Sensor

Not to be confused with censure, censer, or censor. Not to be confused with Censor, Censer or Sensor. Censure (ˈsɛnʃəɹ is a process by which a formal Reprimand Distinguish from Sensor, Censure and Censor. Censers are any type of vessels made for burning Incense.

"Detector" redirects here. For the radio electronics component, see Detector (radio). A detector is a device that recovers Information of interest contained in a Modulated wave

"Detector" redirects here. For detector in particle physics, see Particle detector. In experimental and applied Particle physics and Nuclear engineering, a particle detector, also known as a radiation detector, is a device used to

A sensor is a device which measures a physical quantity and converts it into a signal which can be read by an observer or by an instrument. For example, a mercury thermometer converts the measured temperature into expansion and contraction of a liquid which can be read on a calibrated glass tube. A mercury-in-glass thermometer, invented by German physicist Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit, is a Thermometer consisting of mercury in a Glass A thermocouple converts temperature to an output voltage which can be read by a voltmeter. In Electrical engineering and industry thermocouples are a widely used type of temperature sensor and can also be used as a means to convert thermal Potential A voltmeter is an instrument used for measuring the Electrical potential difference between two points in an electric circuit For accuracy, all sensors need to be calibrated against known standards.

Sensors are used in everyday objects such as touch-sensitive elevator buttons and lamps which dim or brighten by touching the base. There are also innumerable applications for sensors of which most people are never aware. Applications include automobiles, machines, aerospace, medicine, industry, and robotics.

A sensor's sensitivity indicates how much the sensor's output changes when the measured quantity changes. For instance, if the mercury in a thermometer moves 1cm when the temperature changes by 1°, the sensitivity is 1cm/1°. Sensors that measure very small changes must have very high sensitivities.

Technological progress allows more and more sensors to be manufactured on a microscopic scale as microsensors using MEMS technology. Microscopic is a term used to describe objects smaller than those that can easily be seen by the naked Eye and which require a lens or Microscope to see Microelectromechanical systems ( MEMS) is the technology of the very small and merges at the nano-scale into Nanoelectromechanical systems (NEMS and Nanotechnology In most cases, a microsensor reaches a significantly higher speed and sensitivity compared with macroscopic approaches. Macroscopic is commonly used to describe physical objects that are measurable and observable by the Naked eye. See also MEMS sensor generations. MEMS sensor generations represent the progress made in micro Sensor technology and can be categorized as follows;1st Generation: MEMS sensor element mostly based

1 Types
2 Classification of measurement errors
- 2.1 Resolution
3 Biological sensors
4 Geodetic sensors
5 See also
6 External links

Types

Because sensors are a type of transducer, they change one form of energy into another. For this reason, sensors can be classified according to the type of energy transfer that they detect.

Chemical

Chemical proportion sensors: oxygen sensors, ion-selective electrodes, pH glass electrodes, redox electrodes, and carbon monoxide detectors. Temperature is a physical property of a system that underlies the common notions of hot and cold something that is hotter generally has the greater temperature The thermometer is a device that measures Temperature or Temperature gradient using a variety of different principles it comes from the Greek roots In Electrical engineering and industry thermocouples are a widely used type of temperature sensor and can also be used as a means to convert thermal Potential A thermistor is a type of Resistor with resistance varying according to its Temperature. Resistance thermometers, also called resistance temperature detectors ( RTD s are Temperature Sensors that exploit the predictable change in Bi-metal refers to an object that is composed of two separate Metals joined together A thermostat is a device for regulating the Temperature of a System so that the system's temperature is maintained near a desired setpoint In Physics, heat, symbolized by Q, is Energy transferred from one body or system to another due to a difference in Temperature A bolometer is a device for measuring the energy of incident Electromagnetic radiation. A calorimeter is a device used for Calorimetry, the Science of measuring the heat of Chemical reactions or Physical changes as well as Heat A heat flux sensor is a commonly used name for a transducer generating a signal that is proportional to the local Heat flux. An ohmmeter is an electrical instrument that measures Electrical resistance, the opposition to an Electric current. A multimeter or a multitester, also known as a volt/ohm meter or VOM, is an electronic Measuring instrument that combines several A galvanometer is a type of Ammeter; an instrument for detecting and measuring Electric current. An ammeter is a Measuring instrument used to measure the Electric current in a circuit. An electrometer is an electrical instrument for measuring Electric charge or electrical Potential difference. A voltmeter is an instrument used for measuring the Electrical potential difference between two points in an electric circuit In Physics, magnetism is one of the Phenomena by which Materials exert attractive or repulsive Forces on other Materials. A compass, magnetic compass or mariner's compass is a navigational instrument for determining direction relative to the earth's Magnetic poles It consists The basic fluxgate compass is a simple Electromagnetic device that employs two or more small coils of wire around a core of highly permeable magnetic material to directly sense A magnetometer is a scientific instrument used to measure the strength and/or direction of the Magnetic field in the vicinity of the instrument The Hall effect refers to the Potential difference ( Hall voltage) on the opposite sides of an Electrical conductor through which there is an Electric Metal detectors use Electromagnetic induction to detect Metal. Radar is a system that uses electromagnetic waves to identify the range altitude direction or speed of both moving and fixed objects such as Aircraft, ships Pressure (symbol 'p' is the force per unit Area applied to an object in a direction perpendicular to the surface An altimeter is an instrument used to measure the Altitude of an object above a fixed level History The first barometer is thought to have been built unintentionally by Gasparo Berti, sometime between 1640 and 1643 A barograph is a recording Aneroid barometer. It produces a paper or foil chart called a barogram that records the Barometric pressure over Many techniques have been developed for the measurement of Pressure and Vacuum. The airspeed indicator or airspeed gauge is an instrument used in an Aircraft to display the craft's Airspeed, typically in knots, to the The term Variometer also refers to a type of tunable Electrical Transformer A variometer (also known as a rate-of-climb indicator The term Variometer also refers to a type of tunable Electrical Transformer A variometer (also known as a rate-of-climb indicator This page is about the physical properties of gas as a state of matter Liquid is one of the principal States of matter. A liquid is a Fluid that has the particles loose and can freely form a distinct surface at the boundaries of A flow sensor is a device for sensing the Rate of fluid flow. An anemometer is a device for measuring wind speed and is one instrument used in a Weather station. Flow measurement is the quantification of bulk Fluid movement A gas meter is used to measure the volume of Fuel gases such as Natural gas and Propane. A water meter is a device used to measure the volume of water usage A mass flow sensor (MAF responds to the amount of a fluid (usually a Gas) flowing through a chamber containing the Sensor. This page is about the physical properties of gas as a state of matter Liquid is one of the principal States of matter. A liquid is a Fluid that has the particles loose and can freely form a distinct surface at the boundaries of A viscometer (also called viscosimeter) is an instrument used to measure the Viscosity of a Fluid. A hydrometer is an instrument used to measure the Specific gravity (or Relative density) of Liquids that is the ratio The oscillating U-tube is a technique to determine the Density of Liquids and Gases based on an electronic measurement of the Frequency of oscillation Mechanics ( Greek) is the branch of Physics concerned with the behaviour of physical bodies when subjected to Forces or displacements An accelerometer is a device for measuring Acceleration and gravity induced reaction forces A position Sensor is any device that enables position measurement A synchro or "selsyn" is a type of rotary electrical Transformer that is used for measuring the angle of a rotating machine such as an antenna platform A switch is a mechanical device used to connect and disconnect an electric Circuit at will A strain gauge (alternatively strain gage) is a device used to measure the strain of an object Humidity is the amount of water vapor in the air In daily language the term "humidity" is normally taken to mean Relative humidity. Hygrometers are instruments used for measuring Humidity. A simple form of a hygrometer is specifically known as a "psychrometer" and consists of two Thermometers Chemistry (from Egyptian kēme (chem meaning "earth") is the Science concerned with the composition structure and properties An oxygen sensor, or lambda sensor is an electronic device that measures the proportion of Oxygen (O2 in the gas or liquid being analyzed An Ion-selective electrode (ISE (also known as a specific ion electrode (SIEis a transducer ( Sensor) which converts the activity of a specific Ion dissolved A glass electrode is a type of Ion-selective electrode made of a doped glass membrane that is sensitive to a specific ion A redox electrode is an Electrode made from electron-conductive material and characterized by high Chemical stability in the solution under test A carbon monoxide detector or CO detector is a device that detects the presence of the Toxic gas Carbon monoxide (CO a colorless and odorless compound
Odour sensors: Tin-oxide gas sensors, and Quartz Microbalance sensors.

Optical radiation

light time-of-flight. Used in modern surveying equipment, a short pulse of light is emitted and returned by a retroreflector. The return time of the pulse is proportional to the distance and is related to atmospheric density in a predictable way - see LIDAR. LIDAR ( Li ght D etection a nd R anging is an optical remote sensing technology that measures properties of scattered light to find range and/or

light sensors, or photodetectors, including semiconductor devices such as photocells, photodiodes, phototransistors, CCDs, and Image sensors; vacuum tube devices like photo-electric tubes, photomultiplier tubes; and mechanical instruments such as the Nichols radiometer. Light, or visible light, is Electromagnetic radiation of a Wavelength that is visible to the Human eye (about 400–700 Photosensors or photodetectors are Sensors of Light or other Electromagnetic energy A semiconductor' is a Solid material that has Electrical conductivity in between a conductor and an insulator; it can vary over that Photosensors or photodetectors are Sensors of Light or other Electromagnetic energy A photodiode is a type of Photodetector capable of converting Light into either current or Voltage, depending upon the mode of operation A photodiode is a type of Photodetector capable of converting Light into either current or Voltage, depending upon the mode of operation A charge-coupled device ( CCD) is an analog Shift register, that enables the transportation of analog signals (electric charges through successive stages (capacitors An image sensor is a device that converts an optical image to an electric signal This article is about the electronic device not an evacuated pipe used for experiments in Free-fall. Introduction When a Metallic surface is exposed to Electromagnetic radiation above a certain threshold Frequency, the light is absorbed and Electrons Photomultiplier tubes ( photomultipliers or PMT s for short members of the class of Vacuum tubes and more specifically Phototubes are extremely A Nichols radiometer is the apparatus used by Ernest Fox Nichols and Gordon Ferrie Hull in 1901 for the measurement of Radiation pressure.

infra-red sensor, especially used as occupancy sensor for lighting and environmental controls. Infrared ( IR) radiation is Electromagnetic radiation whose Wavelength is longer than that of Visible light, but shorter than that of Lighting includes both artificial Light sources such as lamps and natural illumination of interiors from Daylight.

proximity sensor- A type of distance sensor but less sophisticated. A proximity sensor is a Sensor able to detect the presence of nearby objects without any physical contact Distance is a numerical description of how far apart objects are Only detects a specific proximity. May be optical - combination of a photocell and LED or laser. Applications in cell phones, paper detector in photocopiers, auto power standby/shutdown mode in notebooks and other devices. May employ a magnet and a Hall effect device. The Hall effect refers to the Potential difference ( Hall voltage) on the opposite sides of an Electrical conductor through which there is an Electric
scanning laser- A narrow beam of laser light is scanned over the scene by a mirror. A photocell sensor located at an offset responds when the beam is reflected from an object to the sensor, whence the distance is calculated by triangulation. In Trigonometry and Geometry, triangulation is the process of determining the location of a point by measuring angles to it from known points at either

focus. A large aperture lens may be focused by a servo system. The distance to an in-focus scene element may be determined by the lens setting.

binocular. Two images gathered on a known baseline are brought into coincidence by a system of mirrors and prisms. The adjustment is used to determine distance. Used in some cameras (called range-finder cameras) and on a larger scale in early battleship range-finders

interferometry. Interferometry is the technique of using the pattern of Interference created by the superposition of two or more Waves to diagnose the properties of Interference fringes between transmitted and reflected lightwaves produced by a coherent source such as a laser are counted and the distance is calculated. In Physics, coherence is a property of waves that enables stationary (i A laser is a device that emits Light ( Electromagnetic radiation) through a process called Stimulated emission. Capable of extremely high precision.

scintillometers measure atmospheric optical disturbances. A Scintillometer is a Scientific device used to measure small fluctuations of the Refractive index of Air caused by variations in temperature humidity

fiber optic sensors. An optical fiber (or fibre) is a Glass or Plastic fiber that carries Light along its length

short path optical interception - detection device consists of a light-emitting diode illuminating a phototransistor, with the end position of a mechanical device detected by a moving flag intercepting the optical path, useful for determining an initial position for mechanisms driven by stepper motors. A photodiode is a type of Photodetector capable of converting Light into either current or Voltage, depending upon the mode of operation A stepper motor (or step motor) is a brushless, synchronous Electric

Ionising radiation

radiation sensors: Geiger counter, dosimeter, Scintillation counter, Neutron detection

subatomic particle sensors: Particle detector, scintillator, Wire chamber, cloud chamber, bubble chamber. Radiation, as in Physics, is Energy in the form of waves or moving Subatomic particles emitted by an atom or other body as it changes from a higher energy A Geiger counter, also called a Geiger-Müller counter, is a type of Particle detector that measures Ionizing radiation. A dosimeter is any device used to measure an individual's exposure to a hazardous environment particularly when the hazard is cumulative over long intervals of Time A scintillation counter measures Ionizing radiation. The Sensor, called a Scintillator, consists of a transparent Crystal, usually phosphor Neutron detection is the effective detection of Neutrons entering a well-positioned Detector. A subatomic particle is an elementary or composite Particle smaller than an Atom. In experimental and applied Particle physics and Nuclear engineering, a particle detector, also known as a radiation detector, is a device used to A scintillator is a substance that absorbs high-energy (ie Ionizing) electromagnetic or charged Particle radiation then in response fluoresces A multi-wire chamber (or just wire chamber) is a detector for particles of Ionizing radiation which is an advancement of the concept of the Geiger counter The cloud chamber, also known as the Wilson chamber, is used for detecting particles of Ionizing radiation. A bubble chamber is a vessel filled with a superheated transparent Liquid (most often Liquid hydrogen) used to detect electrically charged See Category:Particle detectors

Acoustic

acoustic : uses ultrasound time-of-flight echo return. Acoustics is the interdisciplinary science that deals with the study of Sound, Ultrasound and Infrasound (all mechanical waves in gases liquids and solids Not to be confused with Supersonic. Ultrasound is cyclic Sound pressure with a Frequency greater than the upper Used in mid 20th century polaroid cameras and applied also to robotics. Even older systems like Fathometers (and fish finders) and other 'Tactical Active' Sonar (Sound Navigation And Ranging) systems in naval applications which mostly use audible sound frequencies. Sonar (which started as an Acronym for sound navigation and ranging) is a technique that uses Sound propagation (usually underwater to navigate
sound sensors : microphones, hydrophones, seismometers. Sound' is Vibration transmitted through a Solid, Liquid, or Gas; particularly sound means those vibrations composed of Frequencies A hydrophone (Greek "hydro" = "water" and "phone" = "sound" is a Microphone designed to be used underwater for recording or listening Seismometers (from Greek Seism - "the shakes" - and Metro - "I measure" are instruments that measure and record motions of the ground including

Other types

motion sensors: radar gun, speedometer, tachometer, odometer, occupancy sensor, turn coordinator
orientation sensors: gyroscope, artificial horizon, ring laser gyroscope
distance sensor (noncontacting) Several technologies can be applied to sense distance: magnetostriction

Non Initialized systems

Gray code strip or wheel- a number of photodetectors can sense a pattern, creating a binary number. In Physics, motion means a constant change in the location of a body A radar gun or speed gun is a small Doppler radar used to detect the speed of objects A speedometer is a device that measures the instantaneous Speed of a land vehicle A tachometer is an instrument that measures the rotation speed of a shaft or disk as in a motor or other machine An odometer (often known colloquially as a mileometer or milometer) is a device used for indicating Distance traveled by an Automobile or other Motion detection is the action of sensing physical movement in a given area The turn coordinator is an aircraft instrument which displays to a pilot information about the rate of yaw (turn rate of roll and the 'quality' or 'coordination' of the A gyroscope is a device for measuring or maintaining orientation, based on the principles of Angular momentum. An attitude indicator (ADI also known as gyro horizon or artificial horizon, is an instrument used in an Aircraft to inform A ring laser gyroscope (RLG uses Interference of Laser light within a optical ring to detect changes in orientation and spin Distance is a numerical description of how far apart objects are Magnetostriction is a property of Ferromagnetic materials that causes them to change their shape when subjected to a Magnetic field. Name Bell Labs researcher Frank Gray introduced the term reflected binary code in his 1947 patent application remarking that the code had "as The gray code is a mutated pattern that ensures that only one bit of information changes with each measured step, thus avoiding ambiguities.

Initialized systems

These require starting from a known distance and accumulate incremental changes in measurements.

Quadrature wheel- A disk-shaped optical mask is driven by a gear train. Two photocells detecting light passing through the mask can determine a partial revolution of the mask and the direction of that rotation.
whisker sensor- A type of touch sensor and proximity sensor.

Classification of measurement errors

A good sensor obeys the following rules:

the sensor should be sensitive to the measured property
the sensor should be insensitive to any other property
the sensor should not influence the measured property

Ideal sensors are designed to be linear. The word linear comes from the Latin word linearis, which means created by lines. The output signal of such a sensor is linearly proportional to the value of the measured property. The sensitivity is then defined as the ratio between output signal and measured property. For example, if a sensor measures temperature and has a voltage output, the sensitivity is a constant with the unit [V/K]; this sensor is linear because the ratio is constant at all points of measurement.

If the sensor is not ideal, several types of deviations can be observed:

The sensitivity may in practice differ from the value specified. This is called a sensitivity error, but the sensor is still linear.
Since the range of the output signal is always limited, the output signal will eventually reach a minimum or maximum when the measured property exceeds the limits. The full scale range defines the maximum and minimum values of the measured property.
If the output signal is not zero when the measured property is zero, the sensor has an offset or bias. Bias is a term used to describe a Tendency or Preference towards a particular perspective, Ideology or result especially when the tendency interferes This is defined as the output of the sensor at zero input.
If the sensitivity is not constant over the range of the sensor, this is called nonlinearity. This article describes the use of the term nonlinearity in mathematics Usually this is defined by the amount the output differs from ideal behavior over the full range of the sensor, often noted as a percentage of the full range.
If the deviation is caused by a rapid change of the measured property over time, there is a dynamic error. In physics the term dynamics customarily refers to the time evolution of physical processes Often, this behaviour is described with a bode plot showing sensitivity error and phase shift as function of the frequency of a periodic input signal. A Bode plot, named after Hendrik Wade Bode, is usually a combination of a Bode magnitude plot and Bode phase plot A Bode magnitude plot is a graph of log
If the output signal slowly changes independent of the measured property, this is defined as drift.
Long term drift usually indicates a slow degradation of sensor properties over a long period of time.
Noise is a random deviation of the signal that varies in time. is a one volume manga created by Tsutomu Nihei as a prequel to his ten-volume work Blame!.
Hysteresis is an error caused by when the measured property reverses direction, but there is some finite lag in time for the sensor to respond, creating a different offset error in one direction than in the other. A system with hysteresis can be summarised as a system that may be in any number of states independent of the inputs to the system
If the sensor has a digital output, the output is essentially an approximation of the measured property. The approximation error is also called digitization error.
If the signal is monitored digitally, limitation of the sampling frequency also can cause a dynamic error. Sampling theorem The Nyquist–Shannon sampling theorem states that perfect reconstruction
The sensor may to some extent be sensitive to properties other than the property being measured. For example, most sensors are influenced by the temperature of their environment.

All these deviations can be classified as systematic errors or random errors. Systematic errors are Biases in Measurement which lead the situation where the Mean of many separate measurements differs Significantly In Statistics and optimization, the concepts of statistical error and residual are easily confused with each other Systematic errors can sometimes be compensated for by means of some kind of calibration strategy. Calibration is the process of establishing the relationship between a measuring device and the units of measure Noise is a random error that can be reduced by signal processing, such as filtering, usually at the expense of the dynamic behaviour of the sensor. Signal processing is the analysis interpretation and manipulation of signals Signals of interest include sound, images, biological signals such as

Resolution

The resolution of a sensor is the smallest change it can detect in the quantity that it is measuring. Often in a digital display, the least significant digit will fluctuate, indicating that changes of that magnitude are only just resolved. A display device is an Output device for presentation of Information for Visual or Tactile reception acquired stored or transmitted The resolution is related to the precision with which the measurement is made. For example, a scanning probe (a fine tip near a surface collects an electron tunnelling current) can resolve atoms and molecules. Scanning tunneling microscope (STM is a powerful technique for viewing surfaces at the atomic level History See also Atomic theory, Atomism The concept that matter is composed of discrete units and cannot be divided into arbitrarily tiny In Chemistry, a molecule is defined as a sufficiently stable electrically neutral group of at least two Atoms in a definite arrangement held together by

Biological sensors

All living organisms contain biological sensors with functions similar to those of the mechanical devices described. Most of these are specialized cells that are sensitive to:

light, motion, temperature, magnetic fields, gravity, humidity, vibration, pressure, electrical fields, sound, and other physical aspects of the external environment;
physical aspects of the internal environment, such as stretch, motion of the organism, and position of appendages (proprioception);
an enormous array of environmental molecules, including toxins, nutrients, and pheromones;
estimation of biomolecules interaction and some kinetics parameters;
many aspects of the internal metabolic milieu, such as glucose level, oxygen level, or osmolality;
an equally varied range of internal signal molecules, such as hormones, neurotransmitters, and cytokines;
and even the differences between proteins of the organism itself and of the environment or alien creatures. In Physics, a magnetic field is a Vector field that permeates space and which can exert a magnetic force on moving Electric charges Gravitation is a natural Phenomenon by which objects with Mass attract one another Humidity is the amount of water vapor in the air In daily language the term "humidity" is normally taken to mean Relative humidity. Oscillation is the repetitive variation typically in Time, of some measure about a central value (often a point of Equilibrium) or between two or more different states In Physics, the space surrounding an Electric charge or in the presence of a time-varying Magnetic field has a property called an electric field (that can Sound' is Vibration transmitted through a Solid, Liquid, or Gas; particularly sound means those vibrations composed of Frequencies The term can also refer to the stretching of Canvas on a frame. Proprioception (ˌproʊpriːəˈsɛpʃən PRO -pree-o-SEP-shun from Latin proprius, meaning "one's own" and perception is the Sense A toxin ( Greek:, toxikon, lit (poison for use on arrows is a Poisonous substance produced by living cells or organisms that is active at very low A nutrient is food or chemicals that an organism needs to live and grow or a substance used in an organism's metabolism which must be taken in from its environment A pheromone (from Greek φέρω phero "to bear" + ‘ορμόνη " Hormone " is a Chemical that triggers a natural Glucose (Glc a Monosaccharide (or simple Sugar) also known as grape sugar, is an important Carbohydrate in Biology. Oxygen (from the Greek roots ὀξύς (oxys (acid literally "sharp" from the taste of acids and -γενής (-genēs (producer literally begetteris the Osmolarity is a measure of the osmoles of solute per Liter of solution while the osmolality is a measure of the osmoles of Solute per Kilogram Hormones (from Greek ὁρμή - "impetus" are chemicals released by cells that affect cells in other parts of the body See Chemical synapse for an introduction to concepts and terminology used in this article Cytokines are a category of signalling Proteins and Glycoproteins that like Hormones and Neurotransmitters, are used extensively in cellular Proteins are large Organic compounds made of Amino acids arranged in a linear chain and joined together by Peptide bonds between the Carboxyl

Artificial sensors that mimic biological sensors by using a biological sensitive component, are called biosensors. A biosensor is a device for the detection of an Analyte that combines a biological component with a physicochemical detector component

The human senses are examples of specialized neuronal sensors. Human beings, humans or man (Origin 1590–1600 L homō man OL hemō the earthly one (see Humus Senses are the physiological methods of Perception. The senses and their operation classification and theory are overlapping topics studied by a variety of fields Neurons (ˈnjuːɹɒn also known as neurones and nerve cells) are responsive cells in the Nervous system that process and transmit information See Sense. Senses are the physiological methods of Perception. The senses and their operation classification and theory are overlapping topics studied by a variety of fields

Geodetic sensors

Geodetic measuring devices measure georeferenced displacements or movements in one, two or three dimensions. It includes the use of instruments such as total stations, levels and global navigation satellite system receivers. A total station is an optical instrument used in modern Surveying and archaeology as well as by police crime scene investigators private accident reconstructionists and A dumpy level, builder's auto level, leveling instrument or automatic level is an optical instrument used in Surveying and building Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS is the standard generic term for satellite navigation systems that provide autonomous geo-spatial positioning with global coverage

External links

Capacitive Position/Displacement Sensor Theory/Tutorial
Capacitive Position/Displacement Overview
M. Data acquisition is the sampling of the real world to generate data that can be manipulated by a computer A data acquisition system is a device designed to measure and log some parameters A data logger (also datalogger or data recorder) is an electronic device that records data over time or in relation to location either with a built in instrument Nanosensors are any biological chemical or sugery sensory points used to convey information about Nanoparticles to the Macroscopic world Detection theory, or signal detection theory, is a means to quantify the ability to discern between signal and noise. Fully automatic time (abbreviated FAT) is a form of race Timing in which the clock is automatically activated by the starting device and the finish time A hydrogen microsensor is a Gas detector that detects the presence of Hydrogen. In Fish, the lateral line is a Sense organ used to detect movement and vibration in the surrounding water In Physiology, Psychology, or Psychophysics, a limen or a liminal point is a Threshold of a physiological or psychological response Nanoelectronics refer to the use of Nanotechnology on electronic components especially Transistors. Accelerometer Touch sensor Active pixel sensor Air flow meter Alarm sensor Machine olfaction is the automated simulation of the sense of smell In Signal detection theory, a receiver operating characteristic ( ROC) or simply ROC curve, is a graphical plot of the sensitivity The Sensor Web is a type of sensor network or Geographic information system (GIS that is especially well suited for Environmental monitoring and control A transducer is a device usually electrical, electronic, Electro-mechanical, Electromagnetic, Photonic, or Photovoltaic Kretschmar and S. Welsby (2005), Capacitive and Inductive Displacement Sensors, in Sensor Technology Handbook, J. Wilson editor, Newnes: Burlington, MA.
C. A. Grimes, E. C. Dickey, and M. V. Pishko (2006), Encyclopedia of Sensors (10-Volume Set), American Scientific Publishers. ISBN 1-58883-056-X
Sensors - Open access journal of MDPI
M. Pohanka, O. Pavlis, and P. Skladal. Rapid Characterization of Monoclonal Antibodies using the Piezoelectric Immunosensor. Sensors 2007, 7, 341-353
SensEdu; how sensors work
Clifford K. Ho, Alex Robinson, David R. Miller and Mary J. Davis. Overview of Sensors and Needs for Environmental Monitoring. Sensors 2005, 5, 4-37
Wireless hydrogen sensor
Sensor circuits
Sensors and Actuators - Elsevier journal

Dictionary

-noun

A device or organ that detects certain external stimuli and responds in a distinctive manner.

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