A senator for life is a member of the senate elected or appointed for lifetime. A senate is a Deliberative body, often the Upper house or chamber of a Legislature or Parliament. Currently, a few members of the Italian Senate are lifetime senators. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. The Italian Senate ( Italian: Senato della Repubblica, 'Senate of the Republic' is the Upper house of the Parliament of Italy. Several South American countries once granted lifetime membership to former presidents but have since abolished that practice. South America is a Continent of the Americas, situated entirely in the Western Hemisphere and mostly in the Southern Hemisphere, with a
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Italy
Overview
In Italy, a senatore a vita is a member of the Italian Senate appointed by the President of the Italian Republic "for outstanding patriotic merits in the social, scientific, artistic or literary field". Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest The Italian Senate ( Italian: Senato della Repubblica, 'Senate of the Republic' is the Upper house of the Parliament of Italy. The President of the Italian Republic (Presidente della Repubblica Italiana is the Head of State of Italy, and as such is intended to represent national unity Former Presidents of the Republic are ex officio life senators. A B A limit of five senators for life, excluding former Presidents, is established by the Italian constitution, though there is a still unsolved debate as to whether each President of the Republic has the right to name five senators for life, or if five is the maximum allowed number of senators for life. Till 1984 this last interpretation was considered correct, but in that year President Pertini applied the second interpretation of the Constitution, and since then no measures have been taken to clarify this situation, made even more important by the key role senators for life had during the second Prodi Government. They have the same equal power of elected senators, including the right to vote and being elected to the Presidency of the Senate. In addition, their mandate does not end with the dissolution of a Senate, allowing them to sit in any elected Senate for their whole lifetime.
Every President of the Italian Republic has made at least one appointment of a senator for life, with the exception of Oscar Luigi Scalfaro, and sitting President Giorgio Napolitano so far. Baron Oscar Luigi Scalfaro ˈskalfaro (born September 9, 1918) is an Italian Politician and magistrate member of the Christian Democracy Giorgio Napolitano (born June 29 1925) is an Italian Politician and former lifetime senator, the eleventh and current President of the Italian The president who appointed the highest number of senators for life was Luigi Einaudi, who made eight nominations during his mandate. Luigi Einaudi, Cavaliere di Gran Croce decorato di Gran Cordone OMRI ( March 24 1874 - October 30 1961) was an Italian
List of Italian life senators
As of 2008, there are seven in office:
- Giulio Andreotti - aged 89 years, 151 days
- Carlo Azeglio Ciampi - 87 years, 187 days
- Emilio Colombo - 88 years, 63 days
- Francesco Cossiga[1] - 79 years, 323 days
- Rita Levi-Montalcini - 99 years, 52 days
- Sergio Pininfarina - 81 years, 279 days
- Oscar Luigi Scalfaro - 89 years, 278 days
Former lifetime senators:
Burundi
In Burundi, former heads of state serve in the Senate for life. Giovanni Agnelli, Cavaliere di Gran Croce OMRI ( March 12, 1921 – January 24, 2003) better known as Gianni Agnelli, was Carlo Bo ( 25 January 1911 &ndash 21 July 2001) was a professor and Life senator of Italy (since 1984 Norberto Bobbio ( Turin October 18, 1909 &ndash Turin January 9, 2004) was an Italian philosopher of law and Pietro Canonica ( March 1 1869 &ndash June 8 1959) was an Italian Sculptor of international repute painter, Guido Castelnuovo ( 14 August 1865 &ndash 27 April 1952 was an Italian Jewish Mathematician. Eduardo De Filippo, often called simply Eduardo ( 24 May, 1900 - 31 October 1984) was an Italian actor playwright screenwriter Francesco de Martino (Naples May 31 1907 - Naples November 18 2002 was an Italian jurist politician lifetime senator (1991-2002 and former interim Vice President of the Italian Republic and Enrico Roberto De Nicola ( November 9, 1877 – October 1, 1959) was an Italian Jurist, Journalist, Gaetano De Sanctis ( 15 October 1870 – 9 April 1957) was an Italian Historian and Lifetime senator (1950-1957 Luigi Einaudi, Cavaliere di Gran Croce decorato di Gran Cordone OMRI ( March 24 1874 - October 30 1961) was an Italian Amintore Fanfani ( February 6 1908 - November 20, 1999) was an Italian career Politician and former interim President Giovanni Gronchi ( September 10, 1887 – October 17, 1978) was an Italian Politician who became the second President of the Pasquale Jannaccone ( 18 May 1872 in Naples - 22 December 1959 in Turin) was an Italian Economist nominated Giovanni Leone ( 3 November 1908 &ndash 9 November 2001) was an Italian politician Mario Luzi ( 20 October 1914 &ndash 28 February 2005) was an Italian poet Cesare Merzagora ( November 9, 1898 - May 1, 1991) was an Italian Politician from Milan. Eugenio Montale ( October 12, 1896 — September 12, 1981) was an Italian Poet, prose writer editor and translator Giorgio Napolitano (born June 29 1925) is an Italian Politician and former lifetime senator, the eleventh and current President of the Italian Pietro Sandro Nenni ( February 9, 1891 &mdash January 1, 1980) was an Italian socialist Politician, the Giuseppe Paratore ( 1877 - 26 February 1967) was an Italian Attorney and Politician. Ferruccio Parri ( January 19, 1890 &ndash December 8, 1981) was an Italian partisan and Politician who served as Prime Alessandro (Sandro Pertini ( September 25, 1896 - February 24, 1990) was an Italian socialist, probably the most popular Camilla Ravera ( 18 June 1889 – 18 September 1988) was an Italian politician and Lifetime senator. Meuccio Ruini ( 14 December 1877 – 6 March 1970) was an Italian Politician and Lifetime senator (1963-1970 Carlo Alberto Salustri ( Rome, 1871-1950 was an Italian dialect poet better known by his pen name of Trilussa (an Anagram of “Salustri” Giuseppe Saragat (ˈsaɾagat ( 19 September 1898 - 11 June, 1988) was an Italian politician who was the President of the Italian Republic Antonio Segni ( February 2, 1891 &ndash December 1, 1972) was an Italian politician who was President of the Italian Republic Giovanni Spadolini ( Florence, June 21, 1925 &ndash Rome, August 4 1994) was a liberal Italian Don Luigi Sturzo (November 26 1871 – August 8 1959 was an Italian Catholic Priest and politician Paolo Emilio Taviani ( November 6, 1912 - June 18, 2001) was an Italian Politician. WikipediaWikiProject Classical music#Biographical_infoboxes --> Arturo Toscanini (ɑrˈturɔ ˌtɔskɑˈnini (March 25 1867 &ndash January Leo Valiani (born Leo Weiczen on 9 February 1909 - 18 September 1999) was an Italian Politician and Journalist Vittorio Valletta ( 28 July 1883 - 10 August 1967) was an Italian Industrialist and President of Fiat from 1946 Umberto Zanotti Bianco ( 22 January 1889 – 28 August 1963) was an Italian archaeologist environmentalist and Lifetime senator Burundi (buˈɾundi officially the Republic of Burundi, is a small country in the Great Lakes region of Eastern Africa bordered by Rwanda The Senate is the upper chamber of Parliament in Burundi. It consists of no fewer than 37 and no more than 54 members who serve 5-year terms At present there are four of these: Jean-Baptiste Bagaza, Sylvestre Ntibantunganya, Pierre Buyoya, and Domitien Ndayizeye. Jean-Baptiste Bagaza (born 1946 was chairman of the Supreme Revolutionary Council in Burundi until November 10, Sylvestre Ntibantunganya (born Gishubi Gitega May 8, 1956) is a Burundi Politician. Major Pierre Buyoya (born 24 November 1949) is a Burundi politician who has ruled Burundi twice from 1987 to 1993 and from 1996 to 2003 Domitien Ndayizeye (born May 2, 1953 in Murango Kayanza Province) is a former president of Burundi. [5][6]
Canada
Members of the Canadian Senate used to be appointed for life. The Senate of Canada (Le Sénat du Canada is a component of the Parliament of Canada, along with the sovereign (represented by the governor general Since the Constitution Act, 1965, however, newly-appointed members face mandatory retirement upon reaching the age of seventy-five. The British North America Acts 1867&ndash1975 are the original names of a series of Acts at the core of the Constitution of Canada. 75 ( seventy-five) is the Natural number following 74 and preceding 76. Though they were grandfathered by the legislation, there are no longer any lifetime senators present in the Canadian Senate. A grandfather clause is a term used in US English for an exception that allows an old rule to continue to apply to some existing situations when a new rule will apply to all future situations John Michael Macdonald, the last senator for life, died in 1997. John Michael Macdonald ( May 3[[ 906]] - June 20 1997) was a Canadian politician Year 1997 ( MCMXCVII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full 1997 Gregorian calendar
South America
The constitutions of a number of countries in South America have granted former presidents the right to be senator for life (senador vitalicio), possibly recalling the entirely unelected Senate of Bolivarian theory (see Tricameralism#Bolivar's tricameralism). A constitution is a system for government often Codified as a written document that establishes the rules and principles of an autonomous political entity South America is a Continent of the Americas, situated entirely in the Western Hemisphere and mostly in the Southern Hemisphere, with a Simón José Antonio de la Santísima Trinidad Bolívar Palacios y Blanco,Venezuelan or commonly known as Simón Bolívar ( July 24, 1783 &ndash Tricameralism is the practice of having three legislative or Parliamentary chambers Most of these countries have since excised these provisions as they are increasingly seen as antidemocratic. The Constitution of Paraguay still has such a provision, but former presidents are permitted only to speak and not vote. Politics of Paraguay takes place in a framework of a presidential representative democratic Republic, whereby the President of Paraguay is both Probably the most familiar case is that of Chilean dictator Augusto Pinochet (1998-2002) whose parliamentary immunity protected him from prosecution for human rights violations until the Chilean Supreme Court revoked it in 2000. Augusto José Ramón Pinochet Ugarte (November Parliamentary immunity, also known as legislative immunity is a system in which members of the Parliament or Legislature are granted partial immunity from Human rights refers to the "basic Rights and freedoms to which all humans are entitled The Supreme Court of Chile is the highest Court in Chile. It also administrates the lower courts in the nation 2000 ( MM) was a Leap year that started on Saturday of the Common Era, in accordance with the Gregorian calendar.
- In Venezuela, the lifetime senate seat was extant from 1961 to 1999. Venezuela (ˌvɛnəˈzweɪlə) officially the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela (Spanish República Bolivariana de Venezuela) is a country on the Year 1961 ( MCMLXI) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Year 1999 ( MCMXCIX) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full 1999 Gregorian calendar) The former Presidents who held this position were: Rómulo Betancourt (1964-1981), Raúl Leoni (1969-1972), Rafael Caldera (1974-1994, 1999), Carlos Andrés Pérez (1979-1989, 1994-1996), Luis Herrera Campins (1984-1999) and Jaime Lusinchi (1989-1999). ||-||} Wikipedia talkFeatured lists for an explanation of this and other inclusion tags below -->The President of Venezuela (Presidente Rómulo Ernesto Betancourt Bello (February 22 1908 – September 28 1981 "The Father of Venezuelan Democracy" was President of Venezuela from 1945 to Raúl Leoni Otero (April 24 1905 - July 5 1972 was President of Venezuela from 1964 until 1969 Rafael Antonio Caldera Rodríguez (born January 24 1916 was President of Venezuela from 1969 to 1974 and again from 1994 to 1999 Carlos Andrés Pérez Rodríguez (born October 27, 1922) best known as CAP, was President of Venezuela from 1974 to 1979 and again Luis Herrera Campins ( May 4 1925 &ndash November 9 2007) was President of Venezuela from 1979 to 1984 Jaime Lusinchi (born 1924 is a Venezuelan politician who was the President of Venezuela from 1984 to 1989 The senate was abolished with the 1999 constitution. |||}The Constitution of the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela is the current Constitution of Venezuela.
- In Peru, the practice was extant from 1979 to 1993. Peru (Perú Piruw Piruw officially the Republic of Peru ( reˈpuβlika del peˈɾu is a country in western South America. Year 1979 ( MCMLXXIX) was a Common year starting on Monday (link displays the 1979 Gregorian calendar) Year 1993 ( MCMXCIII) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full 1993 Gregorian calendar) Francisco Morales Bermúdez, Fernando Belaúnde Terry and Alan García Pérez were the only lifetime senators until the abolition of the senate in 1993 and the introduction of a unicameral parliament. Francisco Morales Bermúdez Cerruti (born 1921 was a centrist Peruvian general who came to power in Peru in 1975 after deposing his predecessor General Juan Fernando Belaúnde Terry ( October 7, 1912 &ndash June 4, 2002) was President of Peru for two terms (1963&ndash1968 and 1980&ndash1985 Alan Gabriel Ludwig García Pérez (born May 23 1949 in Lima) is the current President of Peru, having won the 2006 elections on June 4 2006 in a run-off The Congress of the Republic (Congreso de la República is the name given to Peru 's unicameral legislature under the current (1993 constitution.
- In Chile, under the 1980 Constitution, two ex-Presidents have become senators-for-life: Augusto Pinochet Ugarte (1998-2002) and Eduardo Frei Ruiz-Tagle (2000-2006). Chile, officially the Republic of Chile ( Spanish:) is a country in South America occupying a long and narrow Coastal strip wedged between the The current Political Constitution of the Republic of Chile, approved by Chilean voters in a tightly controlled Plebiscite on September 11 1980 Augusto José Ramón Pinochet Ugarte (November Eduardo Frei Ruiz-Tagle (born June 24, 1942) is a Chilean politician and civil engineer. [7] The provision was abolished by constitutional reforms in 2005.
Brazil
The senators of the Empire of Brazil were appointed for lifetime (1826-1889). The Empire of Brazil was a political entity that comprised present-day Brazil under the rule of Emperors Pedro I and his son Pedro II. The emperor appointed the senator for each constituency from a list of three, indirectly elected, candidates. For details, see Senate of Brazil: History
There were about 250 senators of the Empire of Brazil:[8]
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France
In France, during the Third Republic, the Senate was composed of 300 members, 75 of which were inamovible ("unremovable"). In its present configuration the Federal Brazilian Senate ( Portuguese: Senado Federal Brasileiro) is a federal legislative body and the Upper house Cândido José de Araújo Viana, the Marquis of Sapucaí was a Brazilian writer Francisco de Sales Torres Homem ( Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; January 29, 1812 – Paris, France; June 3, 1876 José Maria da Silva Paranhos Júnior, the Baron of Rio Branco ( Rio de Janeiro, April 20, 1845 - Rio de Janeiro, February 10 José Martiniano de Alencar ( October 16, 1794 - March 15, 1860) was born in Crato and died in Rio de Janeiro. Luís Alves de Lima e Silva, Duke of Caxias ( IPA: /kaˈʃiɐs/ or /kaˈʃiɐʃ/ ( August 25, 1803 &ndash May 7, 1880 This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. The French Third Republic (in French, La Troisième République, sometimes written as La IIIe The Senate (Sénat is the Upper house of the Parliament of France, presided over by a president. Introduced in 1875, the status was suppressed for new senators in 1884, but maintained for those in office. Year 1875 ( MDCCCLXXV) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Year 1884 ( MDCCCLXXXIV) was a Leap year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap year Émile Deshayes de Marcère, the last surviving sénateur inamovible, died in 1918. Émile-Louis-Gustave Deshayes de Marcère ( 16 March 1828 - 26 April 1918) was a French Politician. Year 1918 ( MCMXVIII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Overall there had been 116 lifetime senators. [9]
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See also
Notes
- ^ Cossiga resigned 27 November 2006, however his demission was rejected by a Senate vote on 31 January, 2007
- ^ Leone was life senator from 1967 to 1971 by appointment and from 1978 to his death (2001) ex officio, as former president. Edme Armand Gaston duc d'Audiffret-Pasquier ( 21 October 1823 &ndash 4 June 1905) was a French politician and member of the Académie Louis Jean-Baptiste d'Aurelle de Paladines ( 9 January 1804 - 17 December 1877) was a French General. Agénor Bardoux ( Bourges, Cher, 15 January, 1829 &ndash Paris, 23 November, 1897) was a French Ferdinand Victorin Barrot ( 10 January 1806 — 12 November 1883) was a French Bonapartist politician who carried the portfolio Jules Barthélemy-Saint-Hilaire ( August 19, 1805 &ndash November 24, 1895) was a French Philosopher, Journalist Marcellin (or Marcelin Pierre Eugène Berthelot ( October 25, 1827 - March 18, 1907) was a French Chemist and Politician Paul Pierre Broca ( June 28, 1824 &ndash July 9, 1880) was a French Physician, Anatomist, and Anthropologist Louis Joseph Buffet (26 October 1818 - 7 July 1898 was a French Statesman. Lazare Hippolyte Carnot ( October 6, 1801 – March 16, 1888) was a French statesman Auguste Victor Laurent Casimir-Perier ( 1811 - June 6, 1876) was a French Diplomat. Nicolas Anne Theodule Changarnier ( April 26, 1793 - February 14, 1877) French general was born at Autun. Antoine Eugène Alfred Chanzy ( 18 March 1823 - 4 January 1883) was a French General notable for his successes in the Joseph Othenin Bernard de Cléron comte d'Haussonville ( May 27, 1809 - May 28, 1884) was a French Politician and Ernest Louis Octave Courtot de Cissey (12 September 1810 - 15 June 1882 was a French general Adolphe Crémieux ( April 30, 1796 &ndash February 10, 1880) was a French - Jewish lawyer and statesman and a staunch defender Émile Auguste Étienne Martin Deschanel, ( 19 November 1819 - 26 January 1904) was a French author and politician the father of Paul Émile-Louis-Gustave Deshayes de Marcère ( 16 March 1828 - 26 April 1918) was a French Politician. Jules Armand Stanislas Dufaure (4 December 1798 28 June 1881 was a French Statesman. Félix Antoine Philibert Dupanloup ( January 3, 1802 &ndash October 11, 1878) was a French ecclesiastic Stanislas Charles Henri Dupuy de Lôme ( 15 October 1816 - 1 February 1885) was a French naval architect of the 19th century and arguably Jean Bernard Jauréguiberry ( 26 August 1815 - 21 October 1887) was a French Admiral and statesman Constant Louis Jean Benjamin Jaurès (1823-1889 was a 19th century French Admiral and Senator, who was active in Japan during the Bombardment of Shimonoseki Pierre Lanfrey ( October 26, 1828 - 1877 French Historian and Politician, was born at Chambry ( Savoie) Édouard René Lefèvre de Laboulaye ( January 18, 1811 in Paris - May 25, 1883 in Paris was a French Jurist. Bernard Edme Victor Etienne Lefranc (1809–1883 French lawyer and politician moderated republican was under the French Third Republic Minister of Agriculture John-Marguerite-Émile Lemoinne ( October 17, 1815 – December 14, 1892) was a French Journalist. Émile Maximilien Paul Littré ( 1 February 1801 - 2 June 1881) was a French Lexicographer and Philosopher, best Pierre Clément Eugène Pelletan ( October 29, 1813 &ndash 1884 was a French writer journalist and politician Louis Joseph Ernest Picard ( December 24, 1821 - May 13, 1877) was a French Politician. Edmond Dehault de Pressensé ( January 7, 1824 - April 8, 1891) was a French Protestant leader Edmond Henri Adolphe Schérer ( April 8, 1815 &ndash March 16, 1889) French theologian critic and Politician, was born Victor Schoelcher ( 22 July 1804, Paris - 25 December 1893, Houilles) was a French Abolitionist writer Jules François Simon (27 December 1814 - 8 June 1896 was a French statesman and Philosopher, and one of the leader of the Opportunist Republicans Pierre Emmanuel Tirard (27 September 1827 - 4 November 1893 was a French Politician. Louis-François-Michel-Reymond Wolowski (born at Warsaw, 31 August 1810; d Adolphe Wurtz ( November 26, 1817 - May 10, 1884) was a French Chemist. This article is about the secular members of the British House of Lords. The Lords Spiritual of the United Kingdom, also called Spiritual Peers, are the 26 Clergymen of the established Church of England See also Rotation in office A term limit is a legal restriction that limits the number of terms a person may serve in a particular elected office Events 1095 - Pope Urban II declares the First Crusade at the Council of Clermont Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar.
- ^ Napolitano was senator for life before becoming president
- ^ Toscanini was appointed on 5 December 1949, but declined the next day. Events 63 BC - Cicero reads the last of his Catiline Orations. Year 1949 ( MCMXLIX) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar.
- ^ "Post-transition Senators list", Burundian Senate website] (French).
- ^ "The Senate composition", Burundian Senate website] (French).
- ^ Mr. Frei retained his senate seat by being democratically elected in the December 2005 parliamentary elections and is currently President of the Senate. The Senate of the Republic of Chile is the upper house of Chile 's bicameral National Congress, as established in the current Constitution of Chile The 2005 Chilean parliamentary election took place on December 11 2005, in conjunction with the presidential election. The President of the Senate is a title often given to the presiding officer speaker or chairman of a Senate.
- ^ For the list of senators, see pt:Lista de senadores do Brasil
- ^ Les sénateurs inamovibles
External links
- Senato.it: Senatori a vita (Italian) — current Italian lifetime senators
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