Semantics is the study of meaning in communication. Linguistics is the scientific study of Language, encompassing a number of sub-fields Theoretical linguistics is the branch of Linguistics that is most concerned with developing models of linguistic knowledge Phonetics (from the Greek φωνή ( phonê) "sound" or "voice" is the study of the physical sounds of human speech Phonology ( Greek φωνή (phōnē voice sound + λόγος (lógos word speech subject of discussion is the systematic use of sound to encode meaning Morphology is the field of Linguistics that studies the internal structure of words In Linguistics, syntax (from Ancient Greek grc συν- syn-, "together" and grc τάξις táxis, "arrangement" is the In Linguistics, lexis (in Greek λέξις = word describes the storage of language in our mental Lexicon as prefabricated patterns ( Lexical units Lexical semantics is a subfield of linguistic Semantics. It is the study of how and what the words of a language denote (Pustejovsky 1995 Statistical Semantics is the study of "how the statistical patterns of human word usage can be used to figure out what people mean at least to a level sufficient for information access" Logical positivism asserts that structural semantics is the study of relationships between the meanings of terms within a sentence and how meaning can be composed from smaller elements Prototype Theory is a mode of graded Categorization in Cognitive science, where some members of a category are more central than others Pragmatics is the study of the ability of Natural language speakers to communicate more than that which is explicitly stated Applied linguistics is an interdisciplinary field of study that identifies investigates and offers solutions to language-related real life problems One hotly debated issue is whether the biological contribution includes capacities specific to language acquisition often referred to as Universal grammar. Psycholinguistics or psychology of language is the study of the psychological and neurobiological factors that enable Humans to acquire use Sociolinguistics is the study of the effect of any and all aspects of Society, including cultural norms expectations and context on the way Language is used Linguistic anthropology is that branch of Anthropology that brings linguistic methods to bear on anthropological problems linking the analysis of Semiotic Generative linguistics is a school of thought within Linguistics that makes use of the concept of a Generative grammar. In Linguistics and Cognitive science, cognitive linguistics (CL refers to the school of linguistics that understands language creation learning and usage Computational linguistics is an Interdisciplinary field dealing with the statistical and/or rule-based modeling of Natural language from a computational Descriptive linguistics is the work of analyzing and describing how Language is spoken (or how it was spoken in the past by a group of people in a speech community Historical linguistics (also called diachronic linguistics) is the study of language change Comparative linguistics (originally comparative Philology) is a branch of Historical linguistics that is concerned with comparing languages in order to Etymology is the study of the History of Words &mdash when they entered a language from what source and how their form and meaning have changed over time Stylistics is the study of varieties of Language whose properties position that language in context. In Linguistics, prescription can refer both to the codification and the enforcement of rules governing how a language is to be used Corpus linguistics is the Study of language as expressed in Samples ( corpora) or "real world" text See also History of grammar Linguistics as a study endeavors to describe and explain the human faculty of Language. A linguist in the academic sense is a person who studies Linguistics. This article discusses currently unsolved problems in Linguistics. The word derives from Greek σημαντικός (semantikos), "significant"[1], from σημαίνω (semaino), "to signify, to indicate" and that from σήμα (sema), "sign, mark, token"[2]. Greek (el ελληνική γλώσσα or simply el ελληνικά — "Hellenic" is an Indo-European language, spoken today by 15-22 million people mainly In linguistics it is the study of interpretation of signs as used by agents or communities within particular circumstances and contexts. Linguistics is the scientific study of Language, encompassing a number of sub-fields In biological terms a community is a group of interacting Organisms sharing an environment. [3] It has related meanings in several other fields.
Semanticists differ on what constitutes meaning in an expression. This article is about meaning as it is studied in the discipline of linguistics For example, in the sentence, "John loves a bagel", the word bagel may refer to the object itself, which is its literal meaning or denotation, but it may also refer to many other figurative associations, such as how it meets John's hunger, etc. This word has distinct meanings in other fields see Denotation (semiotics and Connotation and denotation. , which may be its connotation. This word has distinct meanings in other fields see Connotation (semiotics and Connotation and denotation. Traditionally, the formal semantic view restricts semantics to its literal meaning, and relegates all figurative associations to pragmatics, but this distinction is increasingly difficult to defend[4]. See also Formal semantics of programming languages. Formal semantics is the study of the Semantics, or Interpretations Pragmatics is the study of the ability of Natural language speakers to communicate more than that which is explicitly stated The degree to which a theorist subscribes to the literal-figurative distinction decreases as one moves from the formal semantic, semiotic, pragmatic, to the cognitive semantic traditions. See also Formal semantics of programming languages. Formal semantics is the study of the Semantics, or Interpretations Semiotics, semiotic studies, or semiology is the study of sign processes (semiosis or signification and communication signs and Symbols both Pragmatism generally considered to have originated in the late nineteenth century with Charles Peirce, who first stated the Pragmatic maxim. Cognitive semantics is part of the Cognitive linguistics movement
The word semantic in its modern sense is considered to have first appeared in French as sémantique in Michel Bréal's 1897 book, Essai de sémantique'. French ( français,) is a Romance language spoken around the world by 118 million people as a native language and by about 180 to 260 million people Michel Jules Alfred Bréal ( March 26, 1832 - 1915 French Philologist, was born at Landau in Rhenish Bavaria, of French-Jewish In International Scientific Vocabulary semantics is also called semasiology. International Scientific Vocabulary (or ISV) is a form of vocabulary comprising scientific and specialized words whose language of origin may or may not be certain but which Semasiology (from σημαίνω (sēmaino — indicate signify is a discipline within Linguistics concerned with the question "what does the word X mean?" The discipline of Semantics is distinct from Alfred Korzybsky's General Semantics, which is a system for looking at non-immediate, or abstract meanings. The term General Semantics refers to a non- Aristotelian Educational Discipline created by Alfred Korzybski (1879–1950 during the years
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Linguistics
In linguistics, semantics is the subfield that is devoted to the study of meaning, as inherent at the levels of words, phrases, sentences, and even larger units of discourse (referred to as texts). Linguistics is the scientific study of Language, encompassing a number of sub-fields Discourse (L discursus, "running to and from" means either "written or spoken communication or debate" or "a formal discussion The basic area of study is the meaning of signs, and the study of relations between different linguistic units: homonymy, synonymy, antonymy, polysemy, paronyms, hypernymy, hyponymy, meronymy, metonymy, holonymy, exocentricity / endocentricity, linguistic compounds. In Semiotics, a sign is "something that stands for something else to someone in some capacity" In linguistics a homonym is one of a group of words that share the same pronunciation but have different meanings and are usually spelled differently This article deals with the general meaning of the term "synonym" In Lexical semantics, opposites are words that lie in an inherently incompatible binary relationship as in the opposite pairs male: female, long: short Polysemy ( or) (from the Greek πολυσημεία = "multiple meaning" is the capacity for a sign (e A paronym or paronyme in Linguistics may refer to two different things A Word that is related to another word and derives from the same In Linguistics, a hyponym is a Word or Phrase whose semantic range is included within that of another word In Linguistics, a hyponym is a Word or Phrase whose semantic range is included within that of another word Meronymy (from the Greek words meros = part and onoma = name is a semantic relation used in Linguistics. In Rhetoric, metonymy (mɨˈtɒnɨmi is the use of a word for a concept or object associated with the concept/object originally denoted by the word Holonymy (in Greek holon = whole and onoma = name is a semantic relation. Exocentric has a number of meanings In Linguistics, it refers to Phrases and compound words which are not the same Part of speech as their In Linguistics, an endocentric construction is a Grammatical construction thatfulfills the same linguistic function as one of its constituents. In Linguistics, a compound is a Lexeme (less precisely a Word) that consists of more than one stem. A key concern is how meaning attaches to larger chunks of text, possibly as a result of the composition from smaller units of meaning. Traditionally, semantics has included the study of connotative sense and denotative reference, truth conditions, argument structure, thematic roles, discourse analysis, and the linkage of all of these to syntax. In Linguistics, a word sense is one of the meanings of a Word. In general a reference is a relation between objects in which one object designates by linking to another object In Semantics, truth conditions are what obtain precisely when a sentence is true. In Logic, the argument form or test form of an Argument results from replacing the different words or sentences that make up the argument with letters Discourse analysis (DA or discourse studies, is a general term for a number of approaches to analyzing written spoken or signed language use
Formal semanticists are concerned with the modeling of meaning in terms of the semantics of logic. See also Formal semantics of programming languages. Formal semantics is the study of the Semantics, or Interpretations Thus the sentence John loves a bagel above can be broken down into its constituents (signs), of which the unit loves may serve as both syntactic and semantic head. In linguistics the head is the word that determines the syntactic type of the Phrase of which it is a member or analogously the stem that determines the
In the late 1960s, Richard Montague proposed a system for defining semantic entries in the lexicon in terms of lambda calculus. Richard Merett Montague (September 20 1930 Stockton California – March 7 1971 Los Angeles) was an American Mathematician and In Mathematical logic and Computer science, lambda calculus, also written as λ-calculus, is a Formal system designed to investigate function Thus, the syntactic parse of the sentence above would now indicate loves as the head, and its entry in the lexicon would point to the arguments as the agent, John, and the object, bagel, with a special role for the article "a" (which Montague called a quantifier). In Computer science and Linguistics, parsing, or more formally syntactic analysis, is the process of analyzing a sequence of tokens to This resulted in the sentence being associated with the logical predicate loves (John, bagel), thus linking semantics to categorial grammar models of syntax. Categorial grammar is a term used for a family of formalisms in Natural language Syntax motivated by the principle of Compositionality and organized according In Linguistics, syntax (from Ancient Greek grc συν- syn-, "together" and grc τάξις táxis, "arrangement" is the The logical predicate thus obtained would be elaborated further, e. g. using truth theory models, which ultimately relate meanings to a set of Tarskiian universals, which may lie outside the logic. Alfred Tarski ( January 14, 1901, Warsaw, Russian ruled Poland – October 26, 1983, Berkeley California The notion of such meaning atoms or primitives are basic to the language of thought hypothesis from the 70s. Jerry A Fodor 's Language of Thought (LOT hypothesis states that Cognition and cognitive processes are
Despite its elegance, Montague grammar was limited by the context-dependent variability in word sense, and led to several attempts at incorporating context, such as :
- situation semantics ('80s): Truth-values are incomplete, they get assigned based on context
- generative lexicon ('90s): categories (types) are incomplete, and get assigned based on context
The dynamic turn in semantics
In the Chomskian tradition in linguistics there was no mechanism for the learning of semantic relations, and the nativist view considered all semantic notions as inborn. Montague grammar is an approach to Natural language Semantics, named after American Logician Richard Montague. Situation semantics is an alternative to Possible world semantics developed by Jon Barwise and John Perry in the early eighties Generative Lexicon (GL is a theory of linguistic semantics which focuseson the distributed nature of compositionality in natural language Avram Noam Chomsky (noʊm ˈtʃɑmski born December 7 1928 is an American linguist, Philosopher, cognitive scientist, Political For nativism as a political force see Nativism. In the field of Psychology, nativism is the view that certain skills or abilities Thus, even novel concepts were proposed to have been dormant in some sense. This traditional view was also unable to address many issues such as metaphor or associative meanings, and semantic change, where meanings within a linguistic community change over time, and qualia or subjective experience. Metaphor (from the Greek: μεταφορά - metaphora, meaning "transfer" is language that directly compares seemingly unrelated subjects In diachronic (or historical linguistics, semantic change is a change in one of the meanings of a word. " Qualia " (ˈkwɑːliə is "an unfamiliar term for something that could not be more familiar to each of us the ways things seem to us" Another issue not addressed by the nativist model was how perceptual cues are combined in thought, e. g. in mental rotation[5]. Mental rotation is the Ability to Rotate mental representations of two-dimensional and three-dimensional objects
This traditional view of semantics, as an innate finite meaning inherent in a lexical unit that can be composed to generate meanings for larger chunks of discourse, is now being fiercely debated in the emerging domain of cognitive linguistics[6] and also in the non-Fodorian camp in Philosophy of Language[7]. Lexical items are single words or words that are grouped in a language's lexicon In Linguistics and Cognitive science, cognitive linguistics (CL refers to the school of linguistics that understands language creation learning and usage Jerry Alan Fodor (born 1935 in New York City, New York) is an American philosopher and cognitive scientist. Philosophy of language is the reasoned inquiry into the nature origins and usage of Language. The challenge is motivated by
- factors internal to language, such as the problem of resolving indexical or anaphora (e. In Linguistics and in Philosophy of language, an indexical behavior or utterance symbolically points to (or indicates) some state of affairs In Rhetoric, an anaphora (ἀναφορά "carrying back" is emphasizing words by repeating them at the beginnings of neighboring clauses g. this x, him, last week). In these situations "context" serves as the input, but the interpreted utterance also modifies the context, so it is also the output. Thus, the interpretation is necessarily dynamic and the meaning of sentences is viewed as context-change potentials instead of propositions. In Logic and Philosophy, proposition refers to either (a the content or Meaning of a meaningful Declarative sentence
- factors external to language, i. e. language is not a set of labels stuck on things, but "a toolbox, the importance of whose elements lie in the way they function rather than their attachments to things. "[7] This view reflects the position of the later Wittgenstein and his famous game example, and is related to the positions of Quine, Davidson, and others. Willard Van Orman Quine (June 25 1908 Akron, Ohio &ndash December 25 2000 (known to intimates as "Van" Donald Herbert Davidson ( March 6, 1917 &ndash August 30, 2003) was an American Philosopher, who served as Slusser
A concrete example of the latter phenomenon is semantic underspecification — meanings are not complete without some elements of context. In Theoretical linguistics, underspecification is a phenomenon where certain features are omitted in Underlying representations Restricted underspecification To take an example of a single word, "red", its meaning in a phrase such as red book is similar to many other usages, and can be viewed as compositional[8]. However, the colours implied in phrases such as "red wine" (very dark), and "red hair" (coppery), or "red soil", or "red skin" are very different. Indeed, these colours by themselves would not be called "red" by native speakers. These instances are contrastive, so "red wine" is so called only in comparison with the other kind of wine (which also is not "white" for the same reasons). This view goes back to de Saussure:
- Each of a set of synonyms like redouter ('to dread'), craindre ('to fear'), avoir peur ('to be afraid') has its particular value only because they stand in contrast with one another. Ferdinand de Saussure (fɛʁdinɑ̃ də soˈsyːʁ ( November 26, 1857 – February 22, 1913) was a Swiss linguist No word has a value that can be identified independently of what else is in its vicinity. [9]
and may go back to earlier Indian views on language, especially the Nyaya view of words as indicators and not carriers of meaning[10]. India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country Nyāya ( Sanskrit ni-āyá, literally "recursion" used in the sense of " Syllogism, inference" is the name given to one of the six orthodox
An attempt to defend a system based on propositional meaning for semantic underspecification can be found in the Generative Lexicon model of James Pustejovsky, who extends contextual operations (based on type shifting) into the lexicon. Generative Lexicon (GL is a theory of linguistic semantics which focuseson the distributed nature of compositionality in natural language James Pustejovsky is a Professor of Computer science at Brandeis University in Waltham Massachusetts. Thus meanings are generated on the fly based on finite context.
Prototype theory
Another set of concepts related to fuzziness in semantics is based on prototypes. Prototype Theory is a mode of graded Categorization in Cognitive science, where some members of a category are more central than others The work of Eleanor Rosch and George Lakoff in the 1970s led to a view that natural categories are not characterizable in terms of necessary and sufficient conditions, but are graded (fuzzy at their boundaries) and inconsistent as to the status of their constituent members. Eleanor Rosch (once known as Eleanor Rosch Heider) is a professor of Psychology at the University of California Berkeley, specializing in Cognitive "Lakoff" and "Professor Lakoff" redirect here
Systems of categories are not objectively "out there" in the world but are rooted in people's experience. These categories evolve as learned concepts of the world — meaning is not an objective truth, but a subjective construct, learned from experience, and language arises out of the "grounding of our conceptual systems in shared embodiment and bodily experience"[4]. In psychology and Education, a common definition of learning is a process that brings together cognitive emotional and enviromental influences and experiences Embodiment Philosophers cognitive scientists and artificial intelligence researchers who study embodied cognition and the embodied mind argue A corollary of this is that the conceptual categories (i. e. the lexicon) will not be identical for different cultures, or indeed, for every individual in the same culture. This leads to another debate (see the Whorf-Sapir hypothesis or Eskimo words for snow). In Linguistics, the Sapir–Whorf hypothesis ( SWH) (also known as the " Linguistic relativity hypothesis " postulates a systematic relationship It is a popular Urban legend that the Inuit or Eskimo have an unusually large number of words for Snow.
Computer science
In computer science, considered in part as an application of mathematical logic, semantics reflects the meaning of programs or functions. Computer science (or computing science) is the study and the Science of the theoretical foundations of Information and Computation and their Mathematical logic is a subfield of Logic and Mathematics with close connections to Computer science and Philosophical logic.
In this regard, semantics permits programs to be separated into their syntactical part (grammatical structure) and their semantic part (meaning). For instance, the following statements use different syntaxes (languages), but result in the same semantic:
- x += y; (C, Java, etc. tags please moot on the talk page first! --> In Computing, C is a general-purpose cross-platform block structured )
- x := x + y; (Pascal)
- Let x = x + y;
- x = x + y (various BASIC languages)
Generally these operations would all perform an arithmetical addition of 'y' to 'x' and store the result in a variable 'x'. Pascal is an influential imperative and procedural Programming language, designed in 1968/9 and published in 1970 by Niklaus Wirth as a small In Computer programming, BASIC (an Acronym for Beginner's All-purpose Symbolic Instruction Code) is a family of High-level programming languages
Semantics for computer applications falls into three categories[11]:
- Operational semantics: The meaning of a construct is specified by the computation it induces when it is executed on a machine. In Computer science, operational semantics is a way to give meaning to Computer programs in a mathematically rigorous way In particular, it is of interest how the effect of a computation is produced.
- Denotational semantics: Meanings are modelled by mathematical objects that represent the effect of executing the constructs. In Computer science, denotational semantics is an approach to formalizing the meanings of Programming languages by constructing mathematical objects (called Thus only the effect is of interest, not how it is obtained.
- Axiomatic semantics: Specific properties of the effect of executing the constructs as expressed as assertions. Axiomatic semantics is an approach based on Mathematical logic to proving the Correctness of Computer programs. Thus there may be aspects of the executions that are ignored.
The Semantic Web refers to the extension of the World Wide Web through the embedding of additional semantic metadata; s. The Semantic Web is an evolving extension of the World Wide Web in which the Semantics of information and services on the web is defined making it possible for the The World Wide Web (commonly shortened to the Web) is a system of interlinked Hypertext documents accessed via the Internet. Metadata ( meta data, or sometimes metainformation) is "data about data" of any sort in any media a. Web Ontology Language (OWL). The Web Ontology Language ( OWL) is a family of Knowledge representation languages for authoring ontologies, and is endorsed by the World Wide
Psychology
In psychology, semantic memory is memory for meaning, in other words, the aspect of memory that preserves only the gist, the general significance, of remembered experience, while episodic memory is memory for the ephemeral details, the individual features, or the unique particulars of experience. Psychology (from Greek grc ψῡχή psȳkhē, "breath life soul" and grc -λογία -logia) is an Academic and Semantic memory refers to the Memory of meanings Understandings and other concept-based Knowledge unrelated to specific experiences Episodic memory is the Memory of unique personal experiences ( Events Times Places associated Emotions and other conception-based Word meaning is measured by the company they keep; the relationships among words themselves in a semantic network. A Semantic network is a network which represents Semantic relations between the Concepts This is often used as a form of Knowledge representation In a network created by people analyzing their understanding of the word (such as Wordnet) the links and decomposition structures of the network are few in number and kind; and include "part of", "kind of", and similar links. WordNet is a Semantic lexicon for the English language. It groups English words into sets of synonyms called Synsets, provides short general In automated ontologies the links are computed vectors without explicit meaning. In Philosophy, ontology (from the Greek, genitive: of being (part Various automated technologies are being developed to compute the meaning of words: latent semantic indexing and support vector machines as well as natural language processing, neural networks and predicate calculus techniques. Latent semantic analysis (LSA is a technique in Natural language processing, in particular in Vectorial semantics, of analyzing relationships between a set of documents Support vector machines ( SVMs) are a set of related Supervised learning methods used for classification and regression. Natural language processing ( NLP) is a subfield of Artificial intelligence and Computational linguistics. Traditionally the term neural network had been used to refer to a network or circuit of biological neurons. In Mathematical logic, predicate logic is the generic term for symbolic Formal systems like First-order logic, Second-order logic, Many-sorted
References
- ^ Semantikos, Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, A Greek-English Lexicon, at Perseus
- ^ Semaino, Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, An Intermediate Greek-English Lexicon, at Perseus
- ^ Otto Neurath (Editor), Rudolf Carnap (Editor), Charles F. W. Morris (Editor) (1955). International Encyclopedia of Unified Science. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
- ^ a b George Lakoff and Mark Johnson (1999). Philosophy in the Flesh: The embodied mind and its challenge to Western thought. Chapter 1. . New York: Basic Books. .
- ^ Barsalou, L. (1999). Perceptual Symbol Systems. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 22(4)
- ^ Ronald W. Langacker (1999). Grammar and Conceptualization. Berlin/New York: Mouton de Gruyer. ISBN ISBN 3110166038.
- ^ a b Jaroslav Peregrin (2003). Meaning: The Dynamic Turn. Current Research in the Semantics/Pragmatics Interface. London: Elsevier.
- ^ P. Gardenfors (2000). Conceptual Spaces. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press/Bradford Books.
- ^ Ferdinand de Saussure (1916). The Course of General Linguistics (Cours de linguistique générale).
- ^ Bimal Krishna Matilal (1990). Bimal Krishna Matilal (1935-1991 was an Indian Philosopher whose influential writings present the Indian philosophical tradition as being concerned with The word and the world: India's contribution to the study of language. Oxford. The Nyaya and Mimamsa schools in Indian vyakarana tradition conducted a centuries-long debate on whether sentence meaning arises through composition on word meanings, which are primary; or whether word meanings are obtained through analysis of sentences where they appear. Nyāya ( Sanskrit ni-āyá, literally "recursion" used in the sense of " Syllogism, inference" is the name given to one of the six orthodox Mīmāṃsā, a Sanskrit word meaning "investigation" (compare Greek ἱστορία) is the name of an Astika ("orthodox" school The Sanskrit grammatical tradition of vyākaraṇa is one of the six Vedanga disciplines (Chapter 8).
- ^ Nielson, Hanne Riis & Nielson, Flemming (1995), Semantics with Applications , A Formal Introduction (1st ed. ), Chicester, England: John Wiley & Sons, ISBN 0-471-92980-8.
See also
Major philosophers and theorists
- Alfred Tarski
- Rudolf Carnap
- P.F. Strawson
- H.P. Grice
- J.L. Austin
- Keith Donnellan
- Charles E. Osgood
- Saul Kripke
- John Perry
- Nathan Salmon
- Scott Soames
- Noam Chomsky
- David Kaplan
- Nelson Goodman
- Jürgen Habermas
- Ray Jackendoff
- John Lyons
- Richard Montague
- Charles Sanders Peirce
- C.K. Ogden
- I.A. Richards
- Benjamin Whorf
- Anna Wierzbicka
- S. I. Hayakawa
- Alfred Korzybski
- Ludwig Wittgenstein
- George Lakoff
- Leonard Talmy
Linguistics and semiotics
- Asemic Writing
- Colorless green ideas sleep furiously
- Computational semantics
- Discourse representation theory
- General semantics
- Natural semantic metalanguage
- Onomasiology
- Pragmatic maxim
- Pragmaticism
- Pragmatism
- Semantic change
- Semantic class
- Semantic feature
- Semantic field
- Semantic lexicon
- Semantic progression
- Semantic property
- Semeiotic
- Sememe
- Semiosis
- Semiotics
- Problem of universals
Logic and mathematics
- Formal logic
- Game semantics
- Model theory
- Proof-theoretic semantics
- Semantics of logic
- Semantic consequence
- Semantic theory of truth
- Truth-value semantics
Computer science
- Formal semantics of programming languages
- Semantic HTML
- Semantic integration
- Semantic link
- Semantic service oriented architecture
- Semantic spectrum
- Semantic analysis
- Semantic Reasoner
External links
- Teaching page for A-level semantics
- Intellexer, software for Semantic Analysis of Text
- Noam Chomsky, On Referring, Harvard University, 30 October 2007(video)
- Ray Jackendoff, Conceptual Semantics, Harvard University,13 November 2007(video)
Dictionary
semantics
-noun
- (linguistics) A branch of linguistics studying the meaning of words.
- The study of the relationship between words and their meanings.
- The individual meanings of words, as opposed to the overall meaning of a passage.
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