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For other uses, see Seine (disambiguation).
Seine
The Seine viewed from the Eiffel Tower. The Place de la Concorde is at top right.
The Seine viewed from the Eiffel Tower. The Eiffel Tower (Tour Eiffel /tuʀ ɛfɛl/ is an Iron Tower built The Place de la Concorde is at top right. The Place de la Concorde is one of the major squares in Paris, France.
Origin Burgundy
Mouth The English Channel
Basin countries France
Length 776 km (482 mi)
Source elevation 471 m (1,545 ft)
Avg. Burgundy (Bourgogne Burgund is a region historically situated in modern-day France and Switzerland, inhabited in turn by Celts ( Gauls) A drainage basin is an extent of Land where Water from Rain or Snow melt drains downhill into a body of water such as a River, This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. discharge 500 m³/s (17,660 ft³/s)
Basin area 78,650 km² (30,367 mi²)
The Seine starts near Dijon in northern France flows through Paris and into the English Channel.
The Seine starts near Dijon in northern France flows through Paris and into the English Channel. In Hydrology, the discharge or outflow of a River is the volume of Water transported by it in a certain amount of time

The Seine (pronounced [sɛn] in French) is a major river and commercial waterway within the regions of Île-de-France and Haute-Normandie in France. French ( français,) is a Romance language spoken around the world by 118 million people as a native language and by about 180 to 260 million people "Riverine" redirects here For the use of that term in Maritime geography, see there France is divided into 26 regions or régions (in French of which 21 are in continental Metropolitan France, one is the island of Corsica, Île-de-France ( pronounced /il d̪ə fʁɑ̃s/ literally "Island of France" is one of the twenty-six administrative regions of France. Haute-Normandie ( Upper Normandy) is one of the 26 regions of France. This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. It is also a tourist attraction, with excursion boats offering sightseeing tours of the Rive Droite and Rive Gauche within the city of Paris. Un Bateau Mouchejpg|left|thumb|200px]] Bateaux Mouches baˈto muʃ are open excursion boats that provide visitors to Paris France with a view of the city from La Rive Droite (the Right bank) is most associated with the Seine in central Paris. For other uses see Left Bank. La Rive Gauche (The Left Bank is the left bank of the Seine River in Paris, as one Paris (ˈpærɨs in English; in French) is the Capital of France and the country's largest city

There are over three dozen bridges over the River Seine within Paris and dozens more spanning the river outside of the city. Examples in Paris include the Pont Louis-Philippe and Pont Neuf, the latter which dates back to 1607. Pont Louis-Philippe is a bridge across the River Seine in Paris. The Pont Neuf, French for the "New Bridge" is the oldest standing Bridge across the river Seine in Paris. Outside of the city, examples include the Pont de Normandie, one of the longest cable-stayed bridges in the world, which links Le Havre to Honfleur. The Pont de Normandie (or Bridge of Normandy) is a cable-stayed road bridge that spans the river Seine linking Le Havre to Honfleur A Le Havre is a city in the northwest region of France situated on the right bank of the mouth of the Seine River as it outlets into the Bay of the Seine Honfleur is a commune in the Norman département of Calvados in France, located on the southern bank of the estuary

Contents

Navigation

The Seine is dredged and oceangoing vessels can dock at Rouen, 120 km (75 miles) from the sea. Rouen (ʁwɑ̃ in French) is the historical capital city of Normandy, in northwestern France on the River Seine, and currently the capital Commercial riverboats can use the river from Bar-sur-Seine, 560 km (350 miles) from its mouth. Bar-sur-Seine is a commune in the Aube department in north-central France. At Paris, the river is only 24 metres (80 feet) above sea level, 445 km (277 miles) from its mouth, making it slow flowing and thus easily navigable. It is 776 km (486 miles) long and flows into the Atlantic Ocean from the continent.

The tidal section of the river, from Le Havre to well beyond Rouen, is followed by a canalized section with four large multiple locks until the mouth of the Oise river at Conflans-Sainte-Honorine. Le Havre is a city in the northwest region of France situated on the right bank of the mouth of the Seine River as it outlets into the Bay of the Seine Oise is a department in the north of France named after the Oise River. Conflans-Sainte-Honorine is a commune in the northwestern suburbs of Paris, France in the département of Yvelines. Then two more multiple locks at Bougival / Chatou and at Suresnes lift the vessels to the level of the river in Paris, where the mouth of the Marne River is located. Bougival is a commune in the western suburbs of Paris, France. Chatou is a commune in the western suburbs of Paris, France. It is located 14 Suresnes is a commune in the western suburbs of Paris, France. The Marne is a River in France, a right Tributary of the Seine in the area east and southeast of Paris. Upstream from Paris seven more locks ensure navigation to Saint Mammès (where the Loing mouth is situated). The Loing is a 142 km long River in central France, a left Tributary of the Seine. Through an eighth lock the river Yonne is reached at Monterau. Yonne is a French department named after the Yonne River. It is one of the four constituent departments of Bourgogne (Burgundy in eastern France From the mouth of the Yonne, larger ships can continue upstream the Seine till Nogent-sur-Seine. Nogent-sur-Seine is a commune in the Aube department in north-central France. From there on, the river is only navigable for small craft. All navigation ends abruptly at Marcilly-sur-Seine, where the ancient Canal de la Haute Seine used to allow vessels to continue all the way to Troyes. Marcilly-sur-Seine is a Village and commune in the Marne département of north-eastern France. Troyes (tʁwa is a commune, the préfecture (capital of the northeastern Aube département in France and is This canal has been abandoned for many years now. [1]

The average depth of the Seine today at Paris is about eight meters. Until locks were installed to artificially raise the level in the 1800s, however, the river was much shallower within the city most of the time, and consisted only of a small channel of continuous flow bordered by sandy banks (depicted in many illustrations of the period). Today depth is tightly controlled and the entire width of the river between the built-up banks on either side is normally filled with water. The average flow of the river is very low, only a few cubic metres per second, but much higher flows are possible during periods of heavy runoff. Special reservoirs upstream help to maintain a constant level for the river through the city, but during periods of extreme runoff significant increases in river level may occur.

A very severe period of high water in January 1910 produced extensive flooding throughout the city. Year 1910 ( MCMX) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year starting The Seine again rose to threatening levels in 1924, 1955, 1982 and 1999-2000. [2] After a first-level flood alert in 2003, about 100,000 works of art were moved out of Paris, the largest relocation of art since World War II. Much of the art in Paris is kept in underground storage rooms that would be flooded. [3] A 2002 report by the French government stated the worst-case Seine flood scenario would cost 10 billion Euros, cut telephone service for a million Parisians, leave 200,000 without electricity and 100,000 without gas. Please update other articles as well to avoid contradiction within Wikipedia e [4]

Panoramic view of the Seine in Paris with St-Michel bridge on the left and Notre-Dame cathedral to the right
Panoramic view of the Seine in Paris with St-Michel bridge on the left and Notre-Dame cathedral to the right

Water quality

Periodically the sewerage systems of Paris experience a failure known as sanitary sewer overflow, often in periods of high rainfall. Paris (ˈpærɨs in English; in French) is the Capital of France and the country's largest city NotreDameFlyingButtressjpg|right|thumb|250px|Notre Dame de Paris Flying Buttress]] Notre Dame de Paris is a Gothic Cathedral on the eastern half of the Sanitary sewer overflow (SSO is a condition whereby untreated Sewage is discharged into the environment prior to reaching treatment facilities thereby escaping Wastewater Rain is Liquid precipitation. On Earth it is the condensation of atmospheric Water vapor into drops heavy enough to fall often making it to Under these conditions untreated sewage has been discharged into the Seine[5]. Sewage is the mainly liquid Waste containing some solids produced by humans which typically consists of washing water Feces, Urine, laundry waste and other The resulting oxygen deficit is principally caused by allochthonous bacteria larger than one micrometer in size. Oxygen (from the Greek roots ὀξύς (oxys (acid literally "sharp" from the taste of acids and -γενής (-genēs (producer literally begetteris the In Structural geology, an allochthon (or allochthonous block is a large block of rock which has been moved from its original site of formation usually by The Bacteria ( singular: bacterium) are a large group of unicellular Microorganisms Typically a few Micrometres in length bacteria have The specific activity of these sewage bacteria is typically three to four times greater than that of the autochthonous (background) bacterial population. In Biology a population is the collection of inter-breeding organisms of a particular Species; in Sociology The pH level of the Seine at Pont Neuf has been measured to be 8. The Pont Neuf, French for the "New Bridge" is the oldest standing Bridge across the river Seine in Paris. 46[6]

History


Legend has it that after Joan of Arc was burned at the stake in 1431, her ashes were thrown into the Seine, though counter-claims persist into the present-day. Joan of Arc (c 1412 Joan asserted that she had visions from God that told her to recover her homeland from English domination late in the Hundred Years' Execution by burning has a long history as a method of Punishment for Crimes such as Treason, Heresy and Witchcraft [7]

According to his will, Napoleon, who died in 1821, wished to be buried on the banks of the Seine, a request that was not granted. Napoleon Bonaparte (15 August 1769 – 5 May 1821 was a French military and political leader who had a significant impact on the History of Europe.

Until the 1930s, a towing system using a chain on the bed of the river existed to facilitate movement of barges upriver.

The Seine River was one of the original objectives of Operation Overlord in 1944. Operation Overlord was the code name for the invasion of northwest Europe during World War II by Allied forces The Allies' intention was to reach the Seine by D+90 (ie 90 days after D-Day). D-Day may also refer to Decimal Day in the United Kingdom. D-Day is a term often used in Military parlance to denote That objective was met. An anticipated assault crossing of the river never materialized as German resistance in France crumbled by early September 1944. Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. However, the First Canadian Army did encounter resistance immediately west of the Seine and fighting occurred in the Forêt de la Londe as Allied troops attempted to cut off the escape across the river of parts of the German 7th Army in the closing phases of the Battle of Normandy. The First Canadian Army was the senior Canadian operational formation in Europe during the Second World War.

Some of the victims of the Paris massacre of 1961 drowned in the Seine after being thrown off from the Pont Saint-Michel and other locations in Paris. The Paris massacre of 1961 refers to a massacre in Paris on 17 October 1961, during the Algerian War (1954–62 Pont Saint-Michel is a bridge linking Place Saint-Michel on the Left Bank of Paris to the Île de la Cité.

Dredging in the 1960s mostly eliminated tidal bores on the river, known as “le mascaret. Dredging is an Excavation activity or operation usually carried out at least partly underwater in shallow seas or Fresh water areas with the purpose of A tidal bore (or just bore, or eagre) is a tidal phenomenon in which the leading edge of the incoming tide forms a wave (or waves of water that travel ”

In 1991, the banks of the Seine in Paris—the Rive Gauche and Rive Droite—were added to UNESCO's list of World Heritage Sites in Europe. For other uses see Left Bank. La Rive Gauche (The Left Bank is the left bank of the Seine River in Paris, as one La Rive Droite (the Right bank) is most associated with the Seine in central Paris. United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization ( UNESCO) is a specialized agency of the United Nations established on November 16 This is a list of the UNESCO World Heritage Sites in Europe. Asia Minor, Cyprus, all of the Aegean Islands, the Canaries [8]

The river is popular site for suicides and the disposal of bodies of murder victims. [9] In 2007, 55 bodies were retrieved from its waters; in February 2008, the body of supermodel-turned-activist Katoucha Niane was found there. Katoucha Niane ( 30 December 1960 in Conakry Guinea &ndash 2 February, 2008 in Paris, France) was a French [9]

Origin of the name

"Seine" is often believed to have come from the Latin sequana, which itself comes from Gaulish (Celtic) Sicauna. Latin ( lingua Latīna, laˈtiːna is an Italic language, historically spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome. In Gallo-Roman religion, Sequana was the Goddess of the river Seine, particularly the springs at the source of the Seine and the Gaulish tribe Gaulish or Gallic is the name given to the Celtic language that was spoken in Gaul before the Vulgar Latin of the late Roman Empire became The Celtic languages are descended from Proto-Celtic, or "Common Celtic" a branch of the greater Indo-European Language family. The name Sicauna is made up of Celtic sakw, which means "sacred" and comes from the Proto-Indo-European root *sak- (which also gave Latin sacer and sanctus, which in turn gave English sacred and saint), and from a Celtic (or more probably Pre-Indo-European) suffix -onna which means "source, river", and which can be found in the name of many rivers of western Europe (such as the Garonne or the Dordogne). English is a West Germanic language originating in England and is the First language for most people in the United Kingdom, the United States The Garonne (Garonne in Occitan, Catalan and Spanish: Garona; Garumna is a River in southwest France and northern The Dordogne ( Occitan: Dordonha) is a River in south-central and southwest France. The name "Sakw -onna" ("sacred source", "sacred river"), is also the name of several other western European rivers, such as the Saône River, and possibly also the River Shannon. The Saône (son ( Sona in Arpitan) is a River of eastern France. The River Shannon ( Sionainn or Sionna in Irish) is at 386 km (240 miles the longest river in Ireland.

Another proposed etymology posits that Sequana is the Latin version of Gaulish Isicauna. Is-Icauna would be the diminutive of Icauna, which was the Gaulish name of the Yonne River. The Yonne is a River in France, left Tributary of the Seine. It is 292 km long The ancient Gauls considered the Seine to be a tributary of the Yonne, which indeed presents a greater average discharge than the Seine (the river flowing through Paris would be called Yonne if the standard rules of geography were applied). Gaul (Gallia was the Roman name for the region of Western Europe comprising present day northern Italy, France, Belgium, western Icauna comes from the Pre-Indo-European roots inka -onna.

Further downstream in what is now Normandy, the Seine was known as Rodo, or Roto, which is a traditional Celtic name for rivers, and is also the original name of the Rhône River (see Rhône article for further explanations). Normandy (Normandie Norman: Normaundie) is a geographical region corresponding to the former Duchy of Normandy. The Rhone, or the Rhône is one of the major Rivers of Europe, running through Switzerland and France. This is proved by the name of Rouen, which was Rotomagos in Gaulish, meaning "field, plain (magos in Gaulish, whose meaning evolved into "market") of the Roto". Rouen (ʁwɑ̃ in French) is the historical capital city of Normandy, in northwestern France on the River Seine, and currently the capital The Magi (singular Magus, from Latin via Greek μάγος; Old English: Mage; from Persian maguš and Kurdish

Painters

Carl Fredrik Hill, Seine-Landschaft bei Bois-Le-Roi (Seine Landscape in Bois-Le-Roi) (1877)
Carl Fredrik Hill, Seine-Landschaft bei Bois-Le-Roi (Seine Landscape in Bois-Le-Roi) (1877)
George Seurat's Sunday Afternoon on the Island of La Grande Jatte (1884-1886) is set on an island in the Seine.
George Seurat's Sunday Afternoon on the Island of La Grande Jatte (1884-1886) is set on an island in the Seine. Carl Fredrik Hill ( 31 May 1849 - 22 February 1911) was a Swedish painter. A Sunday Afternoon on the Island of La Grande Jatte - 1884 ( Un dimanche après-midi à l'Île de la Grande Jatte - 1884) is Georges Seurat 's most famous

During the 19th and the 20th centuries, the Seine has inspired many painters including:

In arts and popular culture

References

  1. ^ NoorderSoft Waterways Database
  2. ^ Seine River Basin, United Nations Environment Programme Department of Early Warning and Assessment (accessed 5 June 2007
  3. ^ "Fearing a Big Flood, Paris Moves Art" by Alan Riding, The New York Times, February 19, 2003
  4. ^ "Paris flood warning" by Rory Mulholland, BBC News, 25 January 2002
  5. ^ Martin Seidl, The fate of organic matter in river Seine after a combined sewer overflow, ENPC - University Paris Val de Marne Paris XII (France), 1997, 181 pp. The Style Council were an English musical group formed in 1983 by ex- The Jam singer and guitarist Paul Weller with keyboardist Mick Talbot. Our Favourite Shop is the second album from the band The Style Council. The UN Environment Programme (or UNEP) coordinates United Nations environmental activities assisting developing countries in implementing environmentally sound policies Events 70 - Titus and his Roman Legions breach the middle wall of Jerusalem in the Siege of Jerusalem Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 197 - Roman Emperor Septimius Severus defeats usurper Clodius Albinus in the Battle of Lugdunum Year 2003 ( MMIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 41 - After a night of negotiation Claudius is accepted as Roman Emperor by the Senate See also 2002 (disambiguation Year 2002 ( MMII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar. Organic matter (or organic material) is Matter that has come from a once-living Organism; is capable of
  6. ^ Hogan, C Michael, Water quality of fresh water bodies in France, Lumina Press, Aberdeen 2006
  7. ^ In February 2006 a team of forensic scientists announced the beginning of a six-month study to assess relics from a museum at Chinon and reputed to be the remains of Jeanne d'Arc. Chinon is a commune in the Indre-et-Loire department in central France. In an April 4, 2007 article from Nature, the investigators reported their conclusion that the relics from Chinon came from an Egyptian mummy and a cat. Nature is a prominent Scientific journal, first published on 4 November 1869
  8. ^ Paris, Banks of the Seine, the World Heritage Site entry from the UNESCO website
  9. ^ a b Supermodel Katoucha Niane found dead from The Daily Telegraph

See also

A UNESCO World Heritage Site is a site (such as a Forest, Mountain, Lake, Desert, Monument, Building, complex United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization ( UNESCO) is a specialized agency of the United Nations established on November 16 For "The Daily Telegraph" in Australia see The Daily Telegraph (Australia. Seine was a département of France encompassing Paris and its immediate suburbs

Dictionary

seine

-noun

  1. A long net having floats attached at the top and sinkers (weights) at the bottom, used in shallow water for catching fish.

-verb

  1. To use a seine, to fish with a seine.

Seine

-noun

  1. (geography) A river of northern France that flows through Paris for about 772 km (480 mi) to the English Channel near Le Havre.
  2. A department in France, the capital city of which is Paris.
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