The seat of Roman Senate in the Roman Forum, Rome

A senate is a deliberative body, often the upper house or chamber of a legislature. The Roman Senate was a political institution in Ancient Rome. This page refers to the main forum in the center of Rome See Imperial forums or Other forums in Rome (below for other forums in Rome and Rome ( Roma ˈroma Roma is the capital city of Italy and Lazio, and is Italy's largest and most populous city with more than 2 A legislature is a type of representative Deliberative assembly with the power to create amend and change Laws The law created by a legislature is called Legislation Politics Politics is the process by which groups of people make decisions A legislature is a type of representative Deliberative assembly with the power to create amend and change Laws The law created by a legislature is called Legislation This is a list of legislatures by country, whether parliamentary or congressional, that act as a plenary general assembly of representatives TalkParliament#Screen-size. -->A  parliament is a Legislature, especially in those A Member of Parliament, or MP, is a representative elected by the voters to a Parliament. Parliamentary group and parliamentary party are terms used to refer to the representation of a Political party or Electoral fusion of parties in a The leader or chairperson of a Parliamentary group holds an influential political post in a parliamentary system with strong Party discipline A congress is a formal meeting of representatives from different countries (or by extension Constituent States, or independent organisations (such as different Trade A Member of Congress is a Politician who is a member of a Congress. Unicameralism is the practice of having only one legislative or Parliamentary chamber In contrast to Unicameralism, Multicameralism or 'polycameralism' is the condition of having multiple legislative branches of Government. In Government, bicameralism (bi + Latin la ''camera'' chamber is the practice of having two legislative or Parliamentary chambers Thus a bicameral Tricameralism is the practice of having three legislative or Parliamentary chambers Many Parliaments or other Legislatures consist of two chambers (or houses) an elected Lower house, and an Upper house An upper house is one of two chambers of a Bicameral Legislature, the other chamber being the Lower house. A senate is a Deliberative body, often the Upper house or chamber of a Legislature or Parliament. A lower house is one of two chambers of a Bicameral Legislature, the other chamber being the Upper house. A parliamentary system, also known as parliamentarianism (and parliamentarism in American English) is a System of government in which A city council is a form of Local government, usually covering a City or other Urban area, such as a Town. A councillor or councilor ( Cllr, Coun, Clr or Cr for short is a member of a Local government council such as a A deliberative assembly is an Organization, comprising of members that uses Parliamentary procedure for making decisions An upper house is one of two chambers of a Bicameral Legislature, the other chamber being the Lower house. A legislature is a type of representative Deliberative assembly with the power to create amend and change Laws The law created by a legislature is called Legislation There have been many such bodies in history, the first of which was the Roman Senate. The Roman Senate was a political institution in Ancient Rome.

Overview

The word senatorial is derived from the Latin word senatus (senate), which comes from senex, "old man". Latin ( lingua Latīna, laˈtiːna is an Italic language, historically spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome. The members or legislators of a senate are called senators. The Latin word senator was adopted into English with no change in spelling. Its meaning comes from a very ancient form of even simple social organization in which decision-making powers are reserved for the eldest men. For the same reason, the word senate is correctly used when referring to any powerful authority characteristically composed by the eldest members of a community, as a deliberative body of a faculty in an institution of higher learning is often called a senate. The original senate was the Roman Senate, which lasted until 580. The Roman Senate was a political institution in Ancient Rome. Events By Place Europe Ethelbert becomes king of Kent. The Roman Senate sends an embassy to Constantinople In the Eastern Roman Empire, the Byzantine Senate continued until the Fourth Crusade. The Byzantine Senate or Eastern Roman Senate was the continuation of the Roman Senate, established in the 4th century by Constantine I. The Fourth Crusade (1202&ndash1204 was originally designed to conquer Muslim Jerusalem by means of an invasion through Egypt.

Modern democratic states with bicameral parliamentary systems are sometimes equipped with a senate, often distinguished from an ordinary parallel lower house, known variously as the "House of Representatives", "House of Commons", "Chamber of Deputies", "National Assembly", "Legislative Assembly", or "House of Assembly", by electoral rules. In Government, bicameralism (bi + Latin la ''camera'' chamber is the practice of having two legislative or Parliamentary chambers Thus a bicameral A parliamentary system, also known as parliamentarianism (and parliamentarism in American English) is a System of government in which A lower house is one of two chambers of a Bicameral Legislature, the other chamber being the Upper house. House of Representatives is the name of any of many legislative bodies in many countries and sub-national states The House of Commons is the name of the elected Lower house of the Bicameral Parliaments of the United Kingdom and Canada. Chamber of deputies is the name given to a legislative body such as the Lower house of a Bicameral legislature or can refer to a Unicameral legislature The National Assembly is either a Legislature, or the Lower house of a Bicameral legislature in some countries Legislative Assembly is the name given in some countries to either a Legislature, or to one of its chambers. House of Assembly is a name given to the Legislature or Lower house of a Bicameral legislature in some countries often at Subnational level This may include minimum age required for voters and candidates, proportional or majoritarian or plurality system, and an electoral basis or collegium. Majoritarianism is a traditional Political philosophy or agenda which asserts that a Majority (sometimes categorized by Religion, Language, or Typically, the senate is referred to as the upper house and has a smaller membership than the lower house. In some federal states senates also exist at the subnational level. A federation ( Latin: foedus, covenant is a union comprising a number of partially self-governing states or regions united by a central ("federal" In the United States all states other than Nebraska have a state senate. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Nebraska ( is a state located on the Great Plains of the Midwestern United States and In Australia all states other than Queensland have an upper house known as a legislative council. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Australia topics. Queensland is a state of Australia, occupying the north-eastern corner of the mainland continent A Legislative Council is the name given to the legislatures or one of the chambers of the legislature of many nations and colonies Several Canadian provinces also once had legislative councils, but these have all been abolished, the last being Quebec's Legislative Council in 1968. Quebec (kwɨˈbɛk From 1867 until 1968, the Legislative Council of Quebec (French Conseil législatif du Québec) was the unelected upper house of the Bicameral Year 1968 ( MCMLXVIII) was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar.

Senate membership can be determined either through elections or appointments. For example, elections are held every three years for half the membership of the Australian Senate, the term of a senator being six years. The Senate is the upper of the two houses of the Parliament of Australia. In contrast, members of the Canadian Senate are appointed by the Governor General upon the recommendation of the Prime Minister of Canada, holding the office until they resign, are removed, or retire at the mandatory age of 75. The Senate of Canada (Le Sénat du Canada is a component of the Parliament of Canada, along with the sovereign (represented by the governor general The Governor General of Canada ( French: Gouverneure générale du Canada, or: Gouverneur général du Canada) is the vice-regal representative The Prime Minister of Canada ( French: Premier ministre du Canada) is the primary Minister of the Crown, chairman of the Cabinet, and thus Some states have a combination of these two approaches, such as the Jamaican Senate, where thirteen are appointed by the prime minister and eight by the leader of the opposition. Parliament is the legislative branch of the government of Jamaica. Parliamentary opposition is a form of political opposition to a designated government particularly in a Westminster -based Parliamentary system In larger countries, the senate often serves a balancing effect by giving a larger share of power to regions or groups which would otherwise be overwhelmed under strictly popular apportionment.

The interior of the Canadian Senate

Alternative meanings

The terms Senate and Senator, however, do not necessarily refer to a second chamber of a legislature:

• In Finland, until 1919, the Senate was the executive branch and the supreme court. The Senate of Canada (Le Sénat du Canada is a component of the Parliament of Canada, along with the sovereign (represented by the governor general The Senate of Finland combined the functions of Cabinet and Supreme court in the Grand Duchy of Finland from 1816 to 1917 and in the independent Republic
• In the German Bundesländer of Berlin, Bremen and Hamburg, the Senates (or Senat in German) are the executive branch, with Senator (Senator) being the holders of ministerial portfolios. Germany (Deutschland is a Federal Republic consisting of sixteen States, known in German as Länder (singular Berlin is the capital city and one of sixteen states of Germany. The Free Hanseatic City of Bremen (German Freie Hansestadt Bremen) is the smallest of Germany's 16 Federal States ( Bundesländer) Hamburg (English, German: ˈhambʊɐk local pronunciation Low German / Low Saxon: Hamborg) is the second-largest city in Germany The German language (de ''Deutsch'') is a West Germanic language and one of the world's major languages. Moreover, also in Germany, bodies of usually five judges in higher courts of appeal hearing and deciding cases are called "senates", although the judges are not called "senators". A judge, or justice, is an Official who presides over a Court of law Court of Appeal, Court of Appeals, and Appellate Division redirect here for a list of specific courts using those titles see Court of Appeal However, in the Land of Bavaria, the Senate was the upper house of parliament until its abolition in 1999. Bavaria ( German:, with an area of 70553 Km² (27241 square miles and almost 12 Year 1999 ( MCMXCIX) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full 1999 Gregorian calendar)
• In Scotland, judges of the High Court of Justiciary are called Senators of the College of Justice. Scotland ( Gaelic: Alba) is a Country in northwest Europethat occupies the northern third of the island of Great Britain. The High Court of Justiciary is the supreme criminal court of Scotland. The Senators of the College of Justice, and the Chairman of the Scottish Land Court (who ranks as a Senator in order of appointment The Rt
• In some, mostly federal countries with a unicameral legislature, some of the legislators are elected differently from the others and are called Senators. In federal countries, such Senators represent the territories, while the other members represent the people at large (this device is used to allow a federal representation without having to establish a bicameral legislature); this is the case with St. Kitts and Nevis, Comoros and Micronesia. The Federation of Saint Kitts and Nevis (also known as the Federation of Saint Christopher and Nevis) located in the Leeward Islands, is a federal two-island The Comoros (ˈkɒməroʊz; جزر القمر Juzur al-Qumur) officially the Union of the Comoros (Union des Comores الإتّحاد القمريّ Micronesia, from the Greek mikros (μικρός (meaning small) and nesos (νῆσος (meaning island) is a Subregion In other, non-federal countries, the use of the term Senator marks some other difference between such members and the rest of the legislators (such as the method of selection); this is the case with the States of Jersey and Dominica's House of Assembly. The States of Jersey ( French: États de Jersey) is the Parliament of Jersey. The Bailiwick of Jersey ( Jèrriais: Jèrri) is a British Crown dependency off the coast of Normandy, France. The Commonwealth of Dominica, commonly known as Dominica, is an Island nation in the Caribbean Sea. The Unicameral House of Assembly is Dominica 's legislative body
• The Senate can be the ruling body of a university.

National senates in the world

Defunct senates

* A Greek Senate was reestablished in 1927, and abolished again in 1935. The Senate is the Upper House of Parliament of Antigua and Barbuda. The Argentine Senate is the upper house of parliament in Argentina. The Senate is the upper of the two houses of the Parliament of Australia. The Bahamian Parliament is a Bicameral body that in its organisation and functions closely follows the canons of the Westminster system. The Senate is a component of the Parliament of Barbados, which also includes the Sovereign (represented by the Governor-General) and the House of Assembly The Belgian Senate (de Senaat le Sénat der Senat is one of the two chambers of the bicameral Federal Parliament of Belgium, the other being the The Senate is one of the chambers of the National Assembly. It has 12 members appointed for a five year term by the Governor General The National Congress ( Congreso Nacional) is the national Legislature of Bolivia, based in the nation's De facto Capital, In its present configuration the Federal Brazilian Senate ( Portuguese: Senado Federal Brasileiro) is a federal legislative body and the Upper house The Senate is the upper chamber of Parliament in Burundi. It consists of no fewer than 37 and no more than 54 members who serve 5-year terms The Senate ( Sénat) is one of the chambers of Parliament of Cambodia. The Senate of Canada (Le Sénat du Canada is a component of the Parliament of Canada, along with the sovereign (represented by the governor general The Senate of the Republic of Chile is the upper house of Chile 's bicameral National Congress, as established in the current Constitution of Chile The Senate of the Republic of Colombia (Senado de la República de Colombia is the upper house of the Congress of Colombia, with the lower house being the Chamber The Senate is the upper house of the Parliament of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. The Parliament of the Republic of Congo ( Parlement) has two chambers. The Senate of the Parliament of the Czech Republic (Senát Parlamentu České republiky usually referred to as Senát, is the upper chamber of the Parliament of the The Senate (Senado is the upper house of the Dominican Republic 's bicameral National Congress. The Senate of Fiji is the upper chamber of Parliament. It is the less powerful of the two chambers it may not initiate legislation but may amend or veto it The Senate (Sénat is the Upper house of the Parliament of France, presided over by a president. The Senate ( Sénat) is the upper house of the Parliament of Gabon. The Senate is the upper house of the Parliament of Grenada. It has 13 appointed members The Senate of Haiti (Sénat is the Upper house of Haiti 's Bicameral Legislature, the National Assembly. Seanad Éireann (ɕan̪ˠad̪ˠ erʲan̪ˠ English Senate of Ireland) also known unofficially as the Senate, is the Upper house of the Oireachtas The Italian Senate ( Italian: Senato della Repubblica, 'Senate of the Republic' is the Upper house of the Parliament of Italy. Parliament is the legislative branch of the government of Jamaica. The upper house of the National Assembly (مجلس الأمة Majlis al-Umma) is the Assembly of Senators (مجلس الأعيان Majlis al-Aayan The Senate of Kazakhastan is the upper house of two chambers in Kazakhstan 's Legislature, known as the Parliament ( Parlamenti) The Senate of Lesotho is the Upper chamber of the country's Bicameral Parliament. The Senate is the Upper chamber of the Bicameral Liberian Legislature. The Senate of Madagascar ( Sénat) is the upper chamber of the Bicameral Parliament of Madagascar. The Dewan Negara (literally "National Hall" or Senate is the Upper house of the Parliament of Malaysia. The Senate ( Spanish: Cámara de Senadores or Senado) is the upper house of Mexico 's Bicameral Congress. The Senate is the Upper house of the National Assembly of Nigeria. The Senate of Palau is the upper house of the Palau National Congress ( Olbiil era Kelulau) The Senate of Pakistan is the Upper house of the Bicameral Parliament of Pakistan. The Chamber of Senators of Paraguay ( Cámara de Senadores) the upper house of the National Congress, has 45 members elected for a five year term by Proportional The Senate of the Philippines ( Filipino: Senádo ng Pilipínas) is the upper chamber of the bicameral Legislature of the Philippines, the The Senate ( Senat) is the upper house of the Polish Parliament. The Senate of Romania ( romanian: "Senat" is the upper house in Romania 's Bicameral parliament. The Parliament ( Inteko Ishinga Amategeko or Parlement) has two chambers. The Legislature has two chambers. The upper house is the Senate with 11 appointed members The Spanish Senate ( Senado de España in Spanish) is the upper house of Spain 's Parliament, the Cortes Generales. The Senate of Swaziland is the Upper chamber of the country's Bicameral Parliament. The United States Senate is the Upper house of the bicameral United States Congress, the Lower house being the House of Representatives Uruguay.(official full name in República Oriental del Uruguay;, Oriental Republic of Uruguay) is a country located in the southeastern part of South America The Senate of Zimbabwe is the Upper chamber of the country's bicameral Parliament. Unicameralism is the practice of having only one legislative or Parliamentary chamber The Hellenic Parliament ( Βουλή των Ελλήνων; transliterated Vouli (also Boule) ton Ellinon; literally 'Will of the Greeks' from the The Legislative Council of New Zealand was the Upper house of the New Zealand Parliament from The politics of Sudan takes place in the framework of an authoritarian Republic in which all effective political power is in the hands of President The Politics of Kenya take place in a framework of a presidential representative democratic Republic, whereby the President of Kenya Senate was the Upper house of the Parliament of South Africa between 1910 and 1981 and between 1994 and 1997 Bavaria ( German:, with an area of 70553 Km² (27241 square miles and almost 12 Politics of Senegal takes place in a framework of a semi-presidential, liberal democratic Republic, whereby the President of Senegal is Politics of Chad takes place in a framework of a presidential Republic, whereby the President of Chad is both Head of state and Head of The Roman Senate was a political institution in Ancient Rome. The Byzantine Senate or Eastern Roman Senate was the continuation of the Roman Senate, established in the 4th century by Constantine I. The Congress of the Confederate States was the legislative body of the Confederate States of America, existing during the American Civil War between 1861 and 1865 Politics of Guyana takes place in a framework of a semi-presidential representative democratic Republic, whereby the President of Guyana is the The politics of Iraq takes place in a framework of a more or less federal parliamentary representative democratic Republic, whereby the Politics of Libya takes place in a framework of a dual government structure in Libya. The Senate of Northern Ireland was the upper house of the Parliament of Northern Ireland created by the Government of Ireland Act 1920. Politics of Ethiopia takes place in a framework of a federal parliamentary Republic, whereby the Prime Minister is the Head of government "RVN" redirects here RVN is also the former callsign of a TV station in Wagga Wagga New South Wales Australia A constitution is a system for government often Codified as a written document that establishes the rules and principles of an autonomous political entity was a National assembly in early Meiji Japan, established after the Osaka Conference of 1875. The Governing Senate (Правительствующий сенат was a legislative judicial and executive body of Russian Monarchs, instated by Peter the Great The Senate of Finland combined the functions of Cabinet and Supreme court in the Grand Duchy of Finland from 1816 to 1917 and in the independent Republic Politics of Portugal takes place in a framework of a parliamentary representative democratic Republic, whereby the Prime Minister Politics of Albania takes place in a framework of a parliamentary representative democratic Republic, whereby the Prime Minister is the The politics of Malta take place in a framework of a parliamentary representative democratic Republic, whereby the President of Malta is the The politics of Indonesia takes place in a framework of a presidential representative democratic Republic, whereby the President of Indonesia The Senate of Ceylon was the upper house of parliament of Ceylon (now Sri Lanka established in 1947. The Senate House of Iran (Kakh-e Majles-e Sena was the Upper house legislative chamber during the Pahlavi dynasty and was disbanded after the Islamic Revolution Politics of Nicaragua takes place in a framework of a presidential representative democratic Republic, whereby the President of Nicaragua is Politics of Turkey takes place in a framework of a strictly secular parliamentary representative democratic Republic, whereby the Prime The Congress of the Republic (Congreso de la República is the name given to Peru 's unicameral legislature under the current (1993 constitution. |||}The National Assembly ( Asamblea Nacional) is the current legislative branch of the Venezuelan government In the modern history of Greece, starting from the Greek War of Independence, the Constitution of 1975/1986/2001 is the last in a series of democratically adopted Constitutions
** A South African Senate was reconvened between 1994 and 1997, before being replaced by the National Council of Provinces. The National Council of Provinces ( NCOP) is the Upper house of the Parliament of South Africa under the (post- Apartheid) constitution

Fictional senates

• Star Wars Universe:
  • Galactic Senate of the Republic
  • Imperial Senate
  • New Republic Senate
  • Galactic Alliance Senate
• Star Trek Universe:
  • Romulan Senate

See also

• Senator for life
• Conscript Fathers

External links

• Livius.org: Roman Senate