X-ray machines and metal detectors are used to control what is allowed to pass through an airport security perimeter

Security spikes protect a gated community in the East End of London

Security is the condition of being protected against danger or loss. An X-ray machine is a device used by Radiographers to acquire an X-ray image Metal detectors use Electromagnetic induction to detect Metal. Airport security refers to the techniques and methods used in protecting Airports and Aircraft from Crime. In its modern form a gated community is a form of Residential community containing controlled entrances for Pedestrians Bicycles and Automobiles In the general sense, security is a concept similar to safety. Safety is the state of being "safe" (from French sauf) the condition of being protected against physical social spiritual financial political The nuance between the two is an added emphasis on being protected from dangers that originate from outside. Individuals or actions that encroach upon the condition of protection are responsible for the breach of security.

The word "security" in general usage is synonymous with "safety," but as a technical term "security" means that something not only is secure but that it has been secured. In telecommunications, the term security has the following meanings:^[1]

• A condition that results from the establishment and maintenance of protective measures that ensure a state of inviolability from hostile acts or influences. Maintenance repair and operations or maintenance repair and overhaul (MRO is fixing any sort of mechanical or Electrical device should it
• With respect to classified matter, the condition that prevents unauthorized persons from having access to official information that is safeguarded in the interests of national security. Information as a concept has a diversity of meanings from everyday usage to technical settings National security is the entire scope of measures undertaken by the Governments of Nation-states in providing assurance of national Sovereignty
• Measures taken by a military unit, an activity or installation to protect itself against all acts designed to, or which may, impair its effectiveness.

Security has to be compared and contrasted with other related concepts: Safety, continuity, reliability. Safety is the state of being "safe" (from French sauf) the condition of being protected against physical social spiritual financial political The key difference between security and reliability is that security must take into account the actions of active malicious agents attempting to cause destruction.

Perceived security compared to real security

It is very often true that people's perception of security is not directly related to actual security. For example, a fear of flying is much more common than a fear of driving; however, driving is generally a much more dangerous form of transport. The tool may be mistaken for the effect, for example when multiple computer security programs interfere with each other, the user assumes the computer is secure when actual security has vanished. This article describes how security can be achieved through design and engineering

Another side of this is a phenomenon called security theatre where ineffective security measures such as screening of airline passengers based on static databases are introduced with little real increase in security or even, according to the critics of one such measure - Computer Assisted Passenger Prescreening System - with an actual decrease in real security. Security theater consists of Security countermeasures intended to provide the feeling of improved security while doing little or nothing to actually improve security The Computer Assisted Passenger Prescreening System (often abbreviated CAPPS) is a Counter-terrorism system in place in the United States air travel

Additionally, however, sometimes if it is perceived that there is security then there will be an increase in actual security, even if the perception of security is mistaken. Sometimes a sign may warn that video surveillance is covering an area, and even if there is no actual visual surveillance then some malicious agents will be deterred by the belief that there may be. Also, often when there is actual security present in an area, such as video surveillance, an alarm system in a home, or an anti-theft system in a car such as a LoJack, signs advertising this security will increase its effectiveness, protecting the value of the secured vehicle or area itself. The LoJack Stolen Vehicle Recovery System is an aftermarket Vehicle tracking system that allows vehicles to be tracked by Police after being stolen A sign is an entity which signifies another entity A natural sign is an entity which bears a causal relation to the signified entity as thunder is a sign of storm Since some intruders will decide not to attempt to break into such areas or vehicles, there can actually be less damage to windows in addition to protection of valuable objects inside. GlassWindowjpg|thumb|right|190px|A stained glass panel depicting Biblical scenes at a historic church in Scotland]] A window is an opening Without such advertisement, a car-thief might, for example, approach a car, break the window, and then flee in response to an alarm being triggered. Advertising is a form of Communication that typically attempts to persuade potential Customers to Purchase or to consume more of a particular Brand Either way, perhaps the car itself and the objects inside aren't stolen, but with perceived security even the windows of the car have a lower chance of being damaged, increasing the financial security of its owner(s). A security is a Fungible, Negotiable instrument representing financial value It is important, however, for signs advertising security not to give clues as to how to subvert that security, for example in the case where a home burglar might be more likely to break into a certain home if he or she is able to learn beforehand which company makes its security system.

Categorising security

There is an immense literature on the analysis and categorisation of security. Part of the reason for this is that, in most security systems, the "weakest link in the chain" is the most important. The situation is asymmetric since the defender must cover all points of attack while the attacker need only identify a single weak point upon which to concentrate.

Types of security

Aviation Security is a combination of measures and material and human resources intended to counter the unlawful interference with the aviation security. This article describes how security can be achieved through design and engineering Data security is the means of ensuring that Data is kept safe from corruption and that access to it is suitably controlled Application security encompasses measures taken throughout the life-cycle to prevent exceptions in the Security policy of an application or the underlying Information security means protecting information and information systems from unauthorized access use disclosure disruption modification or destruction Network security consists of the provisions made in an underlying Computer network infrastructure policies adopted by the Network administrator to protect Physical security describes measures that prevent or deter Attackers from accessing a facility resource or information stored on physical media A security guard or security officer is usually a privately and formally employed person who is paid to protect Property, assets or people Airport security refers to the techniques and methods used in protecting Airports and Aircraft from Crime. Food security refers to the availability of food and one's access to it Physical security describes measures that prevent or deter Attackers from accessing a facility resource or information stored on physical media Global Security redirects here For the website of that name see GlobalSecurity National security is the entire scope of measures undertaken by the Governments of Nation-states in providing assurance of national Sovereignty Human security is an emerging paradigm for understanding global vulnerabilities whose proponents challenge the traditional notion of National security by arguing that the proper The term homeland security refers to the broad national effort by all levels of government to protect its territory from hazards both internal and external natural and man-made See also Public safety To meet the increasing challenges in the public security area responsible public institutions and organisations can tap into their own Intelligence A security is a Fungible, Negotiable instrument representing financial value

Security concepts

Certain concepts recur throughout different fields of security.

• Risk - a risk is a possible event which could cause a loss
• Threat - a threat is a method of triggering a risk event that is dangerous
• Vulnerability - a weakness in a target that can potentially be exploited by a threat
• Exploit - a vulnerability that has been triggered by a threat - a risk of 1. Risk is a Concept that denotes the precise probability of specific eventualities 0 (100%)
• Countermeasure - a countermeasure is a way to stop a threat from triggering a risk event
• Defense in depth - never rely on one single security measure alone
• Assurance - assurance is the level of guarantee that a security system will behave as expected

Security management in organizations

In the corporate world, various aspects of security were historically addressed separately - notably by distinct and often noncommunicating departments for IT security, physical security, and fraud prevention. A countermeasure is a system (usually for a Military application designed to prevent Sensor -based Weapons from acquiring and/or destroying a target Defence in depth is a Military strategy sometimes referred to as elastic defence or deep defence. Assurance services have been defined by the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants (AICPA as 'Independent Professional Services that improve information quality Today there is a greater recognition of the interconnected nature of security requirements, an approach variously known as holistic security, "all hazards" management, and other terms. Inciting factors in the convergence of security disciplines include the development of digital video surveillance technologies (see Professional video over IP) and the digitization and networking of physical control systems (see SCADA)^[2][3]. Professional video over IP systems use some existing standard Video codec to reduce the program material to a Bitstream (such as an MPEG-2 transport stream SCADA is the abbreviation for Supervisory Control And Data Acquisition. Greater interdisciplinary cooperation is further evidenced by the February 2005 creation of the Alliance for Enterprise Security Risk Management, a joint venture including leading associations in security (ASIS), information security (ISSA, the Information Systems Security Association), and IT audit (ISACA, the Information Systems Audit and Control Association)^[4]. ISACA is an international professional association ISACA is an affiliates member of IFAC and IT Governance Institute

IT Security standards

• ISO/IEC 15443 A framework for IT security assurance (covering many methods, i. e. TCSEC, Common Criteria, ISO/IEC 17799)
  • ISO/IEC 15443-1: Overview and framework
  • ISO/IEC 15443-2: Assurance methods
  • ISO/IEC 15443-3: Analysis of assurance methods
• ISO/IEC 15408 refer also to Common Criteria
• ISO/IEC 17799:2005 Code of practice for information security management refer also to ISO/IEC 17799

• refer also to TCSEC Trusted Computer System Evaluation Criteria (Orange Book)

Security experts

• Darko Trifunovic
• Richard A. Clarke
• David H. Holtzman
• Bruce Schneier

See also

References