| Seminole |
|---|
 |
| Total population |
|
10,000 |
| Regions with significant populations |
| United States (Oklahoma, Florida) |
| Languages |
| English, Muskogean, Creek |
| Religions |
| Protestantism, other |
| Related ethnic groups |
| Five Civilized Tribes, Cherokee, Chickasaw, Choctaw, Creek, and Seminole |
The Seminole are a Native American people originally of Florida and now residing in Florida and Oklahoma. Osceola (1804 &ndash January 20, 1838) was a war chief of the Seminole in Florida. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Oklahoma ( is a state located in the South Central region of the United States of America. Florida ( is a state located in the southeastern region of the United States, bordering Alabama to the northwest and Georgia to the English is a West Germanic language originating in England and is the First language for most people in the United Kingdom, the United States The Mikasuki language (also Miccosukee or Hitchiti-Mikasuki) is a Muskogean language spoken by around 500 people in southern Florida. The Creek language, also known as Muscogee ( Mvskoke in Creek is a Muskogean language spoken by the Muscogee (Creek Nation and Seminole Protestantism refers to the forms of Christian faith and practice that originated in the 16th century Protestant Reformation. The Five Civilized Tribes is the term applied to five Native American nations the Cherokee, Chickasaw, Choctaw, Creek, and The Cherokee (ᎠᏂᏴᏫᏯ a-ni-yv-wi-ya, in the Cherokee language) are a people native to North America, who at the time of European contact The Chickasaw' are Native American people originally from the Southeastern United States (Mississippi Alabama Tennessee The Choctaw are a Native American people originally from the Southeastern United States ( Mississippi, Alabama, and Louisiana) Native Americans in the United States are the indigenous peoples from the regions of North America now encompassed by the continental United States Florida ( is a state located in the southeastern region of the United States, bordering Alabama to the northwest and Georgia to the Oklahoma ( is a state located in the South Central region of the United States of America. The Seminole nation came into existence in the 18th century and was composed of Native Americans from Georgia, Mississippi, and Alabama, most significantly the Creek Nation, as well as African Americans who escaped from slavery in South Carolina and Georgia. The State of Georgia ( is a state in the United States and was one of the original Thirteen Colonies that revolted against British rule Mississippi ( is a state located in the Deep South of the United States Alabama (formally the State of Alabama;) is a State located in the southern region of the United States of America. African Americans or Black Americans are citizens or residents of the United States who have origins in any of the black populations of Africa Slavery in the United States began soon after English colonists first settled Virginia in 1607 and lasted until the passage of the Thirteenth South Carolina ( is a state in the southern region ( Deep South) of the United States of America. While roughly 3,000 Seminoles were forced west of the Mississippi River, including the Seminole Nation of Oklahoma, who picked up new members along their way, approximately 300 to 500 Seminoles stayed and fought in and around the Everglades of Florida. The Mississippi River is the second longest River in the United States, with a length of from its source in Lake Itasca in Minnesota to Everglades is also the name of a city in Collier County Florida In a series of wars against the Seminoles in Florida, about 1,500 U. The Seminole Wars, also known as the Florida Wars, were three conflicts in Florida between various groups of Native Americans collectively known as S. soldiers died. The Seminoles never surrendered to the United States government, hence, the Seminoles of Florida call themselves the "Unconquered People. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the "
Today, they have sovereignty over their tribal lands and an economy based on tobacco sales, tourism and gambling. Tobacco is an Agricultural product recognized as an addictive drug processed from the fresh Leaves of plants in the genus Nicotiana. Tourism is Travel for Recreational or Leisure purposes The World Tourism Organization defines tourists as people who "travel The "Seminoles" are also the symbol of the athletic teams of Florida State University. Florida State Seminoles are the men's and women's sports teams of Florida State University in Tallahassee Florida. Florida State University (commonly referred to as Florida State or FSU) is a public Research University located in Tallahassee In response to the NCAA's proclamation that Native American names and logos will not be permitted by its member institutions unless the namesake tribe concurs, both the 3,100-member Seminole Tribe of Florida and the 6,000-member Seminole Nation of Oklahoma have officially approved the relationship and the details of the images used. The National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA, often pronounced "N-C-Double-A" is a voluntary association of about 1200 institutions conferences organizations
Contents |
History
After the Spanish conquest in the 16th century, the indigenous people of Florida were decimated by disease, and it is believed that the few survivors were evacuated by the Spanish to Cuba when Florida fell under British rule in 1763. Spain () or the Kingdom of Spain (Reino de España is a country located mostly in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. The term Indigenous Peoples or autochthonous peoples can be used to describe any Ethnic group who inhabit a geographic region with which they have the earliest historical The Republic of Cuba (ˈkjuːbə or) consists of the island of Cuba (the largest and second-most populous island of the Greater Antilles) Isla de la The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located
In the 18th century, members of the Lower Creek Nation began migrating into Florida to remove themselves from the dominance of the Upper Creeks, and they intermingled with the few remaining indigenous people there, some recently arrived as refugees after the Yamasee War such as the Yuchi, Yamasee, and others. The Yamasee War (also spelled Yemassee War) ( 1715 - 1717) was a conflict between colonial South Carolina and various Native American Indian The Yuchi, also spelled Euchee and Uchee, are a Native American Indian Tribe previously living in the eastern The Yamasee were a Native American tribe that lived in coastal region of present-day northern Florida and southern Georgia near the Savannah River They went on to be called "Seminole", a derivative of the Mvskoke' (a Creek language) word simano-li, an adaptation of the Spanish "cimarrón" which means "wild" (in their case, "wild men"), or "runaway" [men]. The Creek language, also known as Muscogee ( Mvskoke in Creek is a Muskogean language spoken by the Muscogee (Creek Nation and Seminole The Seminole were a heterogeneous tribe made up of mostly Lower Creeks from Georgia, Mikasuki-speaking Muskogees, and escaped African American slaves, and to a lesser extent, white Europeans and Indians from other tribes. The Mikasuki language (also Miccosukee or Hitchiti-Mikasuki) is a Muskogean language spoken by around 500 people in southern Florida. Muskogean (also Muskhogean, Muskogee) is an indigenous language family of the Southeastern United States. White People is the second album by Handsome Boy Modeling School. The unified Seminole spoke two languages, Creek and Mikasuki (a modern dialect similar to Hitchiti), two different members of the Muskogean Native American languages family, a language group that also includes Choctaw and Chickasaw. The Hitchiti was a Muskogean Tribe formerly residing chiefly in a town of the same name on the east bank of the Chattahoochee River, 4 miles below Chiaha Indigenous languages of the Americas (or Amerindian Languages are spoken by indigenous peoples from the southern tip of South America to Alaska and The Choctaw are a Native American people originally from the Southeastern United States ( Mississippi, Alabama, and Louisiana) The Chickasaw' are Native American people originally from the Southeastern United States (Mississippi Alabama Tennessee It is largely on linguistic grounds that the modern Miccosukee Tribe of Indians of Florida maintain their separate identity today. The Miccosukee are a Native American tribe living in Florida.
The Seminole were on good terms with both the Spanish and the British. In 1784, the treaty ending the American Revolutionary War returned all of Florida to Spanish control. In this article the inhabitants of the thirteen colonies that supported the American Revolution are primarily referred to as "Americans" with occasional references to "Patriots" However, the Spanish Empire's decline allowed the Seminole to settle deeper into Florida. The Spanish Empire (Imperio Español was one of the largest Empires in history and one of the first Global empires In the 15th and 16th centuries
Until the majority of Seminoles were forced to move to the Indian Territory (modern Oklahoma) after the Second Seminole War, the Seminole were led by a dynasty of chiefs founded in the 18th century by Cowkeeper. The Indian Territory, also known as The Indian Country, The Indian territory or the Indian territories, was land set aside within the United States The Second Seminole War, also known as the Florida War, was a conflict from 1835 to 1842 in Florida between various groups of Native Americans collectively Cowkeeper (ca 1710 &ndash 1783 is the English name of the first recorded chief of the Alachua band of the Seminole tribe
Seminole Wars
After attacks by Spanish settlers on Indian towns, Indians based in Florida began raiding Georgia settlements, purportedly at the behest of the Spanish. The Seminole Wars, also known as the Florida Wars, were three conflicts in Florida between various groups of Native Americans collectively known as The U.S. Army led increasingly frequent incursions into Spanish territory to recapture escaped slaves, including the 1817–1818 campaign against the Seminole Indians by Andrew Jackson that became known as the First Seminole War. The United States Army is a military organization whose primary mission is to "provide necessary forces and capabilities. Andrew Jackson (March 15 1767 June 8 1845 was the seventh President of the United States (1829&ndash1837 The Seminole Wars, also known as the Florida Wars, were three conflicts in Florida between various groups of Native Americans collectively known as Following the war, the United States effectively controlled East Florida.
The Adams-Onís Treaty [1] was signed between the United States and Spain in 1819 and took effect in 1821. The Adams-Onís Treaty of 1819 settled a border dispute in North America between the United States and Spain. According to the terms of the treaty, the United States acquired Florida and, in exchange, renounced all claims to Texas. Texas ( is a state geographically located in the South Central United States and is also known as the Lone Star State. Andrew Jackson was named military governor of Florida. As American settlement increased after the treaty, pressure grew on the Federal government to remove the Indians from their lands in Florida. Many Indian tribes harbored runaway black slaves, and the settlers wanted access to Indian lands. Georgian slaveowners also wanted the "maroons" and fugitive slaves living among the Seminoles, known today as Black Seminoles, returned to slavery. Maroons redirects here and may refer to Queensland state rugby league team. The Black Seminoles are descendants of free Africans and some Runaway slaves who escaped from coastal South Carolina and Georgia into the Florida wilderness
In 1832, the United States government signed the Treaty of Paynes Landing with a few of the Seminole chiefs, promising them lands west of the Mississippi River if they agreed to leave Florida voluntarily. The Treaty of Payne's Landing (Treaty with the Seminole 1832 was an agreement signed on 9 May 1832 between the government of the United States and several The Mississippi River is the second longest River in the United States, with a length of from its source in Lake Itasca in Minnesota to The remaining Seminole prepared for war. White settlers pressured the government to remove all of the Indians, by force if necessary. In 1835, the U. S. Army arrived to enforce the treaty. Seminole leader Osceola led the vastly outnumbered resistance during the Second Seminole War. Osceola (1804 &ndash January 20, 1838) was a war chief of the Seminole in Florida. The Second Seminole War, also known as the Florida War, was a conflict from 1835 to 1842 in Florida between various groups of Native Americans collectively Drawing on a population of about 4,000 Seminole Indians and 800 allied Black Seminoles, the Seminoles mustered at most 1,400 warriors (Andrew Jackson estimated they had only 900) to counter combined U. S. Army and militia forces that ranged from 6,000 troops at the outset to 9,000 at the peak of deployment, in 1837. To survive, the Seminole allies employed hit-and-run guerrilla tactics with devastating effect against U. Guerrilla warfare is the unconventional warfare and combat with which a small group of combatants use mobile tactics (ambushes raids etc S. forces. Osceola was arrested when he came under a flag of truce to negotiations in 1837. White flags have had different meanings throughout history and depending on the locale He died in jail less than a year later. His body was buried without his head.
Other warchiefs such as Halleck Tustenuggee, Jumper, and Black Seminoles Abraham and John Horse continued the Seminole resistance against the army. Halleck Tustenuggee (also spelled Halek Tustenuggee and Hallock Tustenuggee) ( about 1807 – ?) was a 19th century Seminole warchief The war ended, after a full decade of fighting, in 1842. The U. S. government is estimated to have spent about $20,000,000 on the war, at the time an astronomical sum. Many Indians were forcibly exiled to Creek lands west of the Mississippi; others retreated into the Everglades. In the end, the government gave up trying to subjugate the Seminole in their Everglades redoubts and left less than 100 Seminoles in peace. [1]
Seminole nation today
In the United States 2000 Census, 12,431 people reported themselves racially solely as Native Americans with only a Seminole tribal affiliation. An additional 15,000 people identified themselves as Seminoles in combination with some other tribal affiliation or race. [2]
The Seminole Nation of Oklahoma has about 6,000 enrolled members, who are divided into fourteen bands. Two are called "Freedmen Bands" (also black seminole) because they count their descent from escaped slaves. Band membership is matrilineal: children are members of their mother's band. The group is ruled by an elected council, with two members from each band. The capital is at Wewoka, Oklahoma. Wewoka is a city in Seminole County, Oklahoma, United States. The Seminole Tribe of Florida and the Miccosukee Tribe of Indians of Florida entered into agreements with the US government in 1957 and 1962, respectively, confirming their sovereignty over tribal lands and agreeing to compensation for seized territory. Since then, the tribes have developed an economy based largely on sales of duty-free tobacco, tourism and gambling.
On December 7, 2006, they purchased the Hard Rock Cafe chain of restaurants. Events 43 BC - Marcus Tullius Cicero assassinated 1696 - Connecticut Route 108, one of the oldest highways Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Hard Rock Cafe was founded in 1971 by Isaac Tigrett and Peter Morton, and their first Hard Rock Cafe opened near Hyde Park Corner in London, [2] The Miccosukee Tribe of Indians of Florida was formed in the 1960s by members of the Florida Seminole community who were unsatisfied with the Seminole Tribe of Florida; they were largely Mikasuki-speaking descendants of the Chiaha, or Upper Chehaw, who had originally lived in the Tennessee Valley as opposed to the majority of Seminoles who spoke Creek. The Mikasuki language (also Miccosukee or Hitchiti-Mikasuki) is a Muskogean language spoken by around 500 people in southern Florida. The Tennessee Valley is the Drainage basin of the Tennessee River and is largely within the U The Creek language, also known as Muscogee ( Mvskoke in Creek is a Muskogean language spoken by the Muscogee (Creek Nation and Seminole [3] The Miccosukee Tribe set up a 333 acre reservation [4] on the northern border of Everglades National Park, about 45 miles (72 km) west of Miami.
"When South Florida tourism boomed in the 1920s, Seminoles capitalized by wrestling alligators for money. In 1979, the Seminoles opened the first casino on Indian land, ushering in what has become a multibillion-dollar industry operated by numerous tribes nationwide. " [5] In more recent years, the Miccosukee Tribe has sustained itself by owning and operating a casino, resort, a golf club, several museum attractions, and the "Indian Village". Indian Gaming enterprises comprise Gambling businesses operated on Indian reservations or tribal land which have limited Sovereignty and therefore the ability A resort is a place used for Relaxation or Recreation, attracting visitors for Holidays or Vacations Resorts are places towns or sometimes A country club is a private Club which offers a variety of recreational Sports facilities usually located in city outskirts or rural areas A museum is a "permanent institution in the service of society and of its development open to the public which acquires conserves researches communicates and exhibits the At the "Indian Village", Seminoles demonstrate traditional pre-Columbian lifestyles to educate people about their culture.
The use of "Seminole" as a namesake is common in Florida, with one county named after them and another county named after Seminole leader Osceola (both located in the Orlando Metropolitan Area). Seminole County is a County located in the US state of Florida and part of the Orlando-Kissimmee Metropolitan Statistical Area (MSA. Osceola County is a County located in the US state of Florida. Greater Orlando, alternatively known as the Orlando Area or Metro Orlando, is the third most populated metropolitan region in the state of Florida, and There is also a city named for them in Pinellas County, Florida. Seminole is a city in Pinellas County, Florida, United States. Pinellas County is a county located in the US state of Florida.
Florida State University connection
The image and name of the Seminole Chief Osceola serves as a symbol for Florida State University, and several high school athletic programs in the state, use the nickname, "Seminoles. "
According to The New York Times article "Florida State Can Keep Its Seminoles", [6] the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) prohibition of Native American logos, signs in stadiums, cheerleader and band uniforms, and mascots as presumed "hostile and abusive" did not apply to FSU and the Seminoles and would be considered on a case by case basis elsewhere. The National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA, often pronounced "N-C-Double-A" is a voluntary association of about 1200 institutions conferences organizations FSU was exempt since both the 3,100-member Seminole Tribe of Florida and the 6,000-member Seminole Nation of Oklahoma officially approved the relationship and the details of the images used.
See also
- African-Native Americans
- History of Florida
- Black Seminoles
- Native Americans in the United States
- Native American tribe
- One-Drop Rule
Notes
- ^ Covington, James W. The history of Florida can be traced back to when the first Native Americans began to inhabit the peninsula as early as 14000 years ago The Black Seminoles are descendants of free Africans and some Runaway slaves who escaped from coastal South Carolina and Georgia into the Florida wilderness Native Americans in the United States are the indigenous peoples from the regions of North America now encompassed by the continental United States Native American tribe means any Indigenous peoples in the United States tribe band nation or other organized group or community extant or historical The one-drop rule is a historical colloquial term in the United States that holds that a person with any trace of African ancestry is considered black unless 1993. The Seminoles of Florida. Gainesville, Florida: University Press of Florida. ISBN 0-8130-1196-5. Pp. 145-6
- ^ Hard Rock Purchase
External links
- Seminole Tribe of Florida official site
- Seminole Clothing Patchwork
- The Miccosukee Tribe of Indians of Florida official site
- Seminole Nation of Oklahoma official site
- The sovereign Miccosukee Seminole Nation official site
- Hitchiti-Mikasuki Creation Story
- Aponke Resources for the study of Hitchiti and Mikasuki
- History of the Seminole People of Florida by Patricia R. Wickman, Ph.D.
- Seminole Portraits Hand colored lithographs of some of the major Seminole leaders of the Second Seminole War (1835-1842). From the State Library & Archives of Florida.
- Seminole Doll MakingSeminole doll maker Mary B. Billie. Interview in Seminole and English with photos. From the State Library & Archives of Florida.
- Alligator Dance Audio of Seminole elder Billy Bowlegs III performing traditional dance and song in 1954. Billy Bowlegs III (1862 – 1965 was a Seminole elder and historian (Track 16 of CD. ) From the State Library & Archives of Florida.
- Seminole history from the Florida Department of State
- John Horse and the Black Seminoles, First Black Rebels to Beat American Slavery
- The Seminole Indians of Florida, by Clay MacCauley, 1884, Smithsonian Institution, Bureau of Ethnology, from Project Gutenberg
- 19th Century Seminole Men's Clothing
- Online interview from 1983 with Seminole alligator wrestler Richard Bowers (made available for public use by the State Archives of Florida)
Dapyx Software network: MP3 Explorer | Ebook Manager | Zenithic