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Separatist feminism is a form of feminism that does not support heterosexual relationships due to a belief that sexual disparities between men and women are irresolvable. Feminism is a discourse that involves various movements theories, and Philosophies which are concerned with the issue of Gender difference, advocate The feminist movement (also known as the Women's Movement or Women's Liberation) is a series of campaigns on issues such as Reproductive rights (sometimes Feminist theory is the extension of Feminism into theoretical or philosophical, ground Feminist film theory is theoretical Film criticism derived from Feminist politics and Feminist theory. Feminist economics broadly refers to a developing branch of Economics that applies feminist lenses to economics Feminist Sexology is an offshoot of traditional studies of Sexology that focuses on the Intersectionality of sex and gender in relation to the sexual lives of women Feminist Theology is a movement generally in Christianity, Judaism and New Thought, to reconsider the traditions practices Scriptures Gender equality (also known as gender equity, gender egalitarianism, or sexual equality) is the goal of the Equality of the Genders Antifeminism is opposition to Feminism in some or all of its forms Pro-feminism refers to support of the cause of Feminism without implying that the supporter is a member of the Feminist movement. Feminist history refers to the re-reading and re-interpretation of history from a female perspective. ---- The history of Feminism is the history of Feminist movements and their efforts to overturn injustices of Gender inequality. First-wave feminism refers to a period of Feminist activity during the nineteenth and early Twentieth century in the United Kingdom and Second-wave feminism refers to a period of Feminist activity which began during the 1960s and lasted through the late 1970s Third-wave feminism is a term identified with several diverse strains of feminist activity and study beginning in the early 1990s Women's suffrage has been granted at various times in various countries throughout the world Suffragette is a term originally coined by the Daily Mail newspaper as a derogatory label for the more radical and Militant members of the Beginnings Lydia Chapin (Taft (February 2 1712 – November 9 1778 was a forerunner of women's suffrage in Colonial Amazon feminism is dedicated to the image of the female hero in Fiction and in fact as expressed in the Physiques and feats of female athletes martial artists Anarcha-feminism (also called anarchist feminism and anarcho-feminism) combines Anarchism with Feminism. Black feminism argues that Sexism, class oppression and Racism are inextricably bound together Chicana feminism, also called Xicanisma, is a group of social theories that analyze the historical social political and economic roles of Mexican American Christian feminism is an aspect of Feminist theology which seeks to advance and understand the equality of Men and Women morally socially Cultural feminism developed from radical feminism It is an ideology of a "female nature" or "female essence" that attempts to revalidate what cultural feminists consider Difference feminism is a philosophy that stresses that Men and Women are ontologically different versions of the human being Ecofeminism is a social and political movement which attempts to unite Environmentalism and Feminism, with some currents linking Deep ecology and Equity feminism and gender feminism are terms coined by conservative libertarian Christina Hoff Sommers in her book Who Stole Feminism? published in 1992 Equality feminism is a submovement of Feminism. It is fundamentally at odds with Difference feminism and expresses the crucial similarities between the male Fat feminism or fat-positive feminism is a form of Feminism that argues overweight women are economically educationally socially and physically disadvantaged due Equity feminism and gender feminism are terms coined by conservative libertarian Christina Hoff Sommers in her book Who Stole Feminism? published in 1992 Global Feminism is a feminist theory concerned with the forward movement of Women's rights on a global scale Individualist feminism (sometimes also grouped with libertarian feminism or ifeminism) is a term for feminist ideas which seek to celebrate Islamic feminism is a form of Feminism concerned with the role of women in Islam. Jewish feminism is a movement that seeks to improve the religious legal and social status of women within Judaism and to open up new opportunities for religious experience Lesbian feminism is a cultural movement and critical perspective most popular in the 1970s and early 1980s (primarily in North America and Western Europe that questions the position Liberal feminism, also known as "mainstream Feminism," asserts the equality of men and women through political and legal reform Marxist feminism is a sub-type of Feminist theory which focuses on the dismantling of Capitalism as a way to liberate women New feminism is a predominantly Catholic philosophy which emphasizes a belief in an integral complementarity of men and women rather than the superiority of men over women or Postcolonial feminism is a form of Feminist Philosophy which criticizes Western forms of Feminism, notably Radical feminism and Postmodern feminism is an approach to Feminist theory that incorporates postmodern and post-structuralist theory. Pro-life feminism is the opposition to Abortion, based on Feminism. Radical feminism is a "current" within Feminism that focuses on the theory of Patriarchy as a system of power that organizes society into a complex Sex-positive feminism, also known as pro-sex feminism, sex-radical feminism, or sexually liberal feminism, is a movement that began in the early 1980s Socialist feminism is a branch of Feminism that focuses upon both the public and private spheres of a woman's life and argues that Liberation can only be achieved Thealogy is a Neologism translating to "study of the Goddess " (based on Greek θεά thea, "goddess" + -λόγία Feminism is a discourse that involves various movements theories, and Philosophies which are concerned with the issue of Gender difference, advocate Transfeminism as a noun is a category of feminism most often known for the application of Transgender discourses to feminist discourses and of feminist beliefs Feminism in France has its origins in the French Revolution. A few famous figures emerged during the 1871 Paris Commune, including Louise Michel, Russian-born Gerwani (from Gerakan Wanita Indonesia, Indonesian Women's Movement was an organization of communist women active in Indonesia in the 1950s The women in Revolutionary Nicaragua essentially fought a double revolution 1 to secure national freedom and 2 to secure their equality. The Feminist movement in Nepal is primarily concerned with equity and Equality of opportunity. ---- The history of Feminism is the history of Feminist movements and their efforts to overturn injustices of Gender inequality. Feminist history in the United Kingdom covers part of the Feminism movement in the United Kingdom from 1800 to the present day For Women's suffrage see History of women's suffrage in the United States. This is a list of important participants in the development of Feminism, listed by feminist ideology This is a list of important contributions to the literature of Feminism, listed by year of first publication This is a list of topics related to the issue of Feminism, Women's liberation, the Women's movement, and Women's rights: All-female Feminism is a discourse that involves various movements theories, and Philosophies which are concerned with the issue of Gender difference, advocate Heterosexuality refers to sexual behavior with or attraction to people of the opposite sex or to a heterosexual orientation Sexism is the belief or attitude that one Gender or Sex is inferior to or less valuable than the other and can also refer to a Hatred or distrust towards Separatist feminists generally do not feel that men can make positive contributions to the feminist movement and that even well-intentioned men replicate the dynamics of patriarchy. The feminist movement (also known as the Women's Movement or Women's Liberation) is a series of campaigns on issues such as Reproductive rights (sometimes Patriarchy is the structuring of Society on the basis of Family units where fathers have primary responsibility for the welfare of hence authority over ^[1] Instead, separatist feminists concentrate on directing their energies and allegiances towards other women, outside of a patriarchal context. This typically includes working with other women towards political or social goals, choosing living and family arrangements that are female-only, and avoiding hiring or working for and with men. Feminists or lesbians identifying as separatist usually choose to live either in celibacy or as lesbians (see lesbian feminism). Celibacy refers to the lack of participation in Sexual intercourse. A lesbian is a Woman who is romantically or sexually attracted only to other women Lesbian feminism is a cultural movement and critical perspective most popular in the 1970s and early 1980s (primarily in North America and Western Europe that questions the position

Author Marilyn Frye describes separatist feminism as "separation of various sorts or modes from men and from institutions, relationships, roles and activities that are male-defined, male-dominated, and operating for the benefit of males and the maintenance of male privilege — this separation being initiated or maintained, at will, by women. Marilyn Frye (born 1941 in Tulsa, Oklahoma) is a philosophy professor and feminist theorist. Male privilege is a term used to describe the idea that there are rights granted to the Male population in Society on the basis of their biological "^[2]

In a tract on socialist feminism published in 1972, the Hyde Park Chapter of the Chicago Women's Liberation Union differentiated between Separatism as an "ideological position", and as a "tactical position". Socialist feminism is a branch of Feminism that focuses upon both the public and private spheres of a woman's life and argues that Liberation can only be achieved ^[3] In the same document, they further distinguished between separatism as "personal practice" and as "political position". ^[4]

Contents 1 Heterosexual separatist feminism 2 Lesbian separatism 3 Radical lesbianism 4 Controversy 4.1 Criticism within the Feminist Movement 4.2 Criticism from outside the Feminist Movement 5 Separatism in Literature and Culture 5.1 Literature 5.2 Periodicals 5.3 Womyn's Music 5.4 Land and Community 6 Noteworthy separatist feminists 7 References

Heterosexual separatist feminism

One of the earliest, and best known examples of heterosexual separatist feminism was Cell 16. Cell 16 was a militant Feminist organization known for its program of Celibacy, separation from men and self-defense training (specifically Karate) Founded in 1968 by Roxanne Dunbar, Cell 16 has been cited as the first organization to advance the concept of separatist feminism. Roxanne Dunbar-Ortiz (born 10 September 1939 as Roxanne Dunbar) is an American professor of Ethnic studies, radical leftist feminist ^[5][6] Cultural Historian Alice Echols cites Cell 16 as an example of feminist heterosexual separatism, as the group never advocated lesbianism as a political strategy, instead promoting the idea of celibacy or periods of celibacy in heterosexual relationships. Alice Echols is a cultural critic and a historian of the 1960's Celibacy refers to the lack of participation in Sexual intercourse.

Echols credits Cell 16's work for "helping establishing the theoretical foundation for lesbian separatism. Separatist feminism is a form of Feminism that does not support Heterosexual relationships due to a belief that sexual disparities between Men ^[7] In No More Fun and Games, the organization's radical feminist periodical, Cell Members Roxanne Dunbar and Lisa Leghorn advised women to "separate from men who are not consciously working for female liberation", but advised periods of celibacy, rather than lesbian relationships, which they considered to be "nothing more than a personal solution. "^[8]

Lesbian separatism

Lesbian separatism is a form of separatist feminism specific to Lesbians. A lesbian is a Woman who is romantically or sexually attracted only to other women Separatism has been considered by lesbians as both a temporary strategy, and as a lifelong practice.

Charlotte Bunch, an early member of The Furies Collective, viewed separatist feminism as a strategy, a "first step" period, or temporary withdrawal from mainstream activism to accomplish specific goals or enhance personal growth. Charlotte Bunch (born October 13 1944, North Carolina) She grew up in Artesia New Mexico. The Furies Collective began in Washington DC in the summer of 1971 to give an important voice to Lesbian separatism through its newspaper The Furies Self-help or self-improvement refers to self-guided improvement—economically intellectually or emotionally—most frequently with a substantial psychological or spiritual ^[9]. Other lesbians, such as Lambda Award winning author Elana Dykewomon, have chosen separatism as a lifelong practice. Lambda Literary Awards (also known as the "Lammies" are awarded yearly by the US -based Lambda Literary Foundation to published works which celebrate or Elana Dykewomon (b Elana Nachman, October 11, 1949) is a Jewish Lesbian activist award-winning author editor and teacher

In addition to advocating withdrawal from working, personal or casual relationships with men, The Furies recommended that Lesbian Separatists relate "only (with) women who cut their ties to male privilege"^[10] and suggest that "as long as women still benefit from heterosexuality, receive its privileges and security, they will at some point have to betray their sisters, especially Lesbian sisters who do not receive those benefits. Male privilege is a term used to describe the idea that there are rights granted to the Male population in Society on the basis of their biological "^[11] This was part of a larger idea that Bunch articulated in Learning from Lesbian Separatism, that "in a male-supremacist society, heterosexuality is a political institution" and the practice of separatism is a way to escape its domination. ^[12]

In her 1988 book, Lesbian Ethics: Towards a New Value, Lesbian Philosopher Sarah Lucia Hoagland alludes to Lesbian Separatism's potential to encourage lesbians to develop healthy community ethics based on shared values. Sarah Lucia Hoagland is Professor of Philosophy and Women's Studies at Northeastern Illinois University in Chicago. ^[13]

Bette Tallen believes that lesbian separatism, unlike some other separatist movements, is "not about the establishment of an independent state, it is about the development of an autonomous self-identity and the creation of a strong solid lesbian community. Separatism refers to the advocacy of a state of cultural ethnic tribal religious racial or gender separation from the larger group often with demands for greater political autonomy Independence is the Self-government of a Nation, Country, or State by its residents and population or some portion thereof generally exercising Self-concept or self identity refers to the global understanding a sentient being has of him or herself "^[14]

The practice of Lesbian separatism sometimes incorporates concepts related to queer nationalism and political lesbianism. Queer nationalism (also gay nationalism) is a phenomenon which is related both to Nationalism and to gay and lesbian liberation movement Political lesbianism is a phenomenon within Feminism, primarily Second wave feminism; it includes but is not limited to Lesbian separatism. Some individuals who identify as Lesbian separatists are also associated with the practice of Dianic paganism. Dianic tradition refers to the beliefs practices practitioners and history of Feminist, earth-religion Neo-pagan Goddess worshippers ^[15][16]

Radical lesbianism

The Radical lesbian Movement is a Francophone Lesbian movement roughly analogous to English-language lesbian separatism. The Radical lesbian (lesbiennes radicales movement or (FLR began in France in 1980 and became organized in 1981 under the name Front des lesbiennes Radicales The adjective francophone (alternately Francophone) means French -speaking typically as primary language whether referring to individuals groups or places ^[17]

Inspired by the writings of Philosopher Monique Wittig, the movement originated in France, in the early 1980's, spreading soon after to the province of Quebec, Canada. Philosophy is the study of general problems concerning matters such as existence knowledge truth beauty justice validity mind and language Monique Wittig ( 1935 - January 3, 2003) was a French author and feminist theorist particularly interested in overcoming Gender This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. Quebec (kwɨˈbɛk

Wittig, referencing the ideas of Simone de Beauvoir, challenges concepts of biological determinism, arguing that those in power construct sex difference and race difference for the purpose of masking conflicts of interest and maintaining domination. "La Beauvoir" redirects here also see Beauvoir (disambiguation Biological determinism, also called genetic determinism is the Hypothesis that biological factors such as an organism's individual genes (as opposed to social or environmental ^[18] Separatism was, as such, an opportunity for lesbians to diminish the impact of these constructed power differences on their lives.

Controversy

Aspects of Separatist feminism are controversial both inside and outside the feminist movement.

Criticism within the Feminist Movement

Some Feminists have suggested that separatism is insensitive to, or inadequately addresses existing social conditions like racism or classism. Feminism is a discourse that involves various movements theories, and Philosophies which are concerned with the issue of Gender difference, advocate List of racism-related topics|Racism by country Racism, by its simplest definition is the belief that race is the primary determinant of human traits and capacities and that Classism is prejudice and/or discrimination on the basis of socioeconomic class Others view it as a cultural strategy, not as an authentic movement, and some find it dogmatic, prescriptive or confining.

Feminist theorist and author bell hooks believes that the beliefs of separatist feminists run counter to many of the original goals of feminism, and instead of seeking to create equality, attempt to establish a female-centric and female-dominated society in which men are subjugated and misandry is brought into the mainstream. Gloria Jean Watkins (born September 25, 1952) better known by the Pen name bell hooks, is an American Author, Misandry ( IPA) is hatred (or contempt of Men or Boys. Misandry is parallel to Misogyny —the hatred of women ^[19] Critiques of the term "separatist" have also emerged from feminist critics such as Sonia Johnson who, while advocating a broadly separatist policy, point out that feminist separatism risks defining itself by what it separates itself from, i. Sonia Johnson (born February 27, 1936) is an American Feminist activist and writer e. men. ^[20]

In a published conversation about black feminism and lesbian activism with her sister, Beverly Smith, Barbara Smith, co-author of the Combahee River Collective Statement expresses concerns that, "to the extent that lesbians of color must struggle simultaneously against the racism of white women (as against sexism), separatism impedes the building of alliances with men of color. Black feminism argues that Sexism, class oppression and Racism are inextricably bound together A lesbian is a Woman who is romantically or sexually attracted only to other women Beverly Smith (born December 16, 1946) in Cleveland Ohio is a Black feminist health advocate writer academic theorist and activist who is Barbara Smith (born December 16, 1946) in Cleveland is an American, lesbian feminist who has played a significant role in building The Combahee River Collective was a Black feminist Lesbian organization active in Boston from 1974 to 1980 "^[21] Smith also notes that race places lesbians of color in a different relation to men as white lesbians, as "white women with class privilege don't share oppression with white men. Classism is prejudice and/or discrimination on the basis of socioeconomic class They're in a critical and antagonistic position whereas Black women and other women of color definitely share oppressed situations with men of their race. "^[22] Smith makes distinction between the theory of separatism, and the practice of separatism, stating that it is the way separatism has been practiced which has led to "an isolated, single-issued understanding and practice of politics, which ignores the range of oppressions that women experience. The word theory has many distinct meanings in different fields of Knowledge, depending on their methodologies and the context of discussion. ^[23]

Lesbian poet Jewelle Gomez refers to her entertwined history with black men and heterosexual women in her essay, Out of the Past and explains that "to break away from those who've been part of our survival is a leap that many women of color could never make. Jewelle Gomez (b 1948 in Boston Massachusetts) is an American Writer and cultural worker "^[24]

Cultural critic Alice Echols describes the emergence of a lesbian separatist movement as a response to the homophobic sentiments expressed by feminist organizations (like the National Organization of Women. Alice Echols is a cultural critic and a historian of the 1960's BenPhelpsJPG|thumb|right|Westboro Baptist Church picket signs with Ben Phelps grandson of Fred Phelps The National Organization for Women ( NOW) is the largest American Feminist organization Echols argues that “. . . the introduction of (homo)sex troubled many heterosexual feminists who had found in the women’s movement a welcome respite from sexuality. ”^[25] Echols considered separatism as a lesbian strategy to untie lesbianism from sex so heterosexual women in the feminist movement felt more comfortable. ^[26]

In her essay Women, wimmin, womyn, womin, whippets - On Lesbian Separatism, Julie McCrossin takes the view that some aspects of separatism are "restricting. Julie McCrossin (born 1954 Sydney) is an Australian Radio broadcaster, Journalist, Comedian and campaigner for women's . . confining, inward turning and exclusive, not only of men, but of many women too. "^[27] McCrossin cites slogans like "dead men don't rape" and "kill them in their cots" as examples of extreme lesbian separatist views. ^[28]. Some separatist feminists seem to predict or advocate the attrition of men by a process of evolution, murder or abortion. eVolution is the third Album by eLDee, it was due to be released in 2008 Murder is the unlawful killing of another human person with Malice aforethought, as defined in Common Law countries An Valerie Solanas's SCUM Manifesto suggested that it was the job of females to "destroy the male sex" though she later said her manifesto was "just a literary device. Valerie Jean Solanas ( April 9, 1936 – April 25, 1988) was an American Radical feminist writer best known for shooting SCUM Manifesto ( S ociety For C utting U p M en is a tract written in 1968 by Valerie Solanas that "^[29]

Criticism from outside the Feminist Movement

While some of these statements may be empowerment fantasies rather than literal calls to violence, one men's rights activist compared separatist attitudes and hate speech towards men to those taken by Nazis towards Jews. Men’s rights are the freedoms inherently possessed by men and boys of all ages which may be institutionalized ignored or suppressed by law custom and behavior in a particular Hate speech is a term for speech intended to degrade intimidate or incite violence or prejudicial action against a person or group of people based on their race, Gender Nazism, which was a short name for National Socialism (Nationalsozialismus refers primarily to the Ideology and practices of the National Socialist German PLEASE TAKE NOTE************ ^[30]

Men's rights groups have described women-only events and organizations as "separatist", with the UK Men and Father's rights group Website describing women-only library tables, for example, as "apartheid practices of excluding men". The Fathers' rights movement has been characterized as a Civil rights movement whose members are primarily interested in issues affecting fathers and children related to ^[31] However, while organizations restricted to or geared towards only women are exclusive, they are not necessarily associated with the theories and political stance of separatist feminism.

Separatism in Literature and Culture

An important and sustaining aspect of lesbian separatism was the building of alternative community through "creating organizations, institutions and social spaces . . . women's bookstores, restaurants, publishing collectives, and softball leagues fostered a flourishing lesbian culture. "^[32]

Literature

Lesbian separatism and Separatist Feminism have inspired the creation of art and culture reflective of its visions of female-centered societies, including various works of lesbian science fiction where new technologies in human reproductive strategy have created Lesbian utopias, eliminating the need to have men for human reproduction. Lesbian utopia refers to a conceptual community made up entirely of biological Females who are not dependent on men for anything

The Wanderground (Persephone Press, 1978), is a separatist utopian novel written from author Sally Miller Gearhart's personal experience in rural lesbian-separatist collectives. Sally Miller Gearhart (b April 15, 1931) is an American teacher Science fiction writer and political activist ^[33]

Periodicals

Lesbian and feminist in the 1970's "created a wide network of publications and presses" and magazines and periodicals designated "for women only" or "for lesbians only" were a common sight in the 1970's, 1980's and 1990's (see List of lesbian periodicals); including the London, England lesbian magazine Gossip: a journal of lesbian feminist ethics[1], Circle, a lesbian only journal collectively produced in Wellington, New Zealand^[34] [2], the Australian periodical Sage: the separatist age[3], Canada's Amazones d'Hiver: Lesbiennes d'ajourd hui, produced for lesbians only in Montreal, Quebec,^[35] and the Killer Dyke a magazine by the "Flippies" (Feminist Lesbian Intergalactic Party), based in Chicago, IL. A list of notable Lesbian Magazines, Periodicals, Newsletters, and Journals. London ( ˈlʌndən is the capital and largest urban area in the United Kingdom. Wellington (ˈwælɪŋtən is the Capital of New Zealand, the country's second largest urban area, the For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Australia topics. Country to "Dominion of Canada" or "Canadian Federation" or anything else please read the Talk Page Montreal, or Montréal in French ( pronounced in French, in English) is the largest city in the Canadian province of Quebec Quebec (kwɨˈbɛk Chicago (ʃɪˈkɑːgoʊ is the largest City by population in the state of Illinois and the American Midwest of the United States. [4] [5]

Womyn's Music

The early 1970's was an active period in Womyn's music, a genre mostly originated and supported by separatist feminists. Maxine Feldman's “Angry Atthis,” and Alix Dobkin's Lavender Jane Loves Women, were two early examples of this phenomenon. Alix Dobkin (born August 16, 1940) is an American folk singer/songwriter ^[36]

Land and Community

Separatist feminism provided lesbians opportunities to "live their lives apart from . . . mainstream society,"^[37] and, in the 1970's, "significant numbers of lesbian feminists moved to rural communities. ^[38] One of these Lesbians, Joyce Cheney interviewed rural separatist feminists and lesbian separatists living in Intentional community, Land trusts and Land co-ops. Rural areas can be large and isolated (also referred to as "the country" and/or "the countryside over the course of time An intentional community is a planned Residential community designed to have a much higher degree of Teamwork than other communities A land trust is an agreement whereby one party (the trustee agrees to hold ownership of a piece of real property for the benefit of another party (the beneficiary The result was her book, Lesbian Land. ^[39][40] Cheney describes the reason for many of these separatists' move to Lesbian Land as a "spatial strategy of distancing . . . from mainstream society". ^[41]

Noteworthy separatist feminists

Separatism within the feminist movement enjoyed a peak in popularity during the 1970s. This article is about the Decade 1970-1979 For the Year 1970 see 1970. Organizations associated with separatist feminism include:

• Cell 16 (Boston, Massachusetts)
• Chicago Lesbian Liberation
• Collective Lesbian International Terrors
• The Killer Dyke (Newsletter)
• The Furies Collective (Washington, D.C.)
• The Gorgons (California)
• The Lesbian Separatist Group (Seattle, Washington)
• The Lesbian-Feminist Center (Chicago, Illinois)
• Radicalesbians Revolutionary Lesbians (Ann Arbor, Michigan)
• Tribad (New York City, New York)
• Radical Women in Gainesville, a digital collection and exhibit site that documents the history of the Gainesville Women's Liberation Group. Cell 16 was a militant Feminist organization known for its program of Celibacy, separation from men and self-defense training (specifically Karate) The Furies Collective began in Washington DC in the summer of 1971 to give an important voice to Lesbian separatism through its newspaper The Furies Washington DC ( formally the District of Columbia and commonly referred to as Washington, the District, or simply D California ( is a US state on the West Coast of the United States, along the Pacific Ocean. Chicago (ʃɪˈkɑːgoʊ is the largest City by population in the state of Illinois and the American Midwest of the United States. Ann Arbor is a city in the US state of Michigan and the county seat of Washtenaw County. The City of New York ([Gainesville, Florida])

Individuals associated with separatist feminism include:

• Jeffner Allen, author of Lesbian Philosophies and Cultures
• Joan E. Biren (JEB), lesbian Photographer
• Lizzie Borden, director of Born in Flames
• Rita Mae Brown, author and founder of The Furies Collective
• Mary Daly, theologian and former Boston College professor
• Alix Dobkin, Singer-Songwriter
• Andrea Dworkin, author of Womanhating
• Marilyn Frye, author of The Politics of Reality: Essays in Feminist Theory
• Carolyn Gage, Author of The Second Coming of Joan of Arc
• Charlotte Perkins Gilman, author of Herland
• Karla Jay, English professor and former member of the Gay Liberation Front
• Judy Grahn, American poet
• Sarah Lucia Hoagland, Co-author of For Lesbians only: A Separatist Anthology
• Sonia Johnson, American author and activist
• Del Martin and Phyllis Lyon, American activists
• Kate Millett, author of Sexual Politics
• Julia Penelope, Co-author of For Lesbians only: A Separatist Anthology
• Adrienne Rich, American poet
• Linda Shear, American folksinger
• Heidi Wyss, Swiss writer

References

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