United States Capitol, which was given the code name "the Faculty of Law". Khalid Sheikh Mohammed ( خالد شيخ محمد; also transliterated as Khalid Shaikh Mohammed, and additionally known by at least fifty aliases Yosri Fouda, (Arabic يسري فودة born in Egypt, is a journalist who initially worked for the BBC 's short-lived Arabic -subsidiary covering the ongoing For the English-language channel see Al Jazeera English Al Jazeera (الجزيرة al-jazīrah,, meaning "The Island" A code name or cryptonym is a word or name used clandestinely to refer to another name or word [14]
Three buildings in the World Trade Center Complex collapsed due to structural failure on the day of the attack. Structural failure refers to loss of the load -carrying capacity of a component or member within a Structure or of the structure itself [15] The south tower (WTC 2) fell at approximately 9:59 a. m. , after burning for 56 minutes in a fire caused by the impact of United Airlines Flight 175. [15] The north tower (WTC 1) collapsed at 10:28 a. m. , after burning for approximately 102 minutes. [15] When the north tower collapsed, debris heavily damaged the nearby 7 World Trade Center (WTC 7) building. 7 World Trade Center is a building in New York City located across from the World Trade Center site in Lower Manhattan. Its structural integrity was further compromised by fires, and the building collapsed later in the day at 5:20 p. m. [16]
The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) launched investigations into the cause of collapse for the three buildings, subsequently expanding the investigation to include questions over measures to prevent progressive collapse, such as fire resistance design and retrofitting of structural steel. The report into WTC 1 and WTC 2 was concluded in October 2005, and the investigation into WTC 7 is ongoing. [17][18] The current NIST hypothesis attributes the collapse to "fire and/or debris induced structural damage. "[18]
The attacks created widespread confusion among news organizations and air traffic controllers across the United States. Air traffic controllers are people who operate the Air traffic control system to expedite and maintain a safe and orderly flow of air traffic and help prevent All international civilian air traffic was banned from landing on US soil for three days. [19] Aircraft already in flight were either turned back or redirected to airports in Canada or Mexico. Country to "Dominion of Canada" or "Canadian Federation" or anything else please read the Talk Page The United Mexican States ( or commonly Mexico (ˈmɛksɪkoʊ () is a federal constitutional Republic in North America. News sources aired unconfirmed and often contradictory reports throughout the day. One of the most prevalent of these reported that a car bomb had been detonated at the U.S. State Department's headquarters in Washington, D. A car bomb is an explosive device placed in a car or other Vehicle and then detonated. C. [20] Soon after reporting for the first time on the Pentagon crash, CNN and other media also briefly reported that a fire had broken out on the Washington Mall. The National Mall is an open-area National park in Downtown Washington D [21] Another report went out on the AP wire, claiming that a Delta 767—Flight 1989—had been hijacked. The Associated Press ( AP) is an American News agency. The AP is a Cooperative owned by its contributing Newspapers radio Delta Air Lines Inc ( is a United States Airline based and headquartered in Atlanta, Georgia. WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout This report, too, turned out to be in error; the plane was briefly thought to represent a hijack risk, but it responded to controllers and landed safely in Cleveland, Ohio. Cleveland is a City in the US state of Ohio and the County seat of Cuyahoga County, the most populous county in the state [22]
Casualties
There were 2,974 fatalities, excluding the 19 hijackers: 246 on the four planes (from which there were no survivors), 2,603 in New York City in the towers and on the ground, and 125 at the Pentagon. [23][24] An additional 24 people remain listed as missing. [25] All of the fatalities in the attacks were civilians except for 55 military personnel killed at the Pentagon. A civilian under International humanitarian law is a person who is not a member of his or her Country 's Armed forces. [26] More than 90 countries lost citizens in the attacks on the World Trade Center. [27]
NIST estimated that approximately 17,400 civilians were in the World Trade Center complex at the time of the attacks, while turnstile counts from the Port Authority suggest that 14,154 people were typically in the Twin Towers by 8:45 a. The World Trade Center in New York City, United States (sometimes informally the WTC or Twin Towers) was a complex of seven buildings in Lower Manhattan The Port Authority of New York and New Jersey ( PANYNJ) is a bi-state Port district, established in 1921 (as the Port of New York Authority) through m. [28][29] The vast majority of people below the impact zone safely evacuated the buildings, along with 18 individuals who were in the impact zone in the south tower. [30] 1,366 people died who were at or above the floors of impact in the North Tower. [31] According to the Commission Report, hundreds were killed instantly by the impact, while the rest were trapped and died after the tower collapsed. [32] As many as 600 people were killed instantly or were trapped at or above the floors of impact in the South Tower. [31]
| Fatalities (excluding hijackers) | ||
|---|---|---|
| New York City | World Trade Center | 2,603 died and another 24 remain listed as missing[25][33] |
| American 11 | 88[34] | |
| United 175 | 59[35] | |
| Arlington | Pentagon | 125[36] |
| American 77 | 59[37] | |
| Shanksville | United 93 | 40[38] |
| Total | 2,974 died and another 24 remain listed as missing. The World Trade Center in New York City, United States (sometimes informally the WTC or Twin Towers) was a complex of seven buildings in Lower Manhattan United Airlines Flight 175 was a scheduled US domestic passenger flight from Logan International Airport in Boston Massachusetts to Los Angeles The Pentagon is the Headquarters of the United States Department of Defense, located in Arlington County, Virginia. American Airlines Flight 77 was the third flight hijacked as part of the September 11 attacks, and it was deliberately crashed into the Pentagon. United Airlines Flight 93 was a scheduled United States domestic passenger flight from Newark International Airport | |
At least 200 people jumped to their deaths from the burning towers (as depicted in the photograph "The Falling Man"), landing on the streets and rooftops of adjacent buildings hundreds of feet below. " The Falling Man " is a story about a photograph taken by Richard Drew at 94115 a [39] Some of the occupants of each tower above its point of impact made their way upward toward the roof in hope of helicopter rescue, but the roof access doors were locked. No plan existed for helicopter rescues, and on September 11, the thick smoke and intense heat would have prevented helicopters from conducting rescues. [40]
A total of 411 emergency workers who responded to the scene died as they attempted to implement rescue and fire suppression efforts. The New York City Fire Department lost 341 firefighters and 2 FDNY Paramedics. The New York City Fire Department or the Fire Department City of New York ( FDNY) has the responsibility for protecting the citizens and property of New York City A paramedic is a medical professional usually a member of the emergency medical service, who primarily provides Pre-hospital advanced medical and [41] The New York City Police Department lost 23 officers. [42] The Port Authority Police Department lost 37 officers. [43] Private EMS units lost 8 additional EMTs and paramedics. Emergency medical services (abbreviated to the initialism "EMS" in many countries are a branch of Emergency services dedicated to providing out-of-hospital A paramedic is a medical professional usually a member of the emergency medical service, who primarily provides Pre-hospital advanced medical and [44][45]
Cantor Fitzgerald L.P., an investment bank on the 101st–105th floors of One World Trade Center, lost 658 employees, considerably more than any other employer. Cantor Fitzgerald LP is a global Financial services firm specializing in bond trading, as well as Investment banking, Asset management [46] Marsh Inc., located immediately below Cantor Fitzgerald on floors 93–101 (the location of Flight 11's impact), lost 295 employees, and 175 employees of Aon Corporation were killed. Marsh & McLennan Companies Inc ( MMC) is a US -based global Professional services and Insurance brokerage firm [47] After New York, New Jersey was the hardest hit state, with the city of Hoboken sustaining the most fatalities. New Jersey ( is a state in the Mid-Atlantic and Northeastern regions of the United States. A US state is any one of the fifty subnational entities of the United States of America that share Sovereignty with the federal government Hoboken is a city in Hudson County, New Jersey, United States. [48]
Weeks after the attack, the estimated death toll was over 6,000. [49] The city was able to identify remains for only approximately 1,600 of the victims at the World Trade Center. The medical examiner's office also collected "about 10,000 unidentified bone and tissue fragments that cannot be matched to the list of the dead. "[50] Bone fragments were still being found in 2006 as workers prepared the damaged Deutsche Bank Building for demolition. The Deutsche Bank Building at 130 Liberty Street in New York City, United States, adjacent to the World Trade Center (WTC opened in 1974 as Bankers
Damage
In addition to the 110-floor Twin Towers of the World Trade Center itself, numerous other buildings at the World Trade Center site were destroyed or badly damaged, including 7 World Trade Center, 6 World Trade Center, 5 World Trade Center, 4 World Trade Center, the Marriott World Trade Center and St. Nicholas Greek Orthodox Church. 7 World Trade Center is a building in New York City located across from the World Trade Center site in Lower Manhattan. Six World Trade Center was the US Customs House a 537693-square-foot (49953-m² 9-story building in Lower Manhattan, New York City, part of the World Trade Five World Trade Center was a 9-story low-rise Office building built in 1970-72 at New York City 's World Trade Center. 4 World Trade Center redirects here For World Trade Center second version Tower 4 see 150 Greenwich Street. 3 World Trade Center redirects here For World Trade Center second version Tower 3 see 175 Greenwich Street. [51] The Deutsche Bank Building across Liberty Street from the World Trade Center complex was later condemned due to the uninhabitable, toxic conditions inside the office tower, and is undergoing deconstruction. The Deutsche Bank Building at 130 Liberty Street in New York City, United States, adjacent to the World Trade Center (WTC opened in 1974 as Bankers Liberty Street is a street in New York City. It stretches east-west from the middle of Lower Manhattan almost to the East River. [52][53] The Borough of Manhattan Community College's Fiterman Hall at 30 West Broadway was also condemned due to extensive damage in the attacks, and is slated for deconstruction. Founded in 1963, Borough of Manhattan Community College, or BMCC is one of six two-year colleges within the City University of New York (CUNY system For the approach to post-modern architecture see Deconstructivism; for other uses see Deconstruction (disambiguation In the context of physical [54] Other neighboring buildings including 90 West Street and the Verizon Building suffered major damage, but have since been restored. 90 West Street or West Street Building is a building in Lower Manhattan designed by architect Cass Gilbert for the West Street Improvement Corporation The Verizon Building is a 32-story Art Deco building in New York City, located in Lower Manhattan. [55] World Financial Center buildings, One Liberty Plaza, the Millenium Hilton, and 90 Church Street had moderate damage. The World Financial Center is a complex of buildings across West Street from the World Trade Center site in Lower Manhattan in New York City, One Liberty Plaza is a Skyscraper in lower Manhattan, New York City, at the location of the former Singer Building (in 1968 the second tallest The Millenium Hilton is a Hilton hotel in lower Manhattan, New York City, located [56] Communications equipment atop the North Tower, including broadcast radio, television and two-way radio antenna towers were also destroyed, but media stations were quickly able to reroute signals and resume broadcasts. two-way radio is a radio that can both transmit and receive (a Transceiver) unlike a broadcast receiver which only receives content [51][57] In Arlington County, a portion of the Pentagon was severely damaged by fire and one section of the building collapsed. [58]
Rescue and recovery
The New York Fire Department quickly deployed 200 units (half of the department) to the site, whose efforts were supplemented by numerous off-duty firefighters and EMTs. The New York City Fire Department or the Fire Department City of New York ( FDNY) has the responsibility for protecting the citizens and property of New York City The Emergency Medical Technician ( EMT) exists in many countries and is a health care provider trained to provide prehospital emergency medical care [59][60][61] The New York Police Department sent Emergency Service Units (ESU) and other police personnel. The Emergency Service Unit is the name of the police tactical unit which provides specialized equipment expertise and support to the various units within the Police departments of several [62] During the emergency response, FDNY commanders, the NYPD, and the Port Authority police had limited ability to share information and coordinate their efforts. [59] The NYPD, FDNY, and Port Authority police did redundant searches for civilians, rather than coordinate efforts among the agencies. [63] As conditions deteriorated, the NYPD received information from its helicopters, and were able to pass along evacuation orders that allowed most of its officers to safely evacuate before the buildings collapsed. [62][63] However, radio communications between the NYPD and FDNY were incompatible and the information did not get to FDNY commanders. After the first tower collapsed, FDNY commanders experienced difficulties communicating evacuation orders to firefighters inside the towers due to malfunctioning radio repeater systems in the World Trade Center. A radio repeater is a combination of a radio receiver and a radio transmitter that receives a weak or low-level signal and retransmits it at a higher level or higher power so that 9-1-1 dispatchers also received information from callers that was not passed along. 911 (usually pronounced "nine-one-one" is the Emergency telephone number for the North American Numbering Plan (NANP [60] Within hours of the attack, a massive search and rescue operation was launched. For the TV series of this title see Search and Rescue (TV series. Rescue and recovery efforts took months to complete. [64]
Attackers and their motivation
The attacks were consistent with the overall mission statement of al-Qaeda, as set out in a 1998 fatwā issued by Osama bin Laden, Ayman al-Zawahiri, Ahmed Refai Taha, Mir Hamzah, and Fazlur Rahman declaring that it was the "duty of every Muslim" to "kill Americans anywhere. Mohamed Atta ( ar محمد عطا السيد) (September 1 1968 &ndash September 11 2001 was an Egyptian Islamist, Al-Qaeda, alternatively spelled al-Qaida, al-Qa`ida or al-Qa`idah, ( Arabic:; ar-Latn ''al-qāʿidah'' Translation: The A fatwā (فتوى plural fatāwā فتاوى in the Islamic faith is a religious opinion on Islamic law issued by an Osama bin Laden, with some spelling variations is the name used in English to refer to (أسامة بن محمد بن عوض بن لادن born 10 March The Egyptian Refa'i Ahmed Taha ( رفاعي أحمد طه) or Refa'i Ahmed Taha Musa or Ahmed Refa'i Taha, alias Abu Yasser al-Masri (أبو ياسر Mir Hamzah or Shaykh Mir Hamzah is a Pakistani Islamic Jihadist who was one of the five signatories of a 1998 Fatwa from the World "[65][66][67]
Al-Qaeda
The origins of al-Qaeda date back to 1979 when the Soviet Union invaded Afghanistan. Al-Qaeda, alternatively spelled al-Qaida, al-Qa`ida or al-Qa`idah, ( Arabic:; ar-Latn ''al-qāʿidah'' Translation: The The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991 The Soviet war in Afghanistan, also known as the Soviet-Afghan War or just the Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan, was a nine-year conflict involving Afghanistan /æfˈgænɪstæn/ officially the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan ( Pashto: د افغانستان اسلامي جمهوریت, Soon after the invasion, Osama bin Laden traveled to Afghanistan where he helped organize Arab mujahideen and established the Maktab al-Khidamat (MAK) organization to resist the Soviets. A Mujahid (Arabic ar مجاهد, literally "struggler" is a Muslim involved in a Jihad, id est fighting in a war or The Maktab al-Khidamat, also Maktab Khadamāt al-Mujāhidīn al-'Arab ( Arabic: مكتب الخدمات or مكتب خدمات المجاهدين العرب MAK In 1989, as the Soviets withdrew, MAK was transformed into a "rapid reaction force" in jihad against governments across the Muslim world. Jihad (جهاد ʤɪhæːd an Islamic term, is a religious duty of Muslims. Under the guidance of al-Zawahiri, Osama became more radical. [68] In 1996, bin Laden issued his first fatwā which called for American soldiers to get out of Saudi Arabia. [69]
In a second fatwā issued in 1998, bin Laden outlined his objections to American foreign policy towards Israel, as well as the continued presence of American troops in Saudi Arabia after the Gulf War. The foreign policy of the United States is highly influential on the world stage as it is a Superpower. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Israel topics. The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, KSA ( المملكة العربية السعودية, al-Mamlaka al-ʻArabiyya as-Suʻūdiyya) or Suudi [70] Bin Laden used Islamic texts to exhort violent action against American military and citizenry until the stated grievances are reversed, noting "ulema have throughout Islamic history unanimously agreed that the jihad is an individual duty if the enemy destroys the Muslim countries. For other meanings including people named 'Islam' see Islam (disambiguation. Ulema ( ar علماء,, singular ar عالِم,, "scholar" refers to the educated class of Muslim legal scholars engaged in the several Muslim history began in Arabia with the Muhammad 's first recitations of the Qur'an in the 7th century Jihad (جهاد ʤɪhæːd an Islamic term, is a religious duty of Muslims. Listing of Muslims by country Important note Population counts by religious affiliation like most demographic characteristics of a Population "[70]
Planning of the attacks
The idea for the September 11 plot came from Khalid Sheikh Mohammed, who first presented the idea to bin Laden in 1996. Khalid Sheikh Mohammed ( خالد شيخ محمد; also transliterated as Khalid Shaikh Mohammed, and additionally known by at least fifty aliases [71] At that point, Bin Laden and al-Qaeda were in a period of transition, having just relocated back to Afghanistan from Sudan. Afghanistan /æfˈgænɪstæn/ officially the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan ( Pashto: د افغانستان اسلامي جمهوریت, Sudan (officially the Republic of Sudan) ( السودان al-Sūdān is a country in northeastern Africa. [72] The 1998 African Embassy bombings marked a turning point, with bin Laden intent on attacking the United States. In the 1998 US Embassy bombings ( August 7, 1998) hundreds of people were killed in simultaneous Car bomb explosions at the United States [72] In late 1998 or early 1999, bin Laden gave approval for Mohammed to go forward with organizing the plot. [72] A series of meetings occurred in spring of 1999, involving Khalid Sheikh Mohammed, Osama bin Laden, and his deputy Mohammed Atef. Mohammed Atef ( محمد عاطف) (also transliterated as Muhammad Atef, Muhammed Atef, Muhammad ‘Āṭif and several other ways [72] Bin Laden provided leadership for the plot, along with financial support. [72] Bin Laden was also involved in selecting people to participate in the plot, including choosing Mohamed Atta as the lead hijacker. [73] As many as 27 members of al-Qaeda attempted to enter the United States to take part in the September 11 attacks. [8] Mohammed provided operational support, such as selecting targets and helping arrange travel for the hijackers. [72] Bin Laden overruled Mohammed, rejecting some potential targets such as the U.S. Bank Tower in Los Angeles. The US Bank Tower, formerly the Library Tower and First Interstate World Center, is a Skyscraper located at 633 West Fifth Street in downtown Los Angeles (lɑˈsændʒələs los ˈaŋxeles in Spanish) is the largest City in the state of California and the American West [74]
The National Commission on Terrorist Attacks upon the United States was formed by the United States government and was commonly called the 9/11 Commission. 9/11 Commission ReportThe National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States, also known as the 9/11 Commission, was set up on November 27, 2002 It released its report on July 22, 2004, concluding that the attacks were conceived and implemented by members of al-Qaeda. Events 1099 - First Crusade: Godfrey of Bouillon is elected the first Defender of the Holy Sepulchre of The Kingdom of "MMIV" redirects here For the Modest Mouse album see " Baron von Bullshit Rides Again " The Commission stated that "9/11 plotters eventually spent somewhere between $400,000 and $500,000 to plan and conduct their attack, but that the specific origin of the funds used to execute the attacks remained unknown. "[75]
Hijackers
Fifteen of the attackers were from Saudi Arabia, two from the United Arab Emirates, one from Egypt, and one from Lebanon. A 20th hijacker is a Numeric metaphor concerning a possible additional terrorist in the September 11 2001 attacks who was not able to participate The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, KSA ( المملكة العربية السعودية, al-Mamlaka al-ʻArabiyya as-Suʻūdiyya) or Suudi This article is about the country of Egypt For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Egypt topics. Lebanon (ˈlɛbənɒn Arabic: ar لبنان Lubnān) officially the Republic of Lebanon or Lebanese Republic (ar الجمهورية اللبنانية [76] In sharp contrast to the standard profile of suicide bombers, the hijackers were well-educated, mature adults, whose belief systems were fully formed. [77]
Within hours of the attacks, the FBI was able to determine the names and in many cases the personal details of the suspected pilots and hijackers. [78][79] Mohamed Atta's luggage, which did not make the connection from his Portland flight onto Flight 11, contained papers that revealed the identity of all 19 hijackers, and other important clues about their plans, motives, and backgrounds. Mohamed Atta ( ar محمد عطا السيد) (September 1 1968 &ndash September 11 2001 was an Egyptian Islamist, [80] On the day of the attacks, the National Security Agency intercepted communications that pointed to Osama bin Laden, as did German intelligence agencies. The National Security Agency/ Central Security Service ( NSA/CSS) is a cryptologic intelligence agency of the United States government List of Intelligence agencies of Germany: Federal Intelligence Service (BND &ndash Bundesnachrichtendienst, foreign intelligence [81][82]
On September 27, 2001, the FBI released photos of the 19 hijackers, along with information about the possible nationalities and aliases of many. Events 489 - Odoacer attacks Theodoric at the Battle of Verona and is defeated again Year 2001 ( MMI) was a Common year starting on Monday according to the Gregorian calendar. [83] The FBI investigation into the attacks, code named operation PENTTBOM, was the largest and most complex investigation in the history of the FBI, involving over 7,000 special agents. PENTTBOM is the codename for the Federal Bureau of Investigation 's probe into the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks Within the United States, the title of Special Agent is used to describe any federal criminal or non-criminal investigator or Detective in the 1811 1801 2501 or [84] The United States government determined that al-Qaeda, headed by Osama bin Laden, bore responsibility for the attacks, with the FBI stating "evidence linking al-Qaeda and bin Laden to the attacks of September 11 is clear and irrefutable". The federal government of the United States is the central United States Governmental body established by the United States Constitution. Al-Qaeda, alternatively spelled al-Qaida, al-Qa`ida or al-Qa`idah, ( Arabic:; ar-Latn ''al-qāʿidah'' Translation: The [85] The Government of the United Kingdom reached the same conclusion regarding al-Qaeda and Osama bin Laden's culpability for the September 11, 2001 attacks. Her Majesty's Government, or when the monarch is male His Majesty's Government, is the title used by the Government of the United Kingdom, based at [86]
Osama bin Laden
Osama bin Laden's declaration of a holy war against the United States, and a fatwā signed by bin Laden and others calling for the killing of American civilians in 1998, are seen by investigators as evidence of his motivation to commit such acts. A religious war is a War caused by religious differences It can involve one state with an established religion against another state with a different religion or a different Osama bin Laden wrote what is referred to as a ''fatwa'' in August 1996 and was one of several signatories of another and shorter fatwa in February 1998 [87]
Bin Laden initially denied, but later admitted, involvement in the incidents. Events 537 - The Hagia Sophia is completed 1512 - The Spanish Crown issues the Laws of Burgos, governing the Year 2001 ( MMI) was a Common year starting on Monday according to the Gregorian calendar. [88][89] On September 16, 2001, bin Laden denied any involvement with the attacks by reading a statement which was broadcast by Qatar's Al Jazeera satellite channel: "I stress that I have not carried out this act, which appears to have been carried out by individuals with their own motivation. Events 1400 - Owain Glyndŵr is declared Prince of Wales by his followers Year 2001 ( MMI) was a Common year starting on Monday according to the Gregorian calendar. Qatar ( قطر; ˈqɑtˁɑr local pronunciation giṭar officially the State of Qatar (Arabic دولة قطر transliterated For the English-language channel see Al Jazeera English Al Jazeera (الجزيرة al-jazīrah,, meaning "The Island" "[90] This denial was broadcast on U. S. news networks and worldwide.
In November 2001, U. S. forces recovered a videotape from a destroyed house in Jalalabad, Afghanistan, in which Osama bin Laden is talking to Khaled al-Harbi. Jalalabad (Jalalkot ( Pashto: جلالکوټ، جلال اباد) is a city in eastern Afghanistan. Khaled bin Ouda bin Mohammed al-Harbi, (خالد بن عودة بن محمد الحربي (c In the tape, bin Laden admits foreknowledge of the attacks. [91] The tape was broadcast on various news networks from December 13, 2001. Events 1294 - Saint Celestine V abdicates the papacy after only five months Celestine hoped to return to his previous life Year 2001 ( MMI) was a Common year starting on Monday according to the Gregorian calendar. His distorted appearance on the tape has been attributed to tape transfer artifact. [92]
On December 27, 2001, a second bin Laden video was released. Events 537 - The Hagia Sophia is completed 1512 - The Spanish Crown issues the Laws of Burgos, governing the Year 2001 ( MMI) was a Common year starting on Monday according to the Gregorian calendar. In the video, he states, "Terrorism against America deserves to be praised because it was a response to injustice, aimed at forcing America to stop its support for Israel, which kills our people," but he stopped short of admitting responsibility for the attacks. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Israel topics. [93]
Shortly before the U.S. presidential election in 2004, in a taped statement, bin Laden publicly acknowledged al-Qaeda's involvement in the attacks on the U. The President of the United States is the Head of state and Head of government of the United States and is the highest political official in United States by On October 29, 2004, at 2100 UTC, the Arab television network Al Jazeera, broadcast excerpts from a videotape of Osama bin Laden S, and admitted his direct link to the attacks. He said that the attacks were carried out because "we are free…and want to regain freedom for our nation. As you undermine our security we undermine yours. "[94] Osama bin Laden says he had personally directed the 19 hijackers. [95] In the video, he says, "We had agreed with the Commander-General Muhammad Atta, Allah have mercy on him, that all the operations should be carried out within 20 minutes, before Bush and his administration notice. "[89] Another video obtained by Al Jazeera in September 2006 shows Osama bin Laden with Ramzi Binalshibh, as well as two hijackers, Hamza al-Ghamdi and Wail al-Shehri, as they make preparations for the attacks. Ramzi Binalshibh (رمزي بن الشيبة of which Binalshibh is an erroneous latinization also erroneous is the transliterated version of Ramzi bin al-Shibh Hamza al-Ghamdi ( Arabic: حمزة الغامدي also transliterated Alghamdi) was named by the FBI as one of the hijackers of Wail al-Shehri ( Arabic: وائل الشهري also transliterated Alshehri) (July 31 1973 Shehri was born in Annams and grew up in the Um Saraar neighborhood [96]
Khalid Sheikh Mohammed
In a 2002 interview with al Jazeera journalist Yosri Fouda, Khalid Sheikh Mohammed admitted his involvement, along with Ramzi Binalshibh, in the "Holy Tuesday operation. For the English-language channel see Al Jazeera English Al Jazeera (الجزيرة al-jazīrah,, meaning "The Island" Yosri Fouda, (Arabic يسري فودة born in Egypt, is a journalist who initially worked for the BBC 's short-lived Arabic -subsidiary covering the ongoing Ramzi Binalshibh (رمزي بن الشيبة of which Binalshibh is an erroneous latinization also erroneous is the transliterated version of Ramzi bin al-Shibh "[97] The 9/11 Commission Report determined that the animosity towards the United States felt by Khalid Sheikh Mohammed, the "principal architect" of the 9/11 attacks, stemmed "not from his experiences there as a student, but rather from his violent disagreement with U. 9/11 Commission Report, formally named Final Report of the National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States, is the official report of the events leading up to S. foreign policy favoring Israel. "[72] Mohamed Atta shared this same motivation. Ralph Bodenstein, a former classmate of Atta described him as "most imbued actually about. . . U. S. protection of these Israeli politics in the region. Politics of Israel takes place in a framework of a parliamentary representative democratic Republic, whereby the Prime Minister of Israel is "[98] Abdulaziz al-Omari, a hijacker aboard Flight 11 with Mohamed Atta, said in his video will, "My work is a message those who heard me and to all those who saw me at the same time it is a message to the infidels that you should leave the Arabian peninsula defeated and stop giving a hand of help to the coward Jews in Palestine. An airport security guard and Imam Abdulaziz al-Omari (عبدالعزيزالعمري also transliterated Abdul Aziz Alomari) was named by the FBI as "[99]
Khalid Sheikh Mohammed was arrested on March 1, 2003 in Rawalpindi, Pakistan. Events 86 BC - Lucius Cornelius Sulla, at the head of a Roman Republic army enters in Athens, removing the Tyrant Year 2003 ( MMIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. ( Urdu: Rāwalpindī) is a city in the Potwar Plateau near Pakistan 's capital city of Islamabad, in the province Pakistan () officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, is a country located in South Asia, Southwest Asia, Middle East and [100] Mohammed ultimately ended up at Guantanamo Bay. The Guantanamo Bay Detention Camp is a controversial United States Detention center operated by Joint Task Force Guantanamo since 2002 in Guantanamo During US hearings in March 2007, which have been "widely criticized by lawyers and human rights groups as sham tribunals", Mohammed again confessed his responsibility for the attacks, "I was responsible for the 9/11 operation, from A to Z. "[101][102]
Other al-Qaeda members
In "Substitution for Testimony of Khalid Sheik Mohammed" from the trial of Zacarias Moussaoui, five people are identified as having been completely aware of the operations details. Zacarias Moussaoui ( Arabic: زكريا موسوي; born May 30 1968 is a French citizen who was convicted of conspiring to kill citizens They are: Osama bin Laden, Khalid Sheikh Mohammed, Ramzi Binalshibh, Abu Turab Al-Urduni and Mohammed Atef. Ramzi Binalshibh (رمزي بن الشيبة of which Binalshibh is an erroneous latinization also erroneous is the transliterated version of Ramzi bin al-Shibh Abu Turab al-Urduni is a Jordanian who has been described by the United States government as one of five individuals who were completely aware of the operational details of the September Mohammed Atef ( محمد عاطف) (also transliterated as Muhammad Atef, Muhammed Atef, Muhammad ‘Āṭif and several other ways [103] To date, only peripheral figures have been tried or convicted in connection with the attacks. Bin Laden has not yet been formally indicted for the attacks. [104]
On September 26, 2005, the Spanish high court directed by judge Baltasar Garzón sentenced Abu Dahdah to 27 years of imprisonment for conspiracy on the 9/11 attacks and as part of the terrorist organization al-Qaeda. Spain () or the Kingdom of Spain (Reino de España is a country located mostly in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. The Audiencia Nacional de España ("National Court of Spain" is a high court in Spain. Baltasar Garzón Real (born October 26, 1955 in Torres, Jaén, Spain) is a Judge in Spain. Imad Eddin Barakat Yarkas alias Abu Dahdah ( أبو الدحداح) is a Syrian-born Spaniard now serving a 27-year sentence in Spain for his part in In the Criminal law, a conspiracy is an agreement between Natural persons to break the law at some time in the future and in some cases with at least one overt act At the same time, another 17 al-Qaeda members were sentenced to penalties of between six and eleven years. [105][106] On February 16, 2006, the Spanish Supreme Court reduced the Abu Dahdah penalty to 12 years because it considered that his participation in the conspiracy was not proven. A supreme court, also called a court of last resort or high court, is in some Jurisdictions the highest judicial body within that jurisdiction's [107]
Motive
Many of the eventual findings of the 9/11 Commission with respect to motives have been supported by other experts. United Airlines Flight 93 was a scheduled United States domestic passenger flight from Newark International Airport Shanksville is a borough in Somerset County, Pennsylvania, United States, with a population of 245 as of the 2000 census Counter-terrorism expert Richard A. Clarke explains in his book, Against All Enemies, that U. Counter-terrorism or counterterrorism refers to the practices tactics, techniques and strategies that Governments militaries, Police departments Against All Enemies Inside America's War on Terror (ISBN 0-743-26823-7 is a 2004 book by former U S. foreign policy decisions including "confronting Moscow in Afghanistan, inserting the U. S. military in the Persian Gulf," and "strengthening Israel as a base for a southern flank against the Soviets" contributed to al-Qaeda's motives. [108] Others, such as Jason Burke, foreign correspondent for The Observer, focus on a more political aspect to the motive, stating that "bin Laden is an activist with a very clear sense of what he wants and how he hopes to achieve it. Jason Burke (born 1970 is the chief foreign correspondent of The Observer. The Observer is a British Newspaper published on Sundays In about the same place on the political spectrum as its daily sister paper The Those means may be far outside the norms of political activity [. . . ] but his agenda is a basically political one. "[109]
A variety of scholarship has also focused on bin Laden's overall strategy as a motive for the attacks. For instance, correspondent Peter Bergen argues that the attacks were part of a plan to cause the United States to increase its military and cultural presence in the Middle East, thereby forcing Muslims to confront the "evils" of a non-Muslim government and establish conservative Islamic governments in the region. Peter Bergen (born December 12, 1962) is a print and television journalist and author who appears as a terrorism analyst on CNN. [110] Michael Scott Doran, correspondent for Foreign Affairs, further emphasizes the "mythic" use of the term "spectacular" in bin Laden's response to the attacks, explaining that he was attempting to provoke a visceral reaction in the Middle East and ensure that Muslim citizens would react as violently as possible to an increase in U. Foreign Affairs is an influential American Journal on International relations published by the Council on Foreign Relations (CFR S. involvement in their region. [111]
Aftermath
Immediate national response
- See also: Airport security repercussions due to the September 11, 2001 attacks, Closings and cancellations following the September 11, 2001 attacks#Travel effects, and Aftermath of the September 11, 2001 attacks
The 9/11 attacks had immediate and overwhelming effects upon the people of the United States. Many police officers and rescue workers elsewhere in the country took leaves of absence to travel to New York City to assist in the process of recovering bodies from the twisted remnants of the Twin Towers. A police officer (also known as a policeman or policewoman) is a warranted employee of a Police force. [112] Blood donations across the U. S. also saw a surge in the weeks after 9/11. [113][114] For the first time in history, all nonemergency civilian aircraft in the United States and several other countries including Canada were immediately grounded, stranding tens of thousands of passengers across the world. Country to "Dominion of Canada" or "Canadian Federation" or anything else please read the Talk Page [115] Any international flights were closed to American airspace by the Federal Aviation Administration, causing flights to be redirected to other countries. The Federal Aviation Administration ( FAA) is an agency of the United States Department of Transportation with authority to regulate and oversee all aspects of Canada was one of the main recipients of diverted flights and launched Operation Yellow Ribbon to deal with the large numbers of grounded planes and stranded passengers. Operation Yellow Ribbon is the name of the operation that Transport Canada created to handle the diversion of civilian airline flights following the September 11 attacks [116]
War on Terrorism
The NATO council declared that the attacks on the United States were considered an attack on all NATO nations and, as such, satisfied Article 5 of the NATO charter. The War on Terrorism (also known as the War on Terror) is the common term for the military political and legal, and ideological conflict and specifically for U The North Atlantic Treaty [117] In the immediate aftermath of the attacks, the Bush administration declared a war on terrorism, with the stated goals of bringing Osama bin Laden and al-Qaeda to justice and preventing the emergence of other terrorist networks. The War on Terrorism (also known as the War on Terror) is the common term for the military political and legal, and ideological conflict and specifically for U Al-Qaeda, alternatively spelled al-Qaida, al-Qa`ida or al-Qa`idah, ( Arabic:; ar-Latn ''al-qāʿidah'' Translation: The These goals would be accomplished by means including economic and military sanctions against states perceived as harboring terrorists and increasing global surveillance and intelligence sharing. The second-biggest operation of the U. S. Global War on Terrorism outside of the United States, and the largest directly connected to terrorism, was the overthrow of the Taliban rule from Afghanistan, by a U. The Taliban ( طالبان, also anglicised as Taleban; translation "students" is a Sunni Islamist, predominately Afghanistan /æfˈgænɪstæn/ officially the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan ( Pashto: د افغانستان اسلامي جمهوریت, S. -led coalition. The U. S. was not the only nation to increase its military readiness, with other notable examples being the Philippines and Indonesia, countries that have their own internal conflicts with Islamist terrorism. The Philippines ( Filipino: Pilipinas, officially known as the Republic of the Philippines (fil ''Republika ng Pilipinas'' RP The Republic of Indonesia ( (Republik Indonesia is a Country in Southeast Asia. [118][119] U. S. officials speculated on possible involvement by Saddam Hussein immediately afterwards. Saddam Hussein and al-Qaeda link allegations were made by some U [120] Although these suspicions were unfounded, the association contributed to public acceptance for the 2003 invasion of Iraq. The Iraq War, also known as the Second Gulf War, the Occupation of Iraq, or the War in Iraq, is an ongoing Military campaign [120]
Domestic response
Following the attacks, President Bush's job approval rating soared to 86%. The United States Congress is the bicameral Legislature of the federal government of the United States of America, consisting of two houses Events 451 - The Battle of Chalons takes place in North Eastern France. Year 2001 ( MMI) was a Common year starting on Monday according to the Gregorian calendar. In the United States, presidential job approval ratings were introduced by George Gallup in the late 1930s (probably 1937 to gauge public support for the president [121] On September 20, 2001, the U. Events 451 - The Battle of Chalons takes place in North Eastern France. Year 2001 ( MMI) was a Common year starting on Monday according to the Gregorian calendar. S. president spoke before the nation and a joint session of the United States Congress, regarding the events of that day, the intervening nine days of rescue and recovery efforts, and his intent in response to those events. Joint sessions of the United States Congress are the gatherings together of both houses of the United States Congress (the House of Representatives In addition, the highly visible role played by New York City mayor Rudy Giuliani won him high praise nationally and in New York. The Mayor of New York City is the chief executive of the Government of New York City, as stipulated by the Charter of the City of New York. KBE Per, "Postnominal letters should be included when they are issued by a country or organization the subject has been closely associated with [122] Many relief funds were immediately set up to assist victims of the attacks, with the task of providing financial assistance to the survivors of the attacks and to the families of victims. By the deadline for victim's compensation, September 11, 2003, 2,833 applications had been received from the families of those killed. Events 9 - The Battle of the Teutoburg Forest ends 506 - The Bishops of Visigothic Gaul Year 2003 ( MMIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. [123]
Contingency plans for the continuity of government and the evacuation of leaders were also implemented almost immediately after the attacks. Continuity of government ( COG) is the principle of establishing defined procedures that allow a Government to continue its essential operations in case of nuclear [115] Congress, however, was not told that the US was under a continuity of government status until February 2002. [124]
Within the United States, Congress passed and President Bush signed the Homeland Security Act of 2002, creating the Department of Homeland Security, representing the largest restructuring of the U. The Homeland Security Act (HSA of 2002, Pub L No 107-296 116 Stat S. government in contemporary history. Congress also passed the USA PATRIOT Act, stating that it would help detect and prosecute terrorism and other crimes. The USA PATRIOT Act, commonly known as the Patriot Act, is a controversial Act of Congress that U Civil liberties groups have criticized the PATRIOT Act, saying that it allows law enforcement to invade the privacy of citizens and eliminates judicial oversight of law-enforcement and domestic intelligence gathering. Judicial oversight describes an aspect of the Separation of powers prescribed by the Constitution of the United States, specifically the process whereby independent Police are agents or agencies usually of the executive, empowered to enforce the law and to effect public and social order through the legitimatized use of force Intelligence Gathering Disciplines HUMINT Human Intelligence - gathered from a person on the ground [125][126][127] The Bush Administration also invoked 9/11 as the reason to initiate a secret National Security Agency operation, "to eavesdrop on telephone and e-mail communications between the United States and people overseas without a warrant. The National Security Agency/ Central Security Service ( NSA/CSS) is a cryptologic intelligence agency of the United States government The NSA warrantless surveillance controversy concerns Surveillance of persons within the United States incident to the collection of Foreign intelligence by the Electronic mail, often abbreviated to e-mail, email, or originally eMail, is a Store-and-forward method of writing sending receiving "[128]
Hate crimes
Numerous incidents of harassment and hate crimes were reported against Middle Easterners and other "Middle Eastern-looking" people, particularly Sikhs, because Sikh males usually wear turbans, which are stereotypically associated with Muslims in the United States. Hate crimes (also known as bias motivated crimes) occur when a perpetrator targets a victim because of his or her membership in a certain Social group, usually defined Sikh (English or; ਸਿੱਖ sikkh, IPA) is the title and name given to an adherent of Sikhism. The turban (from Persian fa دلبند or دولبند dulband via the Turkish tr tülbent) is a headdress consisting of a long A Muslim (مسلم pronounced Muslim, not Muzlim) is an adherent of the Religion There were reports of verbal abuse, attacks on mosques and other religious buildings (including the firebombing of a Hindu temple) and assaults on people, including one murder; Balbir Singh Sodhi was fatally shot on September 15. Abuse refers to the use or treatment of something (a person item substance concept or vocabulary that is harmful A Hindu temple or Mandir ( Sanskrit: मंदिर is a house of worship for Hindus followers of Hinduism. Balbir Singh Sodhi ( 1949 - September 15, 2001) was a Mesa, Arizona, gas station owner who was murdered in the aftermath of the Events 668 - Eastern Roman Emperor Constans II is assassinated in his bath at Syracuse Italy. He, like others, was a Sikh who was mistaken for a Muslim. [129]
Muslim American reaction
Top Muslim organizations in the United States were swift to condemn the attacks on 9/11 and called "upon Muslim Americans to come forward with their skills and resources to help alleviate the sufferings of the affected people and their families". The history of Islam in the United States starts in the early 16th century, with Estevánico of Azamor being the first Muslim to enter the historical record Top organizations include: Islamic Society of North America, American Muslim Alliance, American Muslim Council, Council on American-Islamic Relations, The Islamic Circle of North America, and the Shari'a Scholars Association of North America. The Islamic Society of North America ( ISNA) based in Plainfield Indiana, USA, is an immigrant Muslim umbrella group that describes itself as the The Council on American-Islamic Relations ( CAIR) is a Civil liberties and advocacy group for Muslims in North America that was Islamic Circle of North America (ICNA is an Islamic Grassroots organization In addition to massive monetary donations, many Islamic organizations launched blood drives and provided medical assistance, food, and residence for victims. [130]
Following the attacks, 80,000 Arab and Muslim immigrants were fingerprinted and registered under the Alien Registration Act of 1940. The araB gene Promoter is a bacterial promoter activated by e L-arabinose binding The term Muslim world (or Islamic world) has several meanings American immigration ( emigration to the United States of America) refers to the movement of non-residents to the United States. The Alien Registration Act or Smith Act ( of 1940 is a United States federal statute that makes it a criminal offense for anyone to knowingly or willfully advocate 8,000 Arab and Muslim men were interviewed, and 5,000 foreign nationals were detained under Joint Congressional Resolution 107-40 authorizing the use of military force "to deter and prevent acts of international terrorism against the United States. A military is an Organization authorized by its Nation to use force usually including use of Weapons in defending its Country (or by attacking "[131]
International response
The attacks were denounced by mainstream media and governments worldwide. "Popular press" redirects here note that the University of Wisconsin Press publishes under the imprint "The Popular Press" Across the globe, nations offered pro-American support and solidarity. [132] Leaders in most Middle Eastern countries, including Afghanistan, condemned the attacks. Iraq was a notable exception, with an immediate official statement that "the American cowboys are reaping the fruit of their crimes against humanity. In Public international law, a crime against humanity is an act of Persecution or any large scale atrocities against a body of people and is the highest level of "[133] Another publicized exception was the celebration of some Palestinians. [134]
Approximately one month after the attacks, the United States led a broad coalition of international forces in the removal of the Taliban regime for harboring the al-Qaeda organization. The War in Afghanistan, which began on October 7 2001 as the U The Taliban ( طالبان, also anglicised as Taleban; translation "students" is a Sunni Islamist, predominately Al-Qaeda, alternatively spelled al-Qaida, al-Qa`ida or al-Qa`idah, ( Arabic:; ar-Latn ''al-qāʿidah'' Translation: The [135] The Pakistani authorities moved decisively to align themselves with the United States in a war against the Taliban and al-Qaeda. Pakistan () officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, is a country located in South Asia, Southwest Asia, Middle East and Pakistan provided the U. S. a number of military airports and bases for its attack on the Taliban regime and arrested over 600 supposed al-Qaeda members, whom it handed over to the U. S. [136]
Numerous countries, including the UK, India, Australia, France, Germany, Indonesia, China, Canada, Russia, Pakistan, Jordan, Mauritius, Uganda and Zimbabwe introduced "anti-terrorism" legislation and froze the bank accounts of businesses and individuals they suspected of having al-Qaeda ties. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Australia topics. This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. The Republic of Indonesia ( (Republik Indonesia is a Country in Southeast Asia. Talk People's Republic of China) PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA ARTICLE GUIDELINES Country to "Dominion of Canada" or "Canadian Federation" or anything else please read the Talk Page Russia (Россия Rossiya) or the Russian Federation ( Rossiyskaya Federatsiya) is a transcontinental Country extending Pakistan () officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, is a country located in South Asia, Southwest Asia, Middle East and Jordan, officially the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan (الأردنّ al-Urdunn) is an Arab country in Southwest Asia spanning the southern Mauritius (pronounced məˈrɪʃəs L’île Maurice /il mɔ'ʁis/ Mauritian Creole: Maurice) officially the Republic of Mauritius, République The Republic of Uganda is a Landlocked country in East Africa. See also Great Zimbabwe National Monument. For information about the March and June 2008 presidential elections see Zimbabwean presidential election A bank account is a financial account with a Banking institution recording the financial transactions between the customer and the bank and the resulting financial position of [137][138] Law enforcement and intelligence agencies in a number of countries, including Italy, Malaysia, Indonesia, and the Philippines arrested people they labeled terrorist suspects for the stated purpose of breaking up militant cells around the world. An intelligence agency is a governmental agency that is devoted to the Information gathering (known in the context as " intelligence " Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest For the biogeographical region see Malesia Malaysia (məˈleɪʒə or /məˈleɪziə/ is a country that consists of thirteen states and The Republic of Indonesia ( (Republik Indonesia is a Country in Southeast Asia. The Philippines ( Filipino: Pilipinas, officially known as the Republic of the Philippines (fil ''Republika ng Pilipinas'' RP [139][140] In the U. S. , this aroused some controversy, as critics such as the Bill of Rights Defense Committee argued that traditional restrictions on federal surveillance (e. The national Bill of Rights Defense Committee ( BORDC) is a nonpartisan nonprofit organization which encourages local communities to take an active role in the ongoing national g. COINTELPRO's monitoring of public meetings) were "dismantled" by the USA PATRIOT Act. COINTELPRO (an acronym for Co unter Intel ligence Pro gram was a series of covert and often illegal projects conducted by the United States Federal Bureau The USA PATRIOT Act, commonly known as the Patriot Act, is a controversial Act of Congress that U [141] Civil liberty organizations such as the American Civil Liberties Union and Liberty argued that certain civil rights protections were also being circumvented. thumb| |Broken Liberty Istanbul Archaeology Museum Civil liberties are freedoms that protect the Individual from the Government. The American Civil Liberties Union ( ACLU) consists of two separate Non-profit organizations the ACLU Foundation a 501(c(3 organization which focuses Liberty is a Pressure group based in the United Kingdom. Founded in 1934 by Ronald Kidd and Sylvia Crowther-Smith (later Scaffardi [142][143] The United States set up a detention center at Guantanamo Bay, Cuba, to hold what they termed "illegal enemy combatants". Guantánamo Bay ( Spanish Bahía de Guantánamo) is a bay located in Guantánamo Province at the south-eastern end of Cuba The Republic of Cuba (ˈkjuːbə or) consists of the island of Cuba (the largest and second-most populous island of the Greater Antilles) Isla de la An unlawful combatant or unprivileged combatant/belligerent is a Civilian who directly engages in armed conflict under the International Humanitarian Law The legitimacy of these detentions has been questioned by, among others, the European Parliament, the Organization of American States, and Amnesty International. The European Parliament ( Europarl or EP) is the only directly elected parliamentary institution of the European Union (EU The Organization of American States ( OAS, or as it is known in the three other official languages OEA) is an International organization, headquartered Amnesty International (commonly known as Amnesty or AI) is a Western based international Non-governmental organization which defines its mission as "to [144][145][146]
Conspiracy theories
Various conspiracy theories have emerged subsequent to the attacks suggesting that individuals inside the United States knew the attacks were coming and deliberately chose not to prevent them, or that individuals outside of the terrorist organization al-Qaeda planned or carried out the attacks. A variety of conspiracy theories question the mainstream account of the September 11 attacks in the United States. A conspiracy theory attributes the ultimate cause of an event or chain of events (usually Political, Social or Historical events or the concealment [147] The community of civil engineers generally accepts the mainstream account that the impacts of jets at high speeds in combination with subsequent fires, rather than controlled demolition, led to the collapse of the Twin Towers. A civil engineer is a person who practices Civil engineering, one of the many engineering professions [148]
Investigations
9/11 Commission
The National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States (9/11 Commission), chaired by former New Jersey Governor Thomas Kean, was formed in late 2002 to prepare a full and complete account of the circumstances surrounding the attacks, including preparedness for, and the immediate response to, the attacks. 9/11 Commission ReportThe National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States, also known as the 9/11 Commission, was set up on November 27, 2002 9/11 Commission ReportThe National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States, also known as the 9/11 Commission, was set up on November 27, 2002 The Governor of New Jersey is the Chief executive of the US state of New Jersey. Thomas Howard Kean (born April 21, 1935 in New York City) is an American Republican Party Politician, who served as the On July 22, 2004, the 9/11 Commission issued the 9/11 Commission Report. Events 1099 - First Crusade: Godfrey of Bouillon is elected the first Defender of the Holy Sepulchre of The Kingdom of "MMIV" redirects here For the Modest Mouse album see " Baron von Bullshit Rides Again " 9/11 Commission Report, formally named Final Report of the National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States, is the official report of the events leading up to The commission and its report have been subject to various forms of criticism. Criticism of the 9/11 Commission includes a variety of criticisms of the 9/11 Commission, the congressional commission set up to investigate the September 11 2001 [149][150]
Collapse of the World Trade Center
A federal technical building and fire safety investigation of the collapses of the Twin Towers and WTC 7 has been conducted by the United States Department of Commerce's National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST). The collapse of the World Trade Center occurred after the September 11 attacks. Fire safety refers to precautions that are taken to prevent or reduce the likelihood of a Fire that may result in death injury or property damage alert those in a structure The United States Department of Commerce is the Cabinet department of the United States government concerned with promoting Economic growth The goals of this investigation were to investigate why the buildings collapsed, the extent of injuries and fatalities, and the procedures involved in designing and managing the World Trade Center. [151]
The report concluded that the fireproofing on the Twin Towers' steel infrastructures was blown off by the initial impact of the planes and that, if this had not occurred, the towers would likely have remained standing. Steel is an Alloy consisting mostly of Iron, with a Carbon content between 0 [152] Gene Corley, the director of the original investigation, commented that "the towers really did amazingly well. Dr W Gene Corley, PE is a structural engineer and "preeminent expert on building collapse investigations and building codes The terrorist aircraft didn’t bring the buildings down; it was the fire which followed. It was proven that you could take out two thirds of the columns in a tower and the building would still stand. " [153] The fires weakened the trusses supporting the floors, making the floors sag. The sagging floors pulled on the exterior steel columns to the point where exterior columns bowed inward. With the damage to the core columns, the buckling exterior columns could no longer support the buildings, causing them to collapse. In addition, the report asserts that the towers' stairwells were not adequately reinforced to provide emergency escape for people above the impact zones. A fire escape is a special kind of Emergency exit, usually mounted to the outside of a Building or occasionally inside but separate from the main areas of NIST stated that the final report on the collapse of WTC 7 will appear in a separate report. [154][155] This was confirmed by an independent study by Purdue University. [156]
Internal review of the CIA
The Inspector General of the CIA conducted an internal review of the CIA's pre-9/11 performance, and was harshly critical of senior CIA officials for not doing everything possible to confront terrorism, including failing to stop two of the 9/11 hijackers, Nawaf al-Hazmi and Khalid al-Mihdhar, as they entered the United States and failing to share information on the two men with the FBI. [157]
In May 2007, senators from both the Democratic Party and the Republican Party drafted legislation that would openly present an internal CIA investigative report. The Democratic Party is one of two major Political parties in the United States, the other being the Republican Party. One of the backers, Senator Ron Wyden stated "The American people have a right to know what the Central Intelligence Agency was doing in those critical months before 9/11. Ronald Lee Wyden (born May 3, 1949) is an American politician . . . I am going to bulldog this until the public gets it. " The report investigates the responsibilities of individual CIA personnel before and after the 9/11 attacks. The report was completed in 2005, but its details have never been released to the public. [158]
Long-term effects
Economic aftermath
The attacks had a significant economic impact on the United States and world markets. Events 1213 - Albigensian Crusade: Simon de Montfort 5th Earl of Leicester, defeats Peter II of Aragon at the Manhattan Island, in New York Harbor, is much the largest part of the Borough of Manhattan, one of the Five Boroughs which form the City of New York The New York Stock Exchange (NYSE), the American Stock Exchange, and NASDAQ did not open on September 11 and remained closed until September 17. The New York Stock Exchange ( NYSE) is a Stock exchange based in New York City. The American Stock Exchange ( AMEX) is an American Stock exchange situated in New York. The NASDAQ (acronym of National Association of Securities Dealers Automated Quotations) is an American Stock exchange. Events 9 - The Battle of the Teutoburg Forest ends 506 - The Bishops of Visigothic Gaul Events 1176 - The Battle of Myriokephalon is fought 1462 - The Battle of Świecino (or Battle of Żarnowiec When the stock markets reopened, the Dow Jones Industrial Average (“DJIA”) stock market index fell 684 points, or 7. A stock market, or (equity market is a private or public market for the trading of company Stock and derivatives of company The Dow Jones Industrial Average ( also called the DJIA, Dow 30, INDP, or informally the Dow Jones or The Dow) is one of several 1%, to 8921, its biggest-ever one-day point decline. [159] By the end of the week, the DJIA had fallen 1,369. 7 points (14. 3%), its largest one-week point drop in history. [160] U. S. stocks lost $1. 4 trillion in value for the week. [160] In New York City, there were approximately 430,000 lost job months and $2. 8 billion in lost wages, which occurred in the three months following the 9/11 attacks. The economic effects were mainly focused on the city's export economy sectors. In Economics, an export is any good or Commodity, Transported from one country to another country in a Legitimate fashion [161] The GDP for New York City was estimated to have declined by $27. 3 billion, for the last three months of 2001 and all of 2002. The Federal government provided $11. 2 billion in immediate assistance to the Government of New York City in September 2001, and $10. The government of New York City is organized under the City Charter and provides for a "strong" mayor-council system. 5 billion in early 2002 for economic development and infrastructure needs. [162]
The 9/11 attacks also had great impact on small businesses in Lower Manhattan, located near the World Trade Center. Lower Manhattan (or downtown Manhattan) is the southernmost part of the island of Manhattan, the main island and center of business and government of the The World Trade Center in New York City, United States (sometimes informally the WTC or Twin Towers) was a complex of seven buildings in Lower Manhattan Approximately 18,000 small businesses were destroyed or displaced after the attacks. The Small Business Administration provided loans as assistance, while Community Development Block Grants and Economic Injury Disaster Loans were other ways that the Federal Government provided assistance to small business effected by the 9/11 attacks. The Small Business Administration ( SBA) is a United States government agency that provides support to Small businesses. [162] 31. 9 million sq ft, of Lower Manhattan office space was either damaged or destroyed. The square foot is an Imperial unit / US customary unit (non- SI non- metric) of Area, used mainly in the United States Lower Manhattan (or downtown Manhattan) is the southernmost part of the island of Manhattan, the main island and center of business and government of the [163] Many questioned whether these lost jobs would ever be restored, and whether the damaged tax base could ever recover. [164] Economic studies of the effects of 9/11 have confirmed that the impact of the attacks on the Manhattan office market as well as on office employment was more limited than initially expected because of the strong need for face-to-face interaction in the financial services industry[165][166]
North American air space was closed for several days after the attacks and air travel decreased significantly upon its reopening. Airspace means the portion of the atmosphere controlled by a particular country on top of its territory and Territorial waters or more generally any specific three-dimensional An airliner is a large Fixed-wing aircraft with the primary function of transporting paying passengers The attacks led to nearly a 20% cutback in air travel capacity, and severely exacerbated financial problems in the struggling U. S. airline industry. An airline provides air transport services for Passengers or Freight, generally with a recognized operating certificate or license [167]
Health effects
The thousands of tons of toxic debris resulting from the collapse of the Twin Towers consisted of more than 2,500 contaminants, including known carcinogens. [168][169] This has led to debilitating illnesses among rescue and recovery workers, which many claim to be directly linked to debris exposure. [170][171] For example, NYPD Officer Frank Macri died of lung cancer that spread throughout his body on September 3, 2007; his family contends the cancer is the result of long hours on the site and they have filed for line-of-duty death benefits, which the City has yet to rule on. [172] Health effects have also extended to some residents, students, and office workers of Lower Manhattan and nearby Chinatown. ||-||-||-||}The Chinatown neighborhood of Manhattan &mdash (紐約華埠 a borough of New York City &mdash is an Ethnic enclave with a large [173] Several deaths have been linked to the toxic dust caused by the World Trade Center's collapse and the victims' names will be included in the World Trade Center memorial. [174] There is also scientific speculation that exposure to various toxic products in the air may have negative effects on fetal development. Prenatal development is the process in which an embryo or fetus (or foetus) gestates during Pregnancy, from fertilization Due to this potential hazard, a notable children's environmental health center is currently analyzing the children whose mothers were pregnant during the WTC collapse, and were living or working near the World Trade Center towers. [175]
Legal disputes over the attendant costs of illnesses related to the attacks are still in the court system. On October 17, 2006, federal judge Alvin Hellerstein rejected New York City's refusal to pay for health costs for rescue workers, allowing for the possibility of numerous suits against the city. Events 539 BC - King Cyrus The Great of Persia marches into the city of Babylon, releasing the Jews from almost Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. In the United States the title of federal judge usually refers to a Judge appointed by the President of the United States and confirmed by the United States Judge Alvin K Hellerstein is a judge for the US District Court for the Southern District of New York and has been involved in several high-profile cases [176] Government officials have been faulted for urging the public to return to lower Manhattan in the weeks shortly following the attacks. Christine Todd Whitman, administrator of the EPA in the aftermath of the attacks, was heavily criticized for incorrectly saying that the area was environmentally safe. Christine Todd "Christie" Whitman (born September 26, 1946) is an American Republican Politician and Author who [177] President Bush was criticized for interfering with EPA interpretations and pronouncements regarding air quality in the aftermath of the attacks. [178] In addition, Mayor Giuliani was criticized for urging financial industry personnel to return quickly to the greater Wall Street area. Wall Street is a street in lower Manhattan, New York City, United States. [179]
Rebuilding
On the day of the attacks, Giuliani proclaimed, "We will rebuild: We're going to come out of this stronger than before, politically stronger, economically stronger. The skyline will be made whole again. "[180] Debris removal officially ended in May 2002. [181] The Lower Manhattan Development Corporation, responsible for rebuilding the World Trade Center site, has been criticized for doing little with the enormous funding directed to the rebuilding efforts. The Lower Manhattan Development Corporation ( LMDC) was formed after the September 11 attacks to plan the reconstruction of Lower Manhattan and distribute The World Trade Center site sits on 16 Acres (65000 m² in Lower Manhattan in New York City. [182][183] On the sites of the totally destroyed buildings, one, 7 World Trade Center, has a new office tower which was completed in 2006. 7 World Trade Center is a building in New York City located across from the World Trade Center site in Lower Manhattan. A skyscraper is a tall continuously habitable Building. There is no official definition or a precise cutoff height above which a building may clearly be classified as a skyscraper The Freedom Tower is currently under construction at the site and at 1,776 ft (541 m) upon completion in 2010, will become the tallest building in North America and one of the tallest in the world. 1 World Trade Center, or the Freedom Tower, is the main building of the new World Trade Center complex currently under construction in Lower Manhattan in While determining the world's tallest structure has generally been straightforward the definition of the world's tallest building or the Three more towers are expected to be built between 2007 and 2012 on the site, and will be located one block east of where the original towers stood.
Memorials
In the days immediately following the attacks, many memorials and vigils were held around the world. [184][185][186] In addition, pictures were placed all over Ground Zero. A witness described being unable to "get away from faces of innocent victims who were killed. Their pictures are everywhere, on phone booths, street lights, walls of subway stations. Everything reminded me of a huge funeral, people quiet and sad, but also very nice. Before, New York gave me a cold feeling; now people were reaching out to help each other. ”[187]
One of the first memorials was the Tribute in Light, an installation of 88 searchlights at the footprints of the World Trade Center towers which projected two vertical columns of light into the sky. The Tribute in Light is a temporary art installation of 88 Searchlights placed next to the site of the World Trade Center from March 11 to April 14 Jersey City is a city in Hudson County, New Jersey, United States. The Tribute in Light is a temporary art installation of 88 Searchlights placed next to the site of the World Trade Center from March 11 to April 14 [188] In New York, the World Trade Center Site Memorial Competition was held to design an appropriate memorial on the site. The World Trade Center Site Memorial Competition was an open international memorial contest initiated by the Lower Manhattan Development Corporation (LMDC as per the The winning design, Reflecting Absence, was selected in August 2006, and consists of a pair of reflecting pools in the footprints of the towers, surrounded by a list of the victims' names in an underground memorial space. [189] Plans for a museum on the site have been put on hold, following the abandonment of the International Freedom Center after criticism from the families of many victims. The International Freedom Center ( IFC) was a proposed museum to be located adjacent to the site of Ground Zero at the former Twin [190]
At the Pentagon, an outdoor memorial is currently under construction, which will consist of a landscaped park with 184 benches facing the Pentagon. The Pentagon Memorial, located just southwest of The Pentagon in Arlington Virginia, is a permanent outdoor memorial to the 184 people killed in the building and [191] When the Pentagon was rebuilt in 2001-2002, a private chapel and indoor memorial were included, located at the spot where Flight 77 crashed into the building. [192] At Shanksville, a permanent Flight 93 National Memorial is in planning stages, which will include a sculpted grove of trees forming a circle around the crash site, bisected by the plane's path, while wind chimes will bear the names of the victims. Flight 93 National Memorial protects the site of the crash of United Airlines Flight 93 [193] A temporary memorial is located 500 yards (450 meters) from the Flight 93 crash site near Shanksville. [194] Many other permanent memorials are being constructed around the world and a list is being updated as new ones are completed. [195] In addition to physical monuments, scholarships and charities have been established by the victims' loved ones, along with many other organizations and private figures. [196]
See also
References
- ^ a b Security Council Condemns, 'In Strongest Terms' Terrorist Attacks on the United States. The 1993 World Trade Center bombing occurred on February 26, 1993, when a Car bomb was detonated below Tower One of the World Trade Center The 2001 Anthrax attacks in the United States, also known as Amerithrax from its Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI case name occurred over 9/11 Commission ReportThe National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States, also known as the 9/11 Commission, was set up on November 27, 2002 Lost artworks are original pieces of art that cannot be accounted for in museums private collections or known to have been destroyed or neglected through ignorance and lack of Connoisseurship Bin Ladin Determined To Strike in US was the President's Daily Brief given to U The EPA 9/11 pollution controversy was the result of a report released by the Office of the Inspector General of the United States Environmental Protection Agency in August 1 World Trade Center, or the Freedom Tower, is the main building of the new World Trade Center complex currently under construction in Lower Manhattan in Rudy Giuliani (full name "Rudolph William Louis Giuliani" served as the 107th Mayor of New York City from January 1, 1994 until There have been several videos released by or claiming to be produced by Osama bin Laden. The World Trade Center PATH station originally opened on July 19, 1909 as the Hudson Terminal The World Trade Center site sits on 16 Acres (65000 m² in Lower Manhattan in New York City. United Nations (September 12, 2001). Retrieved on 2006-09-11. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 9 - The Battle of the Teutoburg Forest ends 506 - The Bishops of Visigothic Gaul “The Security Council today, following what it called yesterday’s "horrifying terrorist attacks" in New York, Washington, D. C. , and Pennsylvania, unequivocally condemned those acts, and expressed its deepest sympathy and condolences to the victims and their families and to the people and Government of the United States. ”
- ^ "Bin Laden claims responsibility for 9/11", CBC News, 2004-10-29. "MMIV" redirects here For the Modest Mouse album see " Baron von Bullshit Rides Again " Events 437 - Valentinian III, Western Roman Emperor, marries Licinia Eudoxia, daughter of his cousin Theodosius II Retrieved on 2006-09-07. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1251 BC - A Solar eclipse on this date might mark the birth of legendary Heracles at Thebes Greece.
- ^ Neilan, Terence. "2 Planes Crash Into World Trade Center", The New York Times, 2001-09-11. Year 2001 ( MMI) was a Common year starting on Monday according to the Gregorian calendar. Events 9 - The Battle of the Teutoburg Forest ends 506 - The Bishops of Visigothic Gaul Retrieved on 2008-04-23. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 215 BC - A temple is built on the Capitoline Hill dedicated to Venus Erycina to commemorate the Roman defeat at
- ^ Flight 93 Hijacker: 'We Have a Bomb on Board'. Fox News (2006-04-13). Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1111 - Henry V is crowned Holy Roman Emperor. 1204 - The Fourth Crusade sacks Constantinople Retrieved on 2008-04-23. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 215 BC - A temple is built on the Capitoline Hill dedicated to Venus Erycina to commemorate the Roman defeat at
- ^ Hijacked Planes Used in Coordinated Attacks Upon New York, Washington. Fox News (2001-09-11). Year 2001 ( MMI) was a Common year starting on Monday according to the Gregorian calendar. Events 9 - The Battle of the Teutoburg Forest ends 506 - The Bishops of Visigothic Gaul Retrieved on 2008-04-23. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 215 BC - A temple is built on the Capitoline Hill dedicated to Venus Erycina to commemorate the Roman defeat at
- ^ McKinnon, Jim. "The phone line from Flight 93 was still open when a GTE operator heard Todd Beamer say: 'Are you guys ready? Let's roll'", Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. Retrieved on 2008-05-18. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1152 - Henry II of England marries Eleanor of Aquitaine.
- ^ "Relatives wait for news as rescuers dig", CNN, 2001-09-13. Year 2001 ( MMI) was a Common year starting on Monday according to the Gregorian calendar. Events 509 BC - The Temple of Jupiter on Rome 's Capitoline Hill is dedicated on the ides of September Retrieved on 2008-05-20. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 325 - The First Council of Nicaea &ndash the first Ecumenical Council of the Christian Church is held
- ^ a b c 9/11 Commission Report. National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States (2004). Retrieved on 2008-05-20. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 325 - The First Council of Nicaea &ndash the first Ecumenical Council of the Christian Church is held
- ^ National Commission Upon Terrorist Attacks in the United States. National Commission Upon Terrorist Attacks in the United States (2004-01-27). "MMIV" redirects here For the Modest Mouse album see " Baron von Bullshit Rides Again " Events 98 - Trajan becomes Roman Emperor after the death of Nerva. Retrieved on 2008-01-24. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 41 - Gaius Caesar (Caligula, known for his eccentricity and cruel Despotism, is Assassinated by his disgruntled
- ^ Ahlers, Mike M. (January 27, 2004). 9/11 panel: Hijackers may have had utility knives. CBS News. Retrieved on 2006-09-07. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1251 BC - A Solar eclipse on this date might mark the birth of legendary Heracles at Thebes Greece.
- ^ Snyder, David. "Families Hear Flight 93's Final Moments", The Washington Post, 2002-04-19. See also 2002 (disambiguation Year 2002 ( MMII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1012 - Martyrdom of Alphege in Greenwich London. 1529 - At the Second Diet of Speyer Retrieved on 2008-04-23. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 215 BC - A temple is built on the Capitoline Hill dedicated to Venus Erycina to commemorate the Roman defeat at
- ^ Black Box Recordings. CNN. com (2006-04-12). Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 467 - Anthemius is elevated to Emperor of the Western Roman Empire. Retrieved on 2007-03-30. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 240 BC - 1st recorded Perihelion passage of Halley's Comet.
- ^ Text of Flight 93 Recording. Fox News (2006-04-12). Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 467 - Anthemius is elevated to Emperor of the Western Roman Empire. Retrieved on 2008-04-22. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1500 - Portuguese Navigator Pedro Álvares Cabral becomes the first European to sight Brazil.
- ^ Fouda, Yosri and Nick Fielding (2004). Masterminds of Terror. Arcade Publishing, pp. 158-159.
- ^ a b c Miller, Bill. "Report Assesses Trade Center's Collapse", The Washington Post, 2002-05-01. See also 2002 (disambiguation Year 2002 ( MMII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 305 - Diocletian and Maximian retire from the office of Roman Emperor. Retrieved on 2008-04-23. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 215 BC - A temple is built on the Capitoline Hill dedicated to Venus Erycina to commemorate the Roman defeat at
- ^ Interim Report on WTC 7 (pdf). Appendix L. National Institute of Standards and Technology (2004). Retrieved on 2007-08-20. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 636 - Battle of Yarmouk: Arab forces led by Khalid ibn al-Walid take control of Syria and Palestine
- ^ Final Reports of the Federal Building and Fire Investigation of the World Trade Center Disaster. National Institute of Standards and Technology. United States Department of Commerce (2006-06-08). The United States Department of Commerce is the Cabinet department of the United States government concerned with promoting Economic growth Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 68 - The Roman Senate accepts emperor Galba. 536 - St Silverius becomes Pope (probable Retrieved on 2008-04-30. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 313 - Roman emperor Licinius unifies the entire Eastern Roman Empire under his rule
- ^ a b NIST Status Update on World Trade Center 7 Investigation. National Institute of Standards and Technology. United States Department of Commerce (2007-06-29). The United States Department of Commerce is the Cabinet department of the United States government concerned with promoting Economic growth Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 512 - A Solar eclipse is recorded by a monastic chronicler in Ireland. Retrieved on 2008-04-30. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 313 - Roman emperor Licinius unifies the entire Eastern Roman Empire under his rule “An initial local failure occurred at the lower floors (below floor 13) of the building due to fire and/or debris induced structural damage of a critical column (the initiating event) which supported a large span floor bay with an area of about 2,000 square feet”
- ^ Profiles of 9/11 - About 9/11. The Biography Channel. The Biography Channel (or simply bio) is an American Digital cable Television channel owned by A&E and based on the television A&E Television Networks. A&E (Arts & Entertainment Television Networks is a media company that owns several TV networks on cable and satellite. Retrieved on 2007-12-12. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 627 - Battle of Nineveh: A Byzantine army under Emperor Heraclius defeats Emperor Khosrau II 's Persian
- ^ Miller, Mark (2002-08-26). See also 2002 (disambiguation Year 2002 ( MMII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1071 - Battle of Manzikert: The Seljuk Turks defeat the Byzantine Army at Manzikert. Broadcasting and Cable. Broadcasting & Cable. Broadcasting & Cable Magazine is a Television industry trade magazine published by Reed Business Information. Reed Business Information. Reed Business Information is a large business publisher in the United States United Kingdom continental Europe Australia and Asia Retrieved on 2008-02-15. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 590 - Khosrau II is crowned as king of Persia 1637 - Ferdinand III becomes Holy Roman Emperor
- ^ CNN.com - Transcripts. CNN (2001-09-11). Year 2001 ( MMI) was a Common year starting on Monday according to the Gregorian calendar. Events 9 - The Battle of the Teutoburg Forest ends 506 - The Bishops of Visigothic Gaul Retrieved on 2008-05-02. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1194 - King Richard I of England gives Portsmouth its first Royal Charter.
- ^ O'Mara, Michael (2006-09-11). Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 9 - The Battle of the Teutoburg Forest ends 506 - The Bishops of Visigothic Gaul 9/11: 'Fifth Plane' terror alert at Cleveland Hopkins Airport. WKYC News. Retrieved on 2007-02-13. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1258 - Baghdad falls to the Mongols, and the Abbasid Caliphate is destroyed
- ^ September 11: Chronology of terror. CNN. Retrieved on 2006-09-07. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1251 BC - A Solar eclipse on this date might mark the birth of legendary Heracles at Thebes Greece.
- ^ "First video of Pentagon 9/11 attack released", CNN, May 16, 2006. Retrieved on 2006-09-10. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 506 - The Bishops of Visigothic Gaul meet in the Council of Agde.
- ^ a b "24 Remain Missing", September 11 Victims, 2006, August 12. Retrieved on 2006-09-07. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1251 BC - A Solar eclipse on this date might mark the birth of legendary Heracles at Thebes Greece.
- ^ Stone, Andrea. "Military's aid and comfort ease 9/11 survivors' burden", USA Today, 2002-08-20. See also 2002 (disambiguation Year 2002 ( MMII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 636 - Battle of Yarmouk: Arab forces led by Khalid ibn al-Walid take control of Syria and Palestine Retrieved on 2008-05-20. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 325 - The First Council of Nicaea &ndash the first Ecumenical Council of the Christian Church is held
- ^ Walker, Carolee (2006-09-11). Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 9 - The Battle of the Teutoburg Forest ends 506 - The Bishops of Visigothic Gaul Five-Year 9/11 Remembrance Honors Victims from 90 Countries. United States Department of State. Retrieved on 2008-05-18. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1152 - Henry II of England marries Eleanor of Aquitaine.
- ^ Averill, Jason D. , et al. (2005). "Occupant Behavior, Egress, and Emergency Communications", Final Reports of the Federal Building and Fire Investigation of the World Trade Center Disaster. National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST). Retrieved on 2008-05-20. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 325 - The First Council of Nicaea &ndash the first Ecumenical Council of the Christian Church is held
- ^ Dwyer, Jim and Kevin Flynn (2005). 102 Minutes. Times Books, p. 266.
- ^ Dwyer, Jim, et al. . "Last Words at the Trade Center; Fighting to Live as the Towers Die", The New York Times, 2002-05-26. See also 2002 (disambiguation Year 2002 ( MMII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 451 - The Battle of Avarayr between Armenian rebels and the Sassanid Empire takes place Retrieved on 2008-05-19. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1535 - French explorer Jacques Cartier sets sail on his second voyage to North America with three ships 110 men and
- ^ a b Lipton, Eric. "Study Maps the Location of Deaths in the Twin Towers", The New York Times, 2004-07-22. "MMIV" redirects here For the Modest Mouse album see " Baron von Bullshit Rides Again " Events 1099 - First Crusade: Godfrey of Bouillon is elected the first Defender of the Holy Sepulchre of The Kingdom of Retrieved on 2008-04-22. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1500 - Portuguese Navigator Pedro Álvares Cabral becomes the first European to sight Brazil.
- ^ Heroism and Honor. National Commission on Terrorist Attacks upon the United States. U. S. Congress (2004-08-21). "MMIV" redirects here For the Modest Mouse album see " Baron von Bullshit Rides Again " Events 1192 - Minamoto Yoritomo becomes Seii Tai Shōgun and the De facto ruler of Japan. Retrieved on 2008-05-20. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 325 - The First Council of Nicaea &ndash the first Ecumenical Council of the Christian Church is held
- ^ "2006 9/11 Death Toll", CNN, 2006, April 26. Retrieved on 2006-09-07. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1251 BC - A Solar eclipse on this date might mark the birth of legendary Heracles at Thebes Greece.
- ^ American Airlines Flight 11. CNN. Retrieved on 2006-09-07. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1251 BC - A Solar eclipse on this date might mark the birth of legendary Heracles at Thebes Greece.
- ^ United Airlines Flight 175. CNN. Retrieved on 2006-09-07. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1251 BC - A Solar eclipse on this date might mark the birth of legendary Heracles at Thebes Greece.
- ^ American Airlines Flight 77. CNN. Retrieved on 2006-09-07. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1251 BC - A Solar eclipse on this date might mark the birth of legendary Heracles at Thebes Greece.
- ^ American Airlines Flight 77. CNN. Retrieved on 2006-09-07. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1251 BC - A Solar eclipse on this date might mark the birth of legendary Heracles at Thebes Greece.
- ^ Roddy, Dennis B. . "Flight 93: Forty lives, one destiny", Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, 2001, October 28. Retrieved on 2006-09-07. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1251 BC - A Solar eclipse on this date might mark the birth of legendary Heracles at Thebes Greece.
- ^ Cauchon, Dennis and Martha Moore. "Desperation forced a horrific decision", USATODAY, September 2, 2002. Retrieved on 2006-09-09. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1000 - Battle of Svolder, Viking Age. 1379 - Treaty of Neuberg, splitting the Austrian
- ^ "Poor Info Hindered 9/11 Rescue", CBS News, May 18, 2004. Retrieved on 2006-09-11. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 9 - The Battle of the Teutoburg Forest ends 506 - The Bishops of Visigothic Gaul
- ^ Denise Grady; Andrew C. Revkin. "THREATS AND RESPONSES: RESCUER'S HEALTH; Lung Ailments May Force 500 Firefighters Off Job", The New York Times, 2002-09-10. See also 2002 (disambiguation Year 2002 ( MMII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 506 - The Bishops of Visigothic Gaul meet in the Council of Agde. Retrieved on 2008-05-23. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1430 - Siege of Compiègne: Joan of Arc is captured by the Burgundians while leading an army to relieve Compiègne
- ^ Post-9/11 report recommends police, fire response changes. Associated Press. USA Today (2002-08-19). See also 2002 (disambiguation Year 2002 ( MMII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 43 BC - Octavian, later known as Augustus compels the Roman Senate to elect him Consul. Retrieved on 2008-05-23. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1430 - Siege of Compiègne: Joan of Arc is captured by the Burgundians while leading an army to relieve Compiègne
- ^ Police back on day-to-day beat after 9/11 nightmare. CNN (2002-07-21). See also 2002 (disambiguation Year 2002 ( MMII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 356 BC - Herostratus sets fire to the Temple of Artemis in Ephesus, one of the Seven Wonders of the World Retrieved on 2008-05-23. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1430 - Siege of Compiègne: Joan of Arc is captured by the Burgundians while leading an army to relieve Compiègne
- ^ Joshi, Pradnya (2005-09-08). Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 70 - Roman forces under Titus sack Jerusalem. 1264 - The Statute of Kalisz Port Authority workers to be honored. Newsday. Retrieved on 2008-05-20. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 325 - The First Council of Nicaea &ndash the first Ecumenical Council of the Christian Church is held
- ^ 2001 Notices of Line of Duty Death. National EMS Memorial Service. Retrieved on 2007-09-11. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 9 - The Battle of the Teutoburg Forest ends 506 - The Bishops of Visigothic Gaul
- ^ "Cantor rebuilds after 9/11 losses", BBC, 2006-09-04. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 476 - Romulus Augustus, last emperor of the Western Roman Empire, is deposed when Odoacer proclaims himself Retrieved on 2008-05-20. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 325 - The First Council of Nicaea &ndash the first Ecumenical Council of the Christian Church is held
- ^ Siegel, Aaron. "Industry honors fallen on 9/11 anniversary", InvestmentNews, 2007-09-11. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 9 - The Battle of the Teutoburg Forest ends 506 - The Bishops of Visigothic Gaul Retrieved on 2008-05-20. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 325 - The First Council of Nicaea &ndash the first Ecumenical Council of the Christian Church is held
- ^ Beveridge, Andrew. 9/11/01-02: A Demographic Portrait Of The Victims In 10048. Gotham Gazette. Retrieved on 2008-05-20. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 325 - The First Council of Nicaea &ndash the first Ecumenical Council of the Christian Church is held
- ^ "Source: Hijacking suspects linked to Afghanistan", CNN, 2001-09-30. Year 2001 ( MMI) was a Common year starting on Monday according to the Gregorian calendar. Events 1399 - Henry IV is proclaimed King of England. 1744 - France and Spain defeat the Retrieved on 2008-06-08. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 68 - The Roman Senate accepts emperor Galba. 536 - St Silverius becomes Pope (probable
- ^ Ground Zero Forensic Work Ends. CBS News (2005-02-23). Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1455 - Traditional date for the publication of the Gutenberg Bible, the first Western Book printed from Movable Retrieved on 2008-05-20. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 325 - The First Council of Nicaea &ndash the first Ecumenical Council of the Christian Church is held
- ^ a b World Trade Center Building Performance Study. FEMA (May 2002). Retrieved on 2007-07-12. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1191 - Saladin 's garrison surrenders ending the two-year Siege of Acre.
- ^ World Trade Center Building Performance Study - Bankers Trust Building. FEMA (May 2002). Retrieved on 2007-07-12. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1191 - Saladin 's garrison surrenders ending the two-year Siege of Acre.
- ^ The Deutsche Bank Building at 130 Liberty Street. Lower Manhattan Construction Command Center. Retrieved on 2007-07-12. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1191 - Saladin 's garrison surrenders ending the two-year Siege of Acre.
- ^ Lower Manhattan - Fiterman Hall. LowerManhattan. info (2007-7). Retrieved on 2007-07-10. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 48 BC - Battle of Dyrrhachium, Julius Caesar barely avoids a catastrophic defeat to Pompey in Macedonia.
- ^ Verizon Building Restoration. New York Construction (McGraw Hill). Retrieved on 2007-06-28. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1098 - Fighters of the First Crusade defeat Kerbogha of Mosul.
- ^ World Trade Center Building Performance Study - Peripheral Buildings. FEMA (May 2002). Retrieved on 2007-07-12. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1191 - Saladin 's garrison surrenders ending the two-year Siege of Acre.
- ^ Bloomfield, Larry (2001-10-01). Year 2001 ( MMI) was a Common year starting on Monday according to the Gregorian calendar. Events 331 BC - Alexander the Great defeats Darius III of Persia in the Battle of Gaugamela. New York broadcasters rebuild. Broadcast Engineering. Retrieved on 2008-05-18. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1152 - Henry II of England marries Eleanor of Aquitaine.
- ^ The Pentagon Building Performance Report. American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE) (January 2003). Retrieved on 2008-05-20. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 325 - The First Council of Nicaea &ndash the first Ecumenical Council of the Christian Church is held
- ^ a b McKinsey Report - Emergency Medical Service response. FDNY / McKinsey & Company (August 9, 2002). Retrieved on 2007-07-12. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1191 - Saladin 's garrison surrenders ending the two-year Siege of Acre.
- ^ a b FDNY McKinsey Report - Executive Summary. FDNY / McKinsey & Company (August 2002). Retrieved on 2007-07-10. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 48 BC - Battle of Dyrrhachium, Julius Caesar barely avoids a catastrophic defeat to Pompey in Macedonia.
- ^ Fire Apparatus Deployment on September 11. FDNY / McKinsey & Company (August 2002). Retrieved on 2007-07-10. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 48 BC - Battle of Dyrrhachium, Julius Caesar barely avoids a catastrophic defeat to Pompey in Macedonia.
- ^ a b McKinsey Report - NYPD (August 19, 2002). Retrieved on 2007-07-10. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 48 BC - Battle of Dyrrhachium, Julius Caesar barely avoids a catastrophic defeat to Pompey in Macedonia.
- ^ a b Alavosius, Mark P. , et al. (2005). "Unity Of Purpose/Unity Of Effort: Private-Sector Preparedness In Times Of Terror". Disaster Prevention & Management 14(5): pp. 666-680.
- ^ Timeline of WTC Recovery. Fox News (2002-05-29). See also 2002 (disambiguation Year 2002 ( MMII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 363 - Roman Emperor Julian defeats the Sassanid army in the Battle of Ctesiphon, under the walls of the Retrieved on 2008-04-22. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1500 - Portuguese Navigator Pedro Álvares Cabral becomes the first European to sight Brazil.
- ^ Saga of Dr. Zawahri Sheds Light On the Roots of al Qaeda Terror. The Wall Street Journal (2002-07-02). See also 2002 (disambiguation Year 2002 ( MMII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 310 - Pope Miltiades is elected 626 - In fear of assassination Li Shimin ambushes and kills his rival Retrieved on 2008-05-20. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 325 - The First Council of Nicaea &ndash the first Ecumenical Council of the Christian Church is held
- ^ Tenth Public Hearing, Testimony of Louis Freeh. 9/11 Commission (2004-04-13). "MMIV" redirects here For the Modest Mouse album see " Baron von Bullshit Rides Again " Events 1111 - Henry V is crowned Holy Roman Emperor. 1204 - The Fourth Crusade sacks Constantinople Retrieved on 2008-05-20. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 325 - The First Council of Nicaea &ndash the first Ecumenical Council of the Christian Church is held
- ^ Jihad Against Jews and Crusaders: World Islamic Front Statement (February 23, 1998). Retrieved on 2006-09-08. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 70 - Roman forces under Titus sack Jerusalem. 1264 - The Statute of Kalisz
- ^ Gunaratna, Ronan (2002). Inside Al Qaeda. Berkley Books, pp. 23-33.
- ^ Bin Laden's Fatwa (1996). PBS. Retrieved on 2008-05-20. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 325 - The First Council of Nicaea &ndash the first Ecumenical Council of the Christian Church is held
- ^ a b Al Qaeda's 1998 Fatwa. The NewsHour with Jim Lehrer. For other uses see News Hour. The NewsHour with Jim Lehrer is an evening Television News program broadcast Public Broadcasting Service. The Public Broadcasting Service ( PBS) is a Non-profit Public broadcasting Television service with 354 member TV stations in the Retrieved on 2008-05-19. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1535 - French explorer Jacques Cartier sets sail on his second voyage to North America with three ships 110 men and
- ^ "Suspect 'reveals 9/11 planning'", BBC News, 2003-09-22. Year 2003 ( MMIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 66 - Emperor Nero creates the Legion I Italica. 1236 - The Lithuanians Retrieved on 2008-05-20. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 325 - The First Council of Nicaea &ndash the first Ecumenical Council of the Christian Church is held
- ^ a b c d e f g National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States (2004). "Chapter 5", 9/11 Commission Report. Government Printing Office. Retrieved on 2008-05-20. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 325 - The First Council of Nicaea &ndash the first Ecumenical Council of the Christian Church is held
- ^ Bergen, Peter (2006). The Osama bin Laden I Know. Free Press, p. 283.
- ^ Wright, Lawrence (2006). Lawrence Wright, born August 2 1947 is a Pulitzer Prize -winning American author screenwriter staff writer for The New Yorker magazine and fellow at The Looming Tower: Al-Qaeda and the Road to 9/11. The Looming Tower Al Qaeda and the Road to 9/11 is a historical look at the way in which Al-Qaeda came into being the background for various terrorist attacks and Knopf, p. 308.
- ^ 9/11 panel: Al Qaeda planned to hijack 10 planes. CNN (2004-06-17). Cable News Network, usually referred to by its Initialism CNN, is a major English language Television network founded in 1980 by Ted Turner "MMIV" redirects here For the Modest Mouse album see " Baron von Bullshit Rides Again " Events 1462 - Vlad III the Impaler attempts to assassinate Mehmed II ( The Night Attack) forcing him to retreat Retrieved on 2008-05-19. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1535 - French explorer Jacques Cartier sets sail on his second voyage to North America with three ships 110 men and
- ^ Johnston, David. "TWO YEARS LATER: 9/11 TACTICS; Official Says Qaeda Recruited Saudi Hijackers to Strain Ties", The New York Times, 2003-09-09. Year 2003 ( MMIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1000 - Battle of Svolder, Viking Age. 1379 - Treaty of Neuberg, splitting the Austrian Retrieved on 2008-05-19. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1535 - French explorer Jacques Cartier sets sail on his second voyage to North America with three ships 110 men and
- ^ Clayton, Mark (2003-10-30). Year 2003 ( MMIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 637 - Antioch surrenders to the Muslim forces under Rashidun Caliphate after the Battle of Iron bridge. Reading into the mind of a terrorist. Christian Science Monitor. The Christian Science Monitor (CSM is an international Newspaper published daily Monday through Friday Retrieved on 2007-07-06. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1044 - The Battle of Ménfő takes place 1189 - Richard the Lionheart is crowned King of England
- ^ Clarke, Richard A. (2004). Against All Enemies: Inside America's War on Terrorism. Against All Enemies Inside America's War on Terror (ISBN 0-743-26823-7 is a 2004 book by former U New York: Simon & Schuster, pp. Simon & Schuster Inc, a division of CBS Corporation, is a Publisher founded in New York in 1924 by Richard L 13-14. ISBN 0-743-26823-7.
- ^ FBI Announces List of 19 Hijackers. Federal Bureau of Investigation (September 14, 2001). Retrieved on 2006-09-07. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1251 BC - A Solar eclipse on this date might mark the birth of legendary Heracles at Thebes Greece.
- ^ Dorman, Michael. "Unraveling 9-11 was in the bags", Newsday, 2006-04-17. Newsday is a daily Tabloid -size Pulitzer Prize winning Newspaper that primarily serves Long Island and the New York City Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 69 - After the First Battle of Bedriacum, Vitellius becomes Roman Emperor. Retrieved on 2008-05-20. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 325 - The First Council of Nicaea &ndash the first Ecumenical Council of the Christian Church is held
- ^ "Piece by Piece, The Jigsaw of Terror Revealed", The Independent, 2001-09-30. The Independent is a British compact Newspaper published by Tony O'Reilly 's Independent News & Media. Year 2001 ( MMI) was a Common year starting on Monday according to the Gregorian calendar. Events 1399 - Henry IV is proclaimed King of England. 1744 - France and Spain defeat the Retrieved on 2008-05-20. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 325 - The First Council of Nicaea &ndash the first Ecumenical Council of the Christian Church is held
- ^ Tagliabue, John; Raymond Bonner. "A NATION CHALLENGED: GERMAN INTELLIGENCE; German Data Led U.S. to Search For More Suicide Hijacker Teams", The New York Times, 2001-09-29. Year 2001 ( MMI) was a Common year starting on Monday according to the Gregorian calendar. Events 522 BC - Darius I of Persia kills the Magian usurper Gaumâta securing his hold as king of the Persian Empire. Retrieved on 2008-05-21. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 878 - Syracuse Italy is captured by the Muslim sultan of Sicily.
- ^ The FBI releases 19 photographs of individuals believed to be the hijackers of the four airliners that crashed on September 11, 01. Federal Bureau of Investigation. United States Department of Justice (2001-09-27). For animal rights group see Justice Department (JD The United States Department of Justice ( DOJ) is a Cabinet department Year 2001 ( MMI) was a Common year starting on Monday according to the Gregorian calendar. Events 489 - Odoacer attacks Theodoric at the Battle of Verona and is defeated again Retrieved on 2008-05-20. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 325 - The First Council of Nicaea &ndash the first Ecumenical Council of the Christian Church is held
- ^ Rolince, Michael E. (2003-06-24). Year 2003 ( MMIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 972 - Battle of Cedynia, the first documented victory of Polish forces takes place The Inspector General's Report and the September 11th Response. Federal Bureau of Investigation. United States Department of Justice. Retrieved on 2008-05-20. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 325 - The First Council of Nicaea &ndash the first Ecumenical Council of the Christian Church is held
- ^ Watson, Dale L. (2002-02-06). See also 2002 (disambiguation Year 2002 ( MMII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 46 BC - Julius Caesar defeats the combined army of Pompeian followers and Numidians under Metellus Scipio The Terrorist Threat Confronting the United States. Federal Bureau of Investigation. United States Department of Justice. Retrieved on 2008-05-20. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 325 - The First Council of Nicaea &ndash the first Ecumenical Council of the Christian Church is held
- ^ Responsibility for the Terrorist Atrocities in the United States, 11 September 2001. 10 Downing Street (2001-11-14). Year 2001 ( MMI) was a Common year starting on Monday according to the Gregorian calendar. Events 1533 - Conquistadors from Spain under the leadership of Francisco Pizarro arrive in Cajamarca, Inca Retrieved on 2008-05-20. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 325 - The First Council of Nicaea &ndash the first Ecumenical Council of the Christian Church is held
- ^ Gunarathna, Rohan (2002). Inside Al Qaeda, Global Network of Terror. Berkley Books, pp. 61-62.
- ^ "Bin Laden claims responsibility for 9/11", CBC News, October 29, 2004. Retrieved on 2007-11-09. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 694 - Egica, a king of the Visigoths of Hispania, accuses Jews of aiding Muslims sentencing all "Al-Qaeda leader Osama bin Laden appeared in a new message aired on an Arabic TV station Friday night, for the first time claiming direct responsibility for the 2001 attacks against the United States. "
- ^ a b "Full transcript of bin Ladin's speech", Al Jazeera, 2004-11-02. For the English-language channel see Al Jazeera English Al Jazeera (الجزيرة al-jazīrah,, meaning "The Island" "MMIV" redirects here For the Modest Mouse album see " Baron von Bullshit Rides Again " Events 1570 - A Tidal wave in the North Sea devastates the coast from Holland to Jutland, killing more than 1000 Retrieved on 2008-05-20. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 325 - The First Council of Nicaea &ndash the first Ecumenical Council of the Christian Church is held
- ^ Pakistan to Demand Taliban Give Up Bin Laden as Iran Seals Afghan Border. Fox News Channel (2001-09-16). Year 2001 ( MMI) was a Common year starting on Monday according to the Gregorian calendar. Events 1400 - Owain Glyndŵr is declared Prince of Wales by his followers Retrieved on 2008-05-20. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 325 - The First Council of Nicaea &ndash the first Ecumenical Council of the Christian Church is held
- ^ "Bin Laden on tape: Attacks 'benefited Islam greatly'", CNN, December 14, 2001. Retrieved on 2007-11-09. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 694 - Egica, a king of the Visigoths of Hispania, accuses Jews of aiding Muslims sentencing all "Reveling in the details of the fatal attacks, bin Laden brags in Arabic that he knew about them beforehand and says the destruction went beyond his hopes. He says the attacks "benefited Islam greatly. ""
- ^ Haas, Ed (March 7, 2007). Taking the fat out of the fat bin Laden confession video. Muckraker Report. Retrieved on 2008-05-01. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 305 - Diocletian and Maximian retire from the office of Roman Emperor.
- ^ "Transcript: Bin Laden video excerpts", BBC News, December 27, 2001. Retrieved on 2006-09-07. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1251 BC - A Solar eclipse on this date might mark the birth of legendary Heracles at Thebes Greece.
- ^ Michael, Maggie (2004-10-29). "MMIV" redirects here For the Modest Mouse album see " Baron von Bullshit Rides Again " Events 437 - Valentinian III, Western Roman Emperor, marries Licinia Eudoxia, daughter of his cousin Theodosius II Bin Laden, in statement to U.S. people, says he ordered Sept. 11 attacks. The Associated Press. SignOnSanDiego. com. Retrieved on 2008-05-02. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1194 - King Richard I of England gives Portsmouth its first Royal Charter.
- ^ "Al-Jazeera: Bin Laden tape obtained in Pakistan", MSNBC, October 30, 2004. Retrieved on 2006-09-07. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1251 BC - A Solar eclipse on this date might mark the birth of legendary Heracles at Thebes Greece.
- ^ "Bin Laden 9/11 planning video aired", CBC News, 2006-09-07. Established in the 1930s, CBC News is the department within the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation responsible for the news gathering and production of news programs Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1251 BC - A Solar eclipse on this date might mark the birth of legendary Heracles at Thebes Greece. Retrieved on 2008-05-20. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 325 - The First Council of Nicaea &ndash the first Ecumenical Council of the Christian Church is held
- ^ "'We left out nuclear targets, for now'", The Guardian, 2003-03-04. Year 2003 ( MMIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 51 - Nero, later to become Roman Emperor, is given the title Princeps iuventutis (head of the youth Retrieved on 2008-05-20. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 325 - The First Council of Nicaea &ndash the first Ecumenical Council of the Christian Church is held
- ^ Making of the Death Pilots. MSNBC-TV.
- ^ Al-Qaida tape finally claims responsibility for attacks. The Guardian (2002-09-10). The Guardian (until 1959 The Manchester Guardian) is a British Newspaper owned by the Guardian Media Group. See also 2002 (disambiguation Year 2002 ( MMII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 506 - The Bishops of Visigothic Gaul meet in the Council of Agde. Retrieved on 2007-05-07. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 558 - In Constantinople, the dome of the Hagia Sophia collapses
- ^ "Khalid Sheikh Mohammed Names Names", TIME, 2003-03-24. Time (trademarked in capitals as TIME) is a weekly American Newsmagazine, similar to Newsweek and Year 2003 ( MMIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1401 - Mongol emperor Timur sacks Damascus. 1603 - James VI of Scotland Retrieved on 2008-05-20. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 325 - The First Council of Nicaea &ndash the first Ecumenical Council of the Christian Church is held
- ^ "Key 9/11 suspect 'admits guilt'", BBC News, 2007-03-15. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 44 BC - Julius Caesar, Dictator of the Roman Republic, is stabbed to death by Marcus Junius Brutus, Retrieved on 2008-05-20. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 325 - The First Council of Nicaea &ndash the first Ecumenical Council of the Christian Church is held
- ^ "September 11 suspect 'confesses'", Al Jazeera, 2007-03-15. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 44 BC - Julius Caesar, Dictator of the Roman Republic, is stabbed to death by Marcus Junius Brutus, Retrieved on 2008-05-20. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 325 - The First Council of Nicaea &ndash the first Ecumenical Council of the Christian Church is held
- ^ Substitution for Testimony of Khalid Sheik Mohammed. United States District Court for the Eastern District of Virginia p. The United States District Court for the Eastern District of Virginia is one of two United States district courts serving the Commonwealth of Virginia. 24. United States Department of Justice (2006). Retrieved on 2008-05-20. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 325 - The First Council of Nicaea &ndash the first Ecumenical Council of the Christian Church is held
- ^ Clewley, Robin (2001-09-27). Year 2001 ( MMI) was a Common year starting on Monday according to the Gregorian calendar. Events 489 - Odoacer attacks Theodoric at the Battle of Verona and is defeated again How Osama Cracked FBI's Top 10. Wired. Wired is a full-color monthly American Magazine and on-line periodical published in San Francisco, California since March 1993 Retrieved on 2007-07-06. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1044 - The Battle of Ménfő takes place 1189 - Richard the Lionheart is crowned King of England
- ^ Spain jails 18 al-Qaeda operatives. The Age (2005-09-27). The Age is a Broadsheet daily Newspaper, which has been published in Melbourne, Australia since 1854 Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 489 - Odoacer attacks Theodoric at the Battle of Verona and is defeated again Retrieved on 2008-05-19. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1535 - French explorer Jacques Cartier sets sail on his second voyage to North America with three ships 110 men and
- ^ 18 jailed in Spanish Al-Qaeda trial. Forbes (2005-09-26). Forbes is an American Publishing and media company Its flagship publication Forbes magazine is published bi-weekly Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 46 BC - Julius Caesar dedicates a Retrieved on 2008-05-19. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1535 - French explorer Jacques Cartier sets sail on his second voyage to North America with three ships 110 men and
- ^ Country Reports on Terrorism 2006. Embassy of the United States in Spain. United States Department of State (2007-10-02). Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1187 - Siege of Jerusalem: Saladin captures Jerusalem after 88 years of Crusader rule Retrieved on 2008-05-19. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1535 - French explorer Jacques Cartier sets sail on his second voyage to North America with three ships 110 men and
- ^ Clarke, Richard (2004). Against All Enemies. New York: Free Press, p. 35. ISBN 0-7432-6024-4.
- ^ Burke, Jason (2004). Al-Qaeda - The True Story of Radical Islam. London, New York: I. B. Tauris, pp. 23, 162-163. ISBN 1-85043-666-5.
- ^ Bergen, Peter (2006). The Osama bin Laden I Know: An Oral History of al Qaeda's Leader. New York: Free Press, p. 229. ISBN 0-7432-7891-7.
- ^ Doran, Michael Scott (2005). Understanding the War on Terror. New York: Norton, pp. 72-75. ISBN 0-87609-347-0.
- ^ "Asthma Rates Up Among Ground Zero Workers", Associated Press, CBS News, 2007-08-27. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 479 BC - Greco-Persian Wars: Persian forces led by Mardonius are routed by Pausanias, the Spartan Retrieved on 2008-05-03. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1491 - Kongo monarch Nkuwu Nzinga is baptised by Portuguese missionaries adopting the baptismal name of João
- ^ Glynn, Simone A. (2003-05-07), “Effect of a National Disaster on Blood Supply and Safety: The September 11 Experience”, Journal of the American Medical Association (American Medical Association) 289 (17), <http://jama.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/abstract/289/17/2246?maxtoshow=&HITS=10&hits=10&RESULTFORMAT=1&andorexacttitle=and&andorexacttitleabs=and&andorexactfulltext=and&searchid=1119520325357_713&stored_search=&FIRSTINDEX=0&sortspec=relevance&volume=289&firstpage=2246&journalcode=jama>. JAMA The Journal of the American Medical Association is an international peer-reviewed general Medical journal, published 48 times per year by the American The American Medical Association (AMA founded in 1847 and incorporated 1897 is the largest association of Physicians and Medical students in the United States Retrieved on 20 May 2008
- ^ Red Cross Woes. PBS (2001-12-19). Year 2001 ( MMI) was a Common year starting on Monday according to the Gregorian calendar. Events 324 - Licinius abdicates his position as Roman Emperor. Retrieved on 2008-05-01. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 305 - Diocletian and Maximian retire from the office of Roman Emperor.
- ^ a b Wartime. National Commission on Terrorists Attacks upon the United States. U. S. Congress. Retrieved on 2006-09-08. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 70 - Roman forces under Titus sack Jerusalem. 1264 - The Statute of Kalisz
- ^ "Chronology - Transport Canada responds to September 11 attacks", Transport Canada, 2006-10-10. Transport Canada is the department within the government of Canada which is responsible for developing Regulations, Policies and services Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 680 - Battle of Karbala: Shia Imam Husayn bin Ali, the grandson of the Prophet Muhammad, is decapitated Retrieved on 2007-12-15. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 533 - Byzantine general Belisarius defeats the Vandals, commanded by King Gelimer, at the Battle of
- ^ Statement by the North Atlantic Council. NATO (September 15, 2001). Retrieved on 2006-09-08. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 70 - Roman forces under Titus sack Jerusalem. 1264 - The Statute of Kalisz “"Article 5: The Parties agree that an armed attack against one or more of them in Europe or North America shall be considered an attack against them all and consequently they agree that, if such an armed attack occurs, each of them, in exercise of the right of individual or collective self-defence recognised by Article 51 of the Charter of the United Nations, will assist the Party or Parties so attacked by taking forthwith, individually and in concert with the other Parties, such action as it deems necessary, including the use of armed force, to restore and maintain the security of the North Atlantic area. / Any such armed attack and all measures taken as a result thereof shall immediately be reported to the Security Council. Such measures shall be terminated when the Security Council has taken the measures necessary to restore and maintain international peace and security. "”
- ^ C. S. Kuppuswamy (2005-11-02). Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1570 - A Tidal wave in the North Sea devastates the coast from Holland to Jutland, killing more than 1000 "Terrorism in Indonesia : Role of the Religious Organisation" (HTML). HTML, an initialism of HyperText Markup Language, is the predominant Markup language for Web pages It provides a means to describe the structure . South Asia Analysis Group Retrieved on 2007-07-06. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1044 - The Battle of Ménfő takes place 1189 - Richard the Lionheart is crowned King of England
- ^ Banlaoi, Rommel (2006). Handbook on Terrorism and Insurgency in Southeast Asia. Edward Elgar Publishing.
- ^ a b "Plans For Iraq Attack Began On 9/11", CBS News, 2002-09-04. See also 2002 (disambiguation Year 2002 ( MMII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 476 - Romulus Augustus, last emperor of the Western Roman Empire, is deposed when Odoacer proclaims himself Retrieved on 2007-01-08. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 871 - Battle of Ashdown - Ethelred of Wessex defeats a Danish invasion army
- ^ Benedetto, Richard and Patrick O'Driscoll. "Poll finds a united nation", USA Today, September 16, 2001. Retrieved on 2006-09-08. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 70 - Roman forces under Titus sack Jerusalem. 1264 - The Statute of Kalisz
- ^ Pooley, Eric. Mayor of the World. Time 2001 Person of the Year. Time. Retrieved on 2006-09-08. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 70 - Roman forces under Titus sack Jerusalem. 1264 - The Statute of Kalisz
- ^ Barrett, Devlin (December 23, 2003). 9/11 Fund Deadline Passes. CBS News. Retrieved on 2006-09-08. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 70 - Roman forces under Titus sack Jerusalem. 1264 - The Statute of Kalisz
- ^ 'Shadow Government' News To Congress. CBS News (March 2, 2002). Retrieved on 2006-09-08. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 70 - Roman forces under Titus sack Jerusalem. 1264 - The Statute of Kalisz
- ^ American Civil Liberties Union (2003-09-03). The American Civil Liberties Union ( ACLU) consists of two separate Non-profit organizations the ACLU Foundation a 501(c(3 organization which focuses Year 2003 ( MMIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 36 BC - In the Battle of Naulochus, Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa, Admiral of Octavian, defeats Sextus Pompeius "Uncle Sam Asks: "What The Hell Is Going On Here?"in New ACLU Print and Radio Advertisements". Press release. A news release, media release, press release or press statement is a written or recorded Communication directed at members of the News Retrieved on 2008-05-20. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 325 - The First Council of Nicaea &ndash the first Ecumenical Council of the Christian Church is held
- ^ Eggen, Dan. "Key Part of Patriot Act Ruled Unconstitutional", The Washington Post, 2004-09-30. The Washington Post is the largest and most circulated Newspaper in Washington D "MMIV" redirects here For the Modest Mouse album see " Baron von Bullshit Rides Again " Events 1399 - Henry IV is proclaimed King of England. 1744 - France and Spain defeat the Retrieved on 2008-05-18. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1152 - Henry II of England marries Eleanor of Aquitaine.
- ^ Federal judge rules 2 Patriot Act provisions unconstitutional. CNN (2007-09-26). Cable News Network, usually referred to by its Initialism CNN, is a major English language Television network founded in 1980 by Ted Turner Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 46 BC - Julius Caesar dedicates a Retrieved on 2008-05-19. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1535 - French explorer Jacques Cartier sets sail on his second voyage to North America with three ships 110 men and
- ^ VandeHei, Jim; Dan Eggen (January 5, 2006). Cheney Cites Justifications For Domestic Eavesdropping. Washington Post. Retrieved on 2006-09-08. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 70 - Roman forces under Titus sack Jerusalem. 1264 - The Statute of Kalisz
- ^ Hate crime reports up in wake of terrorist attacks. CNN (September 17, 2001). Retrieved on 2006-09-08. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 70 - Roman forces under Titus sack Jerusalem. 1264 - The Statute of Kalisz
- ^ American Muslim Leaders. Muslim Americans Condemn Attack. ISNA. Retrieved on 2006-12-19. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 324 - Licinius abdicates his position as Roman Emperor.
- ^ Authorization for Use of Military Force. Public Law 107-40 S. J. RES. 23. U. S. Congress (September 18, 2001). Retrieved on 2006-09-08. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 70 - Roman forces under Titus sack Jerusalem. 1264 - The Statute of Kalisz
- ^ Hertzberg, Hendrik (2006-09-11). Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 9 - The Battle of the Teutoburg Forest ends 506 - The Bishops of Visigothic Gaul Lost love. The New Yorker. The New Yorker is an American Magazine that publishes reportage commentary criticism essays fiction satire cartoons and poetry Retrieved on 2008-05-19. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1535 - French explorer Jacques Cartier sets sail on his second voyage to North America with three ships 110 men and
- ^ Attacks draw mixed response in Mideast. CNN. com (2001-09-12). Year 2001 ( MMI) was a Common year starting on Monday according to the Gregorian calendar. Events 1213 - Albigensian Crusade: Simon de Montfort 5th Earl of Leicester, defeats Peter II of Aragon at the Retrieved on 2007-03-30. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 240 BC - 1st recorded Perihelion passage of Halley's Comet.
- ^ Saleh, Heba (2001-09-11). Year 2001 ( MMI) was a Common year starting on Monday according to the Gregorian calendar. Events 9 - The Battle of the Teutoburg Forest ends 506 - The Bishops of Visigothic Gaul Mixed response from Arab World. BBC News. Retrieved on 2008-05-04. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1256 - The Augustinian monastic order is constituted at the Lecceto Monastery when Pope Alexander IV
- ^ U.S. President Bush's speech to United Nations. CNN (November 10, 2001). Retrieved on 2008-04-14. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 43 BC - Battle of Forum Gallorum: Mark Antony, besieging Julius Caesar 's assassin Decimus Junius Brutus in
- ^ Khan, Aamer Ahmed (May 4, 2005). Pakistan and the 'key al-Qaeda' man. BBC. Retrieved on 2006-09-08. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 70 - Roman forces under Titus sack Jerusalem. 1264 - The Statute of Kalisz
- ^ Hamilton, Stuart (2002-08-24). See also 2002 (disambiguation Year 2002 ( MMII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 49 BC - Julius Caesar 's General Gaius Scribonius Curio is defeated in the Second Battle of the Bagradas River September 11, the Internet, and the effects on information provision in Libraries (pdf). 68th IFLA Council and Conference. Retrieved on 2006-09-08. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 70 - Roman forces under Titus sack Jerusalem. 1264 - The Statute of Kalisz
- ^ G8 counter-terrorism cooperation since September 11 backgrounder. Events 9 - The Battle of the Teutoburg Forest ends 506 - The Bishops of Visigothic Gaul Site Internet du Sommet du G8 d'Evian. Retrieved on 2006-09-14. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 81 - Domitian becomes Emperor of the Roman Empire upon the death of his brother Titus.
- ^ Walsh, Courtney C (March 7, 2002). Italian police explore Al Qaeda links in cyanide plot. Christian Science Monitor. Retrieved on 2006-09-08. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 70 - Roman forces under Titus sack Jerusalem. 1264 - The Statute of Kalisz
- ^ SE Asia unites to smash militant cells. CNN (May 8, 2002). Retrieved on 2006-09-08. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 70 - Roman forces under Titus sack Jerusalem. 1264 - The Statute of Kalisz
- ^ Talanian, Nancy (2002). A Guide to Provisions of the USA Patriot Act and Federal Executive Orders that threaten civil liberties (pdf). Bill of Rights Defense Committee. Retrieved on 2006-09-08. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 70 - Roman forces under Titus sack Jerusalem. 1264 - The Statute of Kalisz
- ^ Reform the Patriot Act -- Do not Expand It!. American Civil Liberties Union. The American Civil Liberties Union ( ACLU) consists of two separate Non-profit organizations the ACLU Foundation a 501(c(3 organization which focuses Retrieved on 2006-09-14. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 81 - Domitian becomes Emperor of the Roman Empire upon the death of his brother Titus.
- ^ Liberty - Protecting Civil Liberties Promoting Human Rights : Terrorism. Liberty. Liberty is a Pressure group based in the United Kingdom. Founded in 1934 by Ronald Kidd and Sylvia Crowther-Smith (later Scaffardi Retrieved on 2006-09-14. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 81 - Domitian becomes Emperor of the Roman Empire upon the death of his brother Titus.
- ^ Euro MPs urge Guantanamo closure. BBC News (2006-06-13). Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1525 - Martin Luther marries Katharina von Bora, against the Celibacy rule decreed by the Roman Catholic Church for Retrieved on 2008-05-20. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 325 - The First Council of Nicaea &ndash the first Ecumenical Council of the Christian Church is held
- ^ Mendez, Juan E. (2002-03-13), Detainees in Guantanamo Bay, Cuba; Request for Precautionary Measures, Inter-Am. C.H.R., University of Minnesota, <http://www1.umn.edu/humanrts/cases/guantanamo-2003.html>. Juan E Méndez (born 11 December 1944) is an Argentine Lawyer and Academic who served as the United Nations Secretary-General The University of Minnesota Twin Cities ( U of M or The U) is the oldest and largest part of the University of Minnesota system. Retrieved on 14 April 2008
- ^ USA: Release or fair trials for all remaining Guantánamo detainees. Amnesty International (2008-05-02). 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1194 - King Richard I of England gives Portsmouth its first Royal Charter. Retrieved on 2008-05-04. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1256 - The Augustinian monastic order is constituted at the Lecceto Monastery when Pope Alexander IV
- ^ Stillwell, Cinnamon. "The Truth About 9/11 Conspiracy Theories", San Francisco Chronicle, 2006-04-19. The San Francisco Chronicle was founded in 1865 as The Daily Dramatic Chronicle by teenage brothers Charles de Young and Michael H Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1012 - Martyrdom of Alphege in Greenwich London. 1529 - At the Second Diet of Speyer Retrieved on 2008-05-19. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1535 - French explorer Jacques Cartier sets sail on his second voyage to North America with three ships 110 men and
- ^ Bazant, Zdenek P. & Verdure, Mathieu (March 2007), “Mechanics of Progressive Collapse: Learning from World Trade Center and Building Demolitions”, Journal of Engineering Mechanics (American Society of Civil Engineers) 133 (3): pp. 308-319, doi:10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9399(2007)133:3(308), <http://www.civil.northwestern.edu/people/bazant/PDFs/Papers/466.pdf>. A digital object identifier ( DOI) is a permanent identifier given to an Electronic document. Retrieved on 20 May 2008
- ^ Posner, Richard A. . "The 9/11 Report: A Dissent", The New York Times, 29 August 2004. Retrieved on 2008-04-14. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 43 BC - Battle of Forum Gallorum: Mark Antony, besieging Julius Caesar 's assassin Decimus Junius Brutus in
- ^ Ed Henry (26 April 2004). Republicans amplify criticism of 9/11 commission. CNN. com. Retrieved on 2008-04-14. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 43 BC - Battle of Forum Gallorum: Mark Antony, besieging Julius Caesar 's assassin Decimus Junius Brutus in
- ^ NIST’s World Trade Center Investigation. National Institute of Standards and Technology. U. S. Department of Commerce (2007-12-14). Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1287 - St Lucia's flood: The Zuider Zee sea wall in the Netherlands collapses killing over 50000 people Retrieved on 2008-05-03. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1491 - Kongo monarch Nkuwu Nzinga is baptised by Portuguese missionaries adopting the baptismal name of João
- ^ National Construction Safety Team (September 2005). "Executive Summary", Final Report on the Collapse of the World Trade Center Towers. United States Department of Commerce. Retrieved on 2008-05-21. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 878 - Syracuse Italy is captured by the Muslim sultan of Sicily.
- ^ Sigmund, Pete (2002-09-25). See also 2002 (disambiguation Year 2002 ( MMII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 303 - On a voyage preaching the Gospel, Saint Fermin of Pamplona is beheaded in Amiens, France Building a Terror-Proof Skyscraper: Experts Debate Feasibility, Options. Retrieved on 2008-01-24. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 41 - Gaius Caesar (Caligula, known for his eccentricity and cruel Despotism, is Assassinated by his disgruntled
- ^ Translating WTC Reccomendations Into Model Building Codes. National Institute of Standards and Technology (2007-10-25). Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1147 - The Portuguese, under Afonso I, and Crusaders from England and Flanders conquer Lisbon after a Retrieved on 2008-01-24. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 41 - Gaius Caesar (Caligula, known for his eccentricity and cruel Despotism, is Assassinated by his disgruntled
- ^ Reports of the Federal Building and Fire Investigation of the World Trade Center Disaster. National Institute of Standards and Technology (October 26, 2005). Retrieved on 2006-09-08. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 70 - Roman forces under Titus sack Jerusalem. 1264 - The Statute of Kalisz
- ^ Hermann, Steve. "Simulation finds 9/11 fireproofing key", Associated Press. Retrieved on 2007-10-02. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1187 - Siege of Jerusalem: Saladin captures Jerusalem after 88 years of Crusader rule
- ^ Deep Background. American Conservative (2005-04-01). Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 527 - Byzantine Emperor Justin I names his nephew Justinian I as co-ruler and successor to the throne Retrieved on 2007-03-29. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1461 - Wars of the Roses: Battle of Towton - Edward of York defeats Queen Margaret to become King
- ^ Shrader, Katherine. "Senators Want CIA to Release 9/11 Report", San Francisco Chronicle, Associated Press, 17 May 2007. The San Francisco Chronicle was founded in 1865 as The Daily Dramatic Chronicle by teenage brothers Charles de Young and Michael H The Associated Press ( AP) is an American News agency. The AP is a Cooperative owned by its contributing Newspapers radio Retrieved on 2008-04-14. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 43 BC - Battle of Forum Gallorum: Mark Antony, besieging Julius Caesar 's assassin Decimus Junius Brutus in
- ^ Barnhart, Bill (2001-09-17). Year 2001 ( MMI) was a Common year starting on Monday according to the Gregorian calendar. Events 1176 - The Battle of Myriokephalon is fought 1462 - The Battle of Świecino (or Battle of Żarnowiec Markets reopen, plunge. Chicago Tribune. Retrieved on 2008-05-03. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1491 - Kongo monarch Nkuwu Nzinga is baptised by Portuguese missionaries adopting the baptismal name of João
- ^ a b Bob, Fernandez. "U. S. Markets Decline Again", KRTBN Knight Ridder Tribune Business News, The Philadelphia Inquirer, 2001-09-22. Year 2001 ( MMI) was a Common year starting on Monday according to the Gregorian calendar. Events 66 - Emperor Nero creates the Legion I Italica. 1236 - The Lithuanians Retrieved on 2008-05-02. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1194 - King Richard I of England gives Portsmouth its first Royal Charter.
- ^ Dolfman, Michael L. , Solidelle F. Wasser (2004). "9/11 and the New York City Economy". Monthly Labor Review 127.
- ^ a b Makinen, Gail (2002-09-27). See also 2002 (disambiguation Year 2002 ( MMII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 489 - Odoacer attacks Theodoric at the Battle of Verona and is defeated again The Economic Effects of 9/11: A Retrospective Assessment. Congressional Research Service p. 5. Library of Congress. The Library of Congress is the De facto National library of the United States and the research arm of the United States Congress Retrieved on 2008-05-21. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 878 - Syracuse Italy is captured by the Muslim sultan of Sicily.
- ^ Hensell (2001-12-14). Year 2001 ( MMI) was a Common year starting on Monday according to the Gregorian calendar. Events 1287 - St Lucia's flood: The Zuider Zee sea wall in the Netherlands collapses killing over 50000 people Tough Times Loom For Manhattan Commercial Market. Realty Times. Retrieved on 2008-05-03. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1491 - Kongo monarch Nkuwu Nzinga is baptised by Portuguese missionaries adopting the baptismal name of João
- ^ Parrott, James (March 8, 2002). The Employment Impact of the September 11 World Trade Center Attacks: Updated Estimates based on the Benchmarked Employment Data (pdf). The Fiscal Policy Institute. Retrieved on 2006-09-08. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 70 - Roman forces under Titus sack Jerusalem. 1264 - The Statute of Kalisz
- ^ Fuerst, Franz (September 7, 2005). Exogenous Shocks and Real Estate Rental Markets: An Event Study of the 9/11 Attacks and their Impact on the New York Office Market. Russell Sage Foundation. Retrieved on 2007-05-10. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1291 - Scottish Nobles recognize the authority of Edward I of England.
- ^ Russell, James S. (November 7, 2004). Do skyscrapers still make sense? Revived downtowns and new business models spur tall-building innovation.. Architectural Record. Retrieved on 2007-05-10. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1291 - Scottish Nobles recognize the authority of Edward I of England.
- ^ Bhadra, Dipasis; Pamela Texter (2004). Airline Networks: An Econometric Framework to Analyze Domestic U.S. Air Travel. United States Department of Transportation. The United States Department of Transportation ( DOT) is a federal Cabinet department of the United States government concerned with Transportation Retrieved on 2008-05-21. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 878 - Syracuse Italy is captured by the Muslim sultan of Sicily.
- ^ Gates, Anita. "Buildings Rise from Rubble while Health Crumbles", 2006-09-11. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 9 - The Battle of the Teutoburg Forest ends 506 - The Bishops of Visigothic Gaul Retrieved on 2008-05-18. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1152 - Henry II of England marries Eleanor of Aquitaine.
- ^ "What was Found in the Dust", The New York Times, September 5, 2006. Retrieved on 2006-09-08. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 70 - Roman forces under Titus sack Jerusalem. 1264 - The Statute of Kalisz
- ^ New York: 9/11 toxins caused death. CNN. com (2007-05-24). Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1218 - The Fifth Crusade leaves Acre for Egypt. 1276 - Magnus Ladulås is crowned Retrieved on 2007-07-10. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 48 BC - Battle of Dyrrhachium, Julius Caesar barely avoids a catastrophic defeat to Pompey in Macedonia.
- ^ DePalma, Anthony. "Tracing Lung Ailments That Rose With 9/11 Dust", The New York Times, 2006-05-13. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1497 - Pope Alexander VI excommunicates Girolamo Savonarola. Retrieved on 2008-05-03. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1491 - Kongo monarch Nkuwu Nzinga is baptised by Portuguese missionaries adopting the baptismal name of João
- ^ Shapiro, Rich. "Cancer ends his fitness life after toil at the Pit", New York Daily News, 2007-09-10. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 506 - The Bishops of Visigothic Gaul meet in the Council of Agde. Retrieved on 2008-05-03. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1491 - Kongo monarch Nkuwu Nzinga is baptised by Portuguese missionaries adopting the baptismal name of João
- ^ Updated Ground Zero Report Examines Failure of Government to Protect Citizens. Sierra Club (2006). Retrieved on 2008-05-21. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 878 - Syracuse Italy is captured by the Muslim sultan of Sicily.
- ^ Smith, Stephen (2008-04-28). 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1192 - Assassination of Conrad of Montferrat (Conrad I King of Jerusalem, in Tyre, two days after his title 9/11 "Wall Of Heroes" To Include Sick Cops. CBS News. Retrieved on 2008-05-03. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1491 - Kongo monarch Nkuwu Nzinga is baptised by Portuguese missionaries adopting the baptismal name of João
- ^ CCCEH Study of the Effects of 9/11 on Pregnant Women and Newborns. World Trade Center Pregnancy Study. Columbia University (2006). Retrieved on 2008-04-14. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 43 BC - Battle of Forum Gallorum: Mark Antony, besieging Julius Caesar 's assassin Decimus Junius Brutus in
- ^ DePalma, Anthony. "Many Ground Zero Workers Gain Chance at Lawsuits", 2006-10-18. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1009 - The Church of the Holy Sepulchre, a Christian church in Jerusalem, is completely destroyed by the Fatimid Retrieved on 2008-05-18. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1152 - Henry II of England marries Eleanor of Aquitaine.
- ^ Neumeister, Larry (2006-02-02). Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 962 - Translatio imperii: Pope John XII crowns Otto I Holy Roman Emperor, the first Holy Roman Emperor Judge Slams Ex-EPA Chief Over Sept. 11. Associated Press. San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved on 2008-05-03. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1491 - Kongo monarch Nkuwu Nzinga is baptised by Portuguese missionaries adopting the baptismal name of João
- ^ Heilprin, John. "White House edited EPA's 9/11 reports", Seattle Post-Intelligencer, 2003-06-23. Year 2003 ( MMIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1180 - First Battle of Uji, starting the Genpei War in Japan 1305 - The Flemish Retrieved on 2008-04-12. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 467 - Anthemius is elevated to Emperor of the Western Roman Empire.
- ^ Smith, Ben. "RUDY'S BLACK CLOUD. WTC health risks may hurt Prez bid", Daily News, 2006-09-18. The Daily News of New York City is the fifth most-widely circulated daily Newspaper in the United States with a daily circulation of 703137 Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 96 - Nerva is proclaimed Roman Emperor after Domitian is assassinated Retrieved on 2008-05-21. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 878 - Syracuse Italy is captured by the Muslim sultan of Sicily.
- ^ Taylor, Tess (2001-09-26), Rebuilding in New York, Architecture Week, <http://www.architectureweek.com/2001/0926/today.html>. Retrieved on 21 May 2008
- ^ "Silent Tribute Marks End of Ground Zero Search", Fox News, 2002-05-30. See also 2002 (disambiguation Year 2002 ( MMII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1416 - The Council of Constance, called by the Emperor Sigismund a supporter of Antipope John XXIII burns Jerome of Prague following Retrieved on 2008-05-03. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1491 - Kongo monarch Nkuwu Nzinga is baptised by Portuguese missionaries adopting the baptismal name of João
- ^ Lubell, Sam; Charles Linn (December 5, 2005). Power Struggle Heats Up While Development Moves Slowly at Ground Zero. Architectural Record. Retrieved on 2006-09-08. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 70 - Roman forces under Titus sack Jerusalem. 1264 - The Statute of Kalisz
- ^ Buettner, Russ. Fat cats milked Ground Zero. Daily News. Retrieved on 2006-09-08. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 70 - Roman forces under Titus sack Jerusalem. 1264 - The Statute of Kalisz
- ^ "Honoring the fallen, From New York to Texas, Americans pay respect to the victims of terrorism", The Dallas Morning News, 2001-09-15. The Dallas Morning News is the major daily Newspaper serving the Dallas, Texas ( USA) area with a circulation of around a half-million Year 2001 ( MMI) was a Common year starting on Monday according to the Gregorian calendar. Events 668 - Eastern Roman Emperor Constans II is assassinated in his bath at Syracuse Italy.
- ^ Ahrens, Frank. "Sorrow's Legions; Washingtonians Gather With Candles, Prayers And a Shared Grief", The Washington Post, 2001-09-15. The Washington Post is the largest and most circulated Newspaper in Washington D Year 2001 ( MMI) was a Common year starting on Monday according to the Gregorian calendar. Events 668 - Eastern Roman Emperor Constans II is assassinated in his bath at Syracuse Italy.
- ^ Bush Thanks Canadians for Helping After 9/11. Fox News (2004-12-01). "MMIV" redirects here For the Modest Mouse album see " Baron von Bullshit Rides Again " Events 800 - Charlemagne judges the accusations against Pope Leo III in the Vatican Retrieved on 2007-07-21. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 356 BC - Herostratus sets fire to the Temple of Artemis in Ephesus, one of the Seven Wonders of the World
- ^ Sigmund, Pete (2001-09-26). Year 2001 ( MMI) was a Common year starting on Monday according to the Gregorian calendar. Events 46 BC - Julius Caesar dedicates a Crews Assist Rescuers in Massive WTC Search. Construction Equipment Guide. Retrieved on 2008-01-24. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 41 - Gaius Caesar (Caligula, known for his eccentricity and cruel Despotism, is Assassinated by his disgruntled
- ^ Tribute in light to New York victims. BBC News (2002-03-06). See also 2002 (disambiguation Year 2002 ( MMII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1079 - Omar Khayyám completes the Iranian calendar. 1454 - Thirteen Years' War: Delegates of Retrieved on 2007-07-21. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 356 BC - Herostratus sets fire to the Temple of Artemis in Ephesus, one of the Seven Wonders of the World
- ^ WTC Memorial Construction Begins. CBS News (2006-03-06). CBS News is the news division of American Television and Radio network CBS. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1079 - Omar Khayyám completes the Iranian calendar. 1454 - Thirteen Years' War: Delegates of Retrieved on 2007-07-22. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1099 - First Crusade: Godfrey of Bouillon is elected the first Defender of the Holy Sepulchre of The Kingdom of
- ^ Dunlap, David. "Governor Bars Freedom Center at Ground Zero", The New York Times, 2005-09-25. Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 303 - On a voyage preaching the Gospel, Saint Fermin of Pamplona is beheaded in Amiens, France Retrieved on 2008-05-21. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 878 - Syracuse Italy is captured by the Muslim sultan of Sicily.
- ^ Dwyer, Timothy. "Pentagon Memorial Progress Is Step Forward for Families", The Washington Post, 2007-05-26. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 451 - The Battle of Avarayr between Armenian rebels and the Sassanid Empire takes place Retrieved on 2008-05-21. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 878 - Syracuse Italy is captured by the Muslim sultan of Sicily.
- ^ DefenseLINK News Photos - Pentagon's America's Heroes Memorial. Department of Defense. Retrieved on 2007-07-24. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1132 - Battle of Nocera between Ranulf II of Alife and Roger II of Sicily.
- ^ Sept. 11 Flight 93 Memorial Design Chosen. Fox News (2005-09-08). Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 70 - Roman forces under Titus sack Jerusalem. 1264 - The Statute of Kalisz Retrieved on 2007-07-22. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1099 - First Crusade: Godfrey of Bouillon is elected the first Defender of the Holy Sepulchre of The Kingdom of
- ^ Flight 93 Memorial Project. Flight 93 Memorial Project / National Park Service. Retrieved on 2008-04-14. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 43 BC - Battle of Forum Gallorum: Mark Antony, besieging Julius Caesar 's assassin Decimus Junius Brutus in
- ^ 911 Memorials List. List of 911 and World Trade Center Memorials Across U. S. and the World. Retrieved on 2006-09-08. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 70 - Roman forces under Titus sack Jerusalem. 1264 - The Statute of Kalisz
- ^ Fessenden, Ford. "9/11; After the World Gave: Where $2 Billion in Kindness Ended Up", The New York Times, 2002-11-18. See also 2002 (disambiguation Year 2002 ( MMII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 326 - The old St Peter's Basilica is consecrated 1302 - Pope Boniface VIII issues the Papal bull Retrieved on 2008-05-21. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 878 - Syracuse Italy is captured by the Muslim sultan of Sicily.
External links
- 9-11Commission.gov - 'National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States' (Official Website – archived)
- 911DigitalArchive.org - 'September 11 Digital Archive: Saving the Histories of September 11, 2001' (in partnership with the Library of Congress)
- BBC News - 'America's Day of Terror'
- Memory.loc.gov - 'September 11, 2001, Documentary Project', The Library of Congress
- TheMemoryHole.org - New York Fire Department audio tapes from September 11, 2001. Events 9 - The Battle of the Teutoburg Forest ends 506 - The Bishops of Visigothic Gaul The Library of Congress is the De facto National library of the United States and the research arm of the United States Congress The Library of Congress is the De facto National library of the United States and the research arm of the United States Congress Events 9 - The Battle of the Teutoburg Forest ends 506 - The Bishops of Visigothic Gaul Year 2001 ( MMI) was a Common year starting on Monday according to the Gregorian calendar.
- WCBS-TV - September 11 Remembered
- NY1.com - New York One News Television, 'World Trade Center Special Section' (June 7, 2005)
- September 11, 2001 Newspaper Articles Archive - More than 15,000 free newspaper articles related to the 9/11/2001 attacks. NY1 (pronounced " New York One " is a twenty-four hour news channel available exclusively to over two million Cable television customers within the five boroughs Events 1099 - The First Crusade: The Siege of Jerusalem begins Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Free daily newspapers trace their history back to the 1940s when Walnut Creek California publisher Dean Lesher began what is widely believed to be the first
- September 11, 2001 Screenshot Archive - Database of 230 screenshots from news sites around the world.
- Washington Post - 'Terrorists Unleash Assault on US'
- Open Directory - September 11, 2001
Multimedia
- See also: Category:Films based on the September 11, 2001 attacks
- CNN.com - Video archive, including the first and second planes.
- Inside 9/11 - National Geographic
- Time.com - 'Shattered: a remarkable collection of photographs', James Nachtwey
- Memories of the attack (see flashbulb memory)
- Slate's The 9/11 Report: A Graphic Adaptation by Sid Jacobson and Ernie Colón
Memorials
- CNN September 11 Memorial - List of victims, and photos. Overview The NGS's historical mission is "to increase and diffuse geographic knowledge while promoting the conservation of the world's cultural historical and natural James Nachtwey (born 1948 is an influential American Photojournalist and war photographer who has been awarded the Overseas Press Club 's A flashbulb memory is a memory that was laid down in great detail during a personally significant event often a shocking event of national or international importance
- In Memoriam: September 11, 2001 - A read-only wiki
A wiki is a page or collection of Web pages designed to enable anyone who accesses it to contribute or modify content using a simplified Markup language.
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