Jewish and Israeli
  Music |
| Religious music: |
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| Historical • Contemporary Piyyut • Zemirot • Nigun Pizmonim • Baqashot |
| Secular music: |
| Israeli • Israeli Folk Klezmer • Sephardic • Mizrahi |
| Not Jewish in Form: Classical • Mainstream and Jazz |
| Dance: |
| Israeli Folk Dancing • Ballet Horah • Hava Nagila • Yemenite dance |
| Israel |
| Hatikvah • Jerusalem of Gold |
| Piyyutim |
| Adon Olam • Geshem • Lekhah Dodi Ma'oz Tzur • Yedid Nefesh • Yigdal |
| Music for Holidays |
| Hanukkah • Passover • Shabbat |
| Music of the Haggadah |
| Ma Nishtana • Dayenu • Adir Hu Chad Gadya • Echad Mi Yodea |
| Music of Hanukkah |
| Blessings • Oh Chanukah • Dreidel Song |
| Al Hanisim • Mi Y'malel • Ner Li |
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| Jewish Culture | |
| Visual Arts | |
| Visual Arts | list |
| Literature | |
| Yiddish | Ladino |
| Hebrew | Israeli |
| American | English |
| Philosophy | list |
| Performance Arts | |
| Music | Dance |
| Israeli Cinema | Yiddish Theatre |
| Cuisine | |
| Jewish | Israeli |
| Sephardi | Ashkenazi |
| Other | |
| Humour | Languages |
| Symbols | Clothing |
:See Secular Jewish culture for the main article on secular Jewish culture. Jewish music, the music of Jews, is quite diverse and dates back thousands of years Jewish music, the music of Jews, is quite diverse and dates back thousands of years This article is about the sacred and religious music of Judaism from Biblical to Modern times This article is about the sacred and religious music of Judaism from Biblical to Modern times This article is about contemporary Jewish religious music For the main article on religious Jewish music see Religious Jewish music. See also Religious Jewish music A piyyut (plural piyyutim, Hebrew פיוט pijút and) is a Jewish liturgical poem usually designated Zemirot (זמירות (singular zemer) are Jewish hymns usually sung in the Hebrew or Aramaic languages but sometimes also in Yiddish This article is about a type of Jewish religious music Nigun For the main article on religious Jewish music see Religious Jewish music. See also Religious Jewish music Pizmonim ( Hebrew פזמונים singular pizmon) are traditional Jewish songs and melodies This article is about a type of Jewish religious music Baqashot The music of Israel is a unique combination of Jewish and non-Jewish music traditions that have come together over the course of a century to create a distinctive musical The music of Israel is a unique combination of Jewish and non-Jewish music traditions that have come together over the course of a century to create a distinctive musical See also Secular Jewish music Klezmer (from Yiddish כּלי־זמיר kley - instrument and zemer - song etymologically from This article is about the music of the Sephardic Jews For the main article on secular Jewish music see Secular Jewish music. This article is about the music of the Mizrahi Jews For the main article on secular Jewish music see Secular Jewish music. See Secular Jewish culture for the main article on secular Jewish culture See Secular Jewish culture for the main article on secular Jewish culture See Secular Jewish culture for the main article on secular Jewish culture See Secular Jewish culture for the main article on secular Jewish culture This article is about Israeli folk dancing For the main article on Jewish dance see Jewish dance. See Secular Jewish culture for the main article on secular Jewish culture Hora is a type of Circle dance originating in the Balkans but now found in a number of countries most of which use slightly different spellings "Hava Nagila" ( הבה נגילה in Hebrew) is a Hebrew Folk song, the title meaning "Let us rejoice" In Yemen, where Jews were banned from dancing publicly forms of dance evolved that are based on stationary hopping and posturing such as can be done in a confined space The music of Israel is a unique combination of Jewish and non-Jewish music traditions that have come together over the course of a century to create a distinctive musical For the political party see Hatikva (political party. For the Tel Aviv neighbourhood see Hatikva Quarter. " Jerusalem of Gold " (ירושלים של זהב Yerushalayim Shel Zahav) is a popular Israeli Song written by Naomi Shemer in 1967 See also Religious Jewish music A piyyut (plural piyyutim, Hebrew פיוט pijút and) is a Jewish liturgical poem usually designated Adon Olam ( אֲדוֹן עוֹלָם; "Lord of the World" is one of the few strictly metrical hymns in the Jewish liturgy, the nobility of the diction of Geshem (גשם is one of the Hebrew words for " Rain," applied mostly to the heavy rains which occur in Israel in the fall and winter Lekhah Dodi ( Hebrew: לכה דודי also transliterated as Lecha Dodi, L'chah Dodi, Lekah Dodi, "Ma'oz Tzur" (מעוז צור is a Jewish liturgical poem or Piyyut. Yedid Nefesh ( Hebrew: יְדִיד נֶפֶשׂ y’did nefesh) is the title of a Piyyut. Yigdal ( יִגְדָּל; yighdāl, or יִגְדַּל; yighdal; means " Magnify Living God" is a Jewish Hanukkah music (or Chanukah music) (שירי חנוכה contains several songs associated with the festival of Chanukah. Passover songs are songs traditionally associated with the end of the seder, the festive meal associated with the Jewish festival of Passover. Zemirot (זמירות (singular zemer) are Jewish hymns usually sung in the Hebrew or Aramaic languages but sometimes also in Yiddish Passover songs are songs traditionally associated with the end of the seder, the festive meal associated with the Jewish festival of Passover. Ma Nishtana (מה נשתנה are the four questions sung during the Passover seder See also Passover songs Dayenu ( Hebrew: is a song that is part of the Jewish holiday of Passover. See also Passover songs Adir Hu (English Mighty is He Hebrew אדיר הוּא is a hymn sung by Jews worldwide at the Passover Seder. See also Passover songs Chad Gadya ( Aramaic: חַד גַדְיָה chad gadya, "one little goat or "one kid" Hebrew: See also Passover songs Echad Mi Yodea ( Yiddish: Man'dabar uma n'sapar) ( Hebrew: אחד מי יודע echad mi yodea) (Who Hanukkah music (or Chanukah music) (שירי חנוכה contains several songs associated with the festival of Chanukah. Hanukkah music (or Chanukah music) (שירי חנוכה contains several songs associated with the festival of Chanukah. See also Hanukkah music Oh Chanukah (also Chanukah Oh Chanukah) is an English version of the Yiddish Oy Chanukah (חנוכּה אױ חנוכּה See also Hanukkah music I Have a Little Dreidel (also known as the Dreidel song) and Samuel Goldfarb (also S Hanukkah music (or Chanukah music) (שירי חנוכה contains several songs associated with the festival of Chanukah. Hanukkah music (or Chanukah music) (שירי חנוכה contains several songs associated with the festival of Chanukah. Hanukkah music (or Chanukah music) (שירי חנוכה contains several songs associated with the festival of Chanukah. Secular Jewish culture embraces several related phenomena above all it is the Culture of secular communities of Jewish people but it can also include Secular Jewish culture embraces several related phenomena above all it is the Culture of secular communities of Jewish people but it can also include Jewish Artists by Country Austria Britain Canada France Germany Yiddish literature encompasses all belles lettres written in Yiddish the language of Ashkenazic Jewry which is related to Middle High German See also Israeli literature. Hebrew literature consists of ancient medieval and modern writings in the Hebrew language. See also Hebrew literature. Israeli literature, generally referred to as Hebrew literature is poetry and prose written in modern Hebrew as part of Jewish American literature holds an essential place in the literary history of the United States. English Jewish Literature (This page is part of the History of the Jews in England) Effects of restrictions The increasing degradation of Jewish philosophy refers to the conjunction between serious study of philosophy and Jewish theology Jewish writers by country Austria Britain Canada France Germany See Secular Jewish culture for the main article on secular Jewish culture The cinema of Israel ( Hebrew: קולנוע ישראלי Kolnoa Yisraeli, Lit Yiddish theatre consists of plays written and performed primarily by Jews in Yiddish, the language of the Eastern European Ashkenazi Jewish community Jewish cuisine is a collection of international Cookery traditions linked by Jewish Dietary laws ( Kashrus) and Jewish holiday traditions Israeli cuisine is a very diverse cuisine consisting of local dishes as well as foods brought to Israel by immigrants from around the world The cuisine of the Sephardi Jews is an assortment of cooking traditions that developed among the Jews of Spain the Mediterranean Turkey and Arab countries Jewish humour is the long tradition of Humour in Judaism dating back to the Torah and the Midrash, but generally refers to the more recent The Jewish languages are a set of Languages that developed in various Jewish communities around the world more notably in Europe, West Asia, and The Hebrew word for symbol is ot which in early Judaism denoted not only a sign but also a visible religious token of the relation between God and man Secular Jewish culture embraces several related phenomena above all it is the Culture of secular communities of Jewish people but it can also include
- This article is about secular Jewish music from Biblical to Modern times. For the main article on Jewish music, see Jewish music. Jewish music, the music of Jews, is quite diverse and dates back thousands of years
- See also List of Jewish musicians. Jewish musicians by country Austria Composers Britain Canada
Since Biblical times music has held an important role in many Jews lives. Jewish music has been influenced by surrounding Gentile traditions and Jewish sources preserved over time. The term Gentile (from Latin, gentilis, meaning of or belonging to a clan or tribe refers to non- Israelite tribes or nations in the Bible. Jewish musical contributions on the other hand tend to reflect the cultures of the countries in which Jews live, the most notable examples being classical and popular music in the United States and Europe. Classical music is a broad term that usually refers to mainstream music produced in or rooted in the traditions of Western liturgical and Secular music Popular music is Music belonging to any of a number of musical styles that are accessible to the general public and are disseminated by one or more The United States of America —commonly referred to as the However, other music is unique to particular Jewish communities, such as klezmer of Eastern Europe. See also Secular Jewish music Klezmer (from Yiddish כּלי־זמיר kley - instrument and zemer - song etymologically from
Contents |
Israeli Music
Modern Israeli music is heavily influenced by its constituents, which include Jewish immigrants from more than 120 countries around the world, which have brought their own musical traditions, making Israel a global melting pot. The music of Israel is a unique combination of Jewish and non-Jewish music traditions that have come together over the course of a century to create a distinctive musical For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Israel topics. Music is an Art form in which the medium is Sound organized in Time. PLEASE TAKE NOTE************ The melting pot is an analogy for the way in which homogeneous societies develop in which the ingredients in the pot (people of different cultures races and religions are The Israeli music is very versatile and combines elements of both western and eastern music. It tends to be very eclectic and contains a wide variety of influences from the Diaspora and more modern cultural importation. The term Diaspora (in Greek, διασπορά &ndash " a scattering or sowing of seeds " refers any population sharing common ethnic Hassidic songs, Asian and Arab pop, especially Yemenite singers, and hip hop or heavy metal. Hasidic Judaism (also Chasidic, etc from the Hebrew: he '''''חסידות''''', Chassidus, meaning "piety" from the Hebrew Hip hop music, also referred to as rap music, is a Music genre typically consisting of a rhythmic vocal style called rap which is accompanied with
From the earliest days of Zionist settlement, Jewish immigrants wrote popular folk music. At first, songs were based on borrowed melodies from German, Russian, or traditional Jewish folk music with new lyrics written in Hebrew. Starting in the early 1920s, however, Jewish settlers made a conscious effort to create a new Hebrew style of music, a style that would tie them to their earliest Hebrew origins and that would differentiate them from the style of the Jewish diaspora of Eastern Europe, which they viewed as weak. This new style borrowed elements from Arabic and, to a lesser extent, traditional Yemenite and eastern Jewish styles: the songs were often homophonic (that is, without clear harmonic character), modal, and limited in range. "The huge change in our lives demands new modes of expression," wrote composer and music critic Menashe Ravina in 1943. ". . . and, just as in our language we returned to our historical past, so has our ear turned to the music of the east . . . as an expression of our innermost feelings. "[1]
The youth, labor and kibbutz movements played a major role in musical development before and after the establishment of Israeli statehood in 1948, and in the popularization of many of these songs. The Zionist establishment saw music as a way of establishing a new national identity, and, on a purely pragmatic level, of teaching Hebrew to new immigrants. The national labor organization, the Histadrut, set up a music publishing house that disseminated songbooks and encouraged public sing-alongs (שירה בציבור). This tradition of public sing-alongs continues to the present day, and is a characteristic of modern Israeli culture.
Israeli Folk
Termed in Hebrew שירי ארץ ישראל ("songs of the land of Israel"), folk songs are meant mainly to be sung in public by the audience or in social events. The music of Israel is a unique combination of Jewish and non-Jewish music traditions that have come together over the course of a century to create a distinctive musical For other uses see Israel (disambiguation The Land of Israel ( Hebrew: אֶרֶץ יִשְׂרָאֵל Eretz Yisrael) is Some are children's songs; some combine European folk tunes with Hebrew lyrics; some come from military bands and others were written by poets such as Naomi Shemer and Chaim Nachman Bialik. Naomi Shemer (נעמי שמר born 13 July 1930, died 26 June 2004) was one of Israel 's most important and prolific Song Hayyim Nahman Bialik ( Hebrew: חיים נחמן ביאליק) ( January 9, 1873&ndash July 4, 1934) also Chaim or
The canonical songs of this genre often deal with Zionist hopes and dreams and glorify the life of idealistic Jewish youth who intend on building a home and defending their homeland. History of Zionism|Timeline of Zionism|World Zionist Organization|Zionist political violence Zionism is an international political movement that originally supported the PLEASE TAKE NOTE************ A common theme is Jerusalem as well as other parts of Eretz Israel. Jerusalem (יְרוּשָׁלַיִם, he-Latn Yerushaláyim; Arabic: ar القُدس, ar-Latn al-Quds) is the For other uses see Israel (disambiguation The Land of Israel ( Hebrew: אֶרֶץ יִשְׂרָאֵל Eretz Yisrael) is Tempo varies widely, as do the content. 2266-Tetramethylpiperidine-1-oxyl or TEMPO is the Chemical compound with the formula (CH23(CMe22NO Some songs show a leftist or right-wing bent, while others are typically love songs, lullabies or other formats; some are also socialist in subject, due to the long-standing influence of socialism on Jews in parts of the Diaspora. Socialism refers to a broad set of economic theories of social organization advocating state or collective ownership and administration of the Means of production and distribution
Patriotic folk songs are common, mostly written during the wars of Israel. War is an international relations Dispute, characterized by organized Violence between National Military units For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Israel topics. They typically concern themselves with soldiers' friendships and the sadness of death during war. Some are now played at memorials or holidays dedicated to the Israeli dead.
Klezmer
Around the 15th century, a tradition of secular (non-liturgical) Jewish music was developed by musicians called kleyzmorim or kleyzmerim by Ashkenazi Jews in Eastern Europe. See also Secular Jewish music Klezmer (from Yiddish כּלי־זמיר kley - instrument and zemer - song etymologically from They draw on devotional traditions extending back into Biblical times, and their musical legacy of klezmer continues to evolve today. The repertoire is largely dance songs for weddings and other celebrations. They are typically in Yiddish. Yiddish (yi [[wiktייִדיש ייִדיש]] yidish or yi [[wiktאידיש אידיש]] idish, literally "Jewish" is a nonterritorial High The term "klezmer" was a derogatory term referring to low class street musicians. Often the klezmer performed with non-Jewish musicians and played for non-Jewish functions. As a result of this "mixing" the music constantly evolved through the fusing of styles. This practice still plays a major role in the development of musical style to include Jazz, as evident in Benny Goodman's music and even Texas music as evident in the music on the modern Austin Klezmorim. Austin Klezmorim is a Klezmer music group founded in 1979 in Austin, Texas by Trumpeter and composer Bill Averbach
Sephardic/Ladino
Sephardic music is the unique music of the Sephardic Jews. This article is about the music of the Sephardic Jews For the main article on secular Jewish music see Secular Jewish music. Sephardi Jews ( Hebrew: ספרדי, Standard Səfardi Tiberian Səp̄arədî; plural PLEASE TAKE NOTE************ Sephardic music was born in medieval Spain, with canciones being performed at the royal courts. A song is a Musical composition. Songs contain vocal parts that are performed 'sung' and generally feature Words ( Lyrics) commonly followed Since then, it has picked up influences from across Spain, Morocco, Argentina, Turkey, Greece and various popular tunes from Spain and further abroad. Morocco (المغرب "al-Maghrib" officially the Kingdom of Morocco (المملكة المغربية is a country located in North Africa For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Argentina topics. Turkey (Türkiye known officially as the Republic of Turkey ( is a Eurasian Country that stretches Greece (Ελλάδα transliterated: Elláda, historically, Ellás,) officially the Hellenic Republic (Ελληνική Δημοκρατία There are three types of Sephardic songs -- topical and entertainment songs, romance songs and spiritual or ceremonial songs. Lyrics can be in several languages, including Hebrew for religious songs, and Ladino.
These song traditions spread from Spain to Morocco (the Western Tradition) and several parts of the Ottoman Empire (the Eastern Tradition) including Greece, Jerusalem, the Balkans and Egypt. The Ottoman Empire (1299–1923 ( Old Ottoman Turkish: دولتْ علیّه عثمانیّه Devlet-i Âliye-yi Osmâniyye, Late Ottoman and Modern Turkish Jerusalem (יְרוּשָׁלַיִם, he-Latn Yerushaláyim; Arabic: ar القُدس, ar-Latn al-Quds) is the This article is about the country of Egypt For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Egypt topics. Sephardic music adapted to each of these locals, assimilating North African high-pitched, extended ululations; Balkan rhythms, for instance in 9/8 time; and the Turkish maqam mode. Maqam is a modal structure that characterizes the art of music of countries in North Africa, the Middle East and Central Asia. In Music, a scale is an ordered series of Musical intervals which along with the key or tonic, define the pitches However mode
Mizrahi
Mizrahi music usually refers to the new wave of music in Israel which combines Israeli music with the flavor of Arabic and Mediterranean (especially Greek) music. This article is about the music of the Mizrahi Jews For the main article on secular Jewish music see Secular Jewish music. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Israel topics. The araB gene Promoter is a bacterial promoter activated by e L-arabinose binding The musical legacy of Greece is as diverse as its history. Cypriot music has certain similarities to traditional Greek Music, and their Typical Mizrahi songs will have a dominant violin or string sound as well as Middle Eastern percussion elements. The violin is a bowed String instrument with four strings usually tuned in Perfect fifths It is the smallest and highest-pitched member A string instrument (or stringed instrument) is a Musical instrument that produces Sound by means of Vibrating strings In the Hornbostel-Sachs Mizrahi music is usually high pitched. In today's Israeli music scene, Mizrahi music is very popular.
Dancing
Deriving from Biblical traditions, Jewish dance has long been used by Jews as a medium for the expression of joy and other communal emotions. See Secular Jewish culture for the main article on secular Jewish culture Each Jewish diasporic community developed its own dance traditions for wedding celebrations and other distinguished events. The Jewish diaspora ( Hebrew: Tefutzah, "scattered" or Galut גלות "exile" Yiddish: tfutses) the presence For Ashkenazi Jews in Eastern Europe, for example, dances, whose names corresponded to the different forms of klezmer music that were played, were an obvious staple of the wedding ceremony of the shtetl. Ashkenazi Jews, also known as Ashkenazic Jews or Ashkenazim ( Hebrew: אַשְׁכֲּנָזִים, ˌaʃkəˈnazim sing Eastern Europe is a general term that refers to the Geopolitical region encompassing the easternmost part of the European continent. See also Secular Jewish music Klezmer (from Yiddish כּלי־זמיר kley - instrument and zemer - song etymologically from A shtetl (שטעטל diminutive form of Yiddish shtot שטאָט "town" pronounced very similarly to the South German diminutive "Städtle" "little Jewish dances both were influenced by surrounding Gentile traditions and Jewish sources preserved over time. The term Gentile (from Latin, gentilis, meaning of or belonging to a clan or tribe refers to non- Israelite tribes or nations in the Bible. "Nevertheless the Jews practiced a corporeal expressive language that was highly differentiated from that of the non-Jewish peoples of their neighborhood, mainly through motions of the hands and arms, with more intricate legwork by the younger men. "[2] In general, however, in most religiously traditional communities, members of the opposite sex dancing together or dancing at times other than at these events was frowned upon.
Not Jewish in Form
The below two sections address instances in which Jews have contributed musically using originally non-Jewish forms or the forms used by the mainstream culture,
Jews in Mainstream and Jazz music
Jews have also contributed to popular music, primarily in the United States (and, obviously, in Israel), and in some specific forms of popular music have become or are dominant. The music of Israel is a unique combination of Jewish and non-Jewish music traditions that have come together over the course of a century to create a distinctive musical This is true to a lesser extent in Europe, but it should be noted that some of the first influential Jewish popular musicians in the US were actually natives of Europe, such as Irving Berlin, Kurt Weill and Sigmund Romberg. Irving Berlin (11 May 1888 &ndash 22 September 1989 was a Russian-born American Composer and Lyricist, and one of the most prolific American songwriters WikipediaWikiProject Composers#Lead section --> Kurt Julian Weill ( March 2, 1900 &ndash April 3, Sigmund Romberg, born Zsigmond Romberg ( July 29, 1887, Nagykanizsa − November 9, 1951 The most visible early forms of American popular music in which Jews have contributed are the popular song and musical theater. Approximately half of the members of the Songwriters Hall of Fame are Jewish. The Songwriters Hall of Fame is an arm of the National Academy of Popular Music. [3] However, the latter especially has been dominated by Jewish composers and lyricists throughout its history and to a certain extent still today.
While Jazz is primarily considered an art form with African-American originators, many Jewish musicians have contributed to it including clarinetists Mezz Mezzrow, Benny Goodman and Artie Shaw (the latter two Swing bandleaders made significant contributions in bringing racial integration into the American music industry[4][5]), saxophonists Michael Brecker, Paul Desmond, Kenny G, Stan Getz, Benny Green, Lee Konitz, Ronnie Scott and Zoot Sims, trumpeters and cornetists Randy Brecker, Ruby Braff, Red Rodney and Shorty Rogers, vibraphonist Terry Gibbs, drummers Buddy Rich, Mel Lewis, and Victor Feldman, and singers and pianists Billy Joel, Al Jolson, Ben Sidran, Mel Tormé and Harry Connick, Jr.. Jazz is an American Musical art form which originated in the beginning of the 20th century in African American communities in the Southern United States African Americans or Black Americans are citizens or residents of the United States who have origins in any of the black populations of Africa Milton Mesirow, better known as Mezz Mezzrow ( 9 November, 1899 &ndash 5 August, 1972) was an American Jazz Arthur Jacob Arshawsky ( May 23, 1910 &ndash December 30, 2004) better known as Artie Shaw, was an American Jazz The Swing Era was the period of time (1935&ndash1946 when Big band Swing music was the most popular music in America. A bandleader is the leader of a band of Musicians The term is most commonly though not exclusively used with a group that plays Popular music as Racial integration, or simply integration includes Desegregation (the process of ending systematic Racial segregation) The United States of America —commonly referred to as the The music industry is the business of Music. Although it encompasses the activity of many music-related businesses and organizations it is currently dominated by the "big Michael Brecker ( March 29, 1949 &ndash January 13, 2007) was an American Jazz Saxophonist and Composer Paul Desmond ( November 25, 1924 - May 30, 1977) born Paul Emil Breitenfeld, was a Jazz alto saxophonist and Kenneth Gorelick (born June 5, 1956) better known by his Stage name Kenny G, is an American Saxophonist whose fourth Stanley Gayetzky ( February 2, 1927 in Philadelphia – June 6, 1991 in Malibu, California) usually known by Benny Green ( 9 December 1927 – 22 June 1998) born in Leeds, Yorkshire, was a Cockney -accented British Lee Konitz (b October 13, 1927) is an American Jazz Composer and alto saxophonist born in Chicago Illinois Ronnie Scott ( January 28 1927, in Aldgate, East London &ndash December 23 1996) was a British Jazz John Haley "Zoot" Sims ( October 29, 1925 - March 23, 1985) was an American Jazz Tenor saxophonist Randal "Randy" Brecker (b Cheltenham, Pennsylvania, November 27, 1945) is an American Trumpeter and Reuben "Ruby" Braff ( March 16, 1927 &ndash February 9, 2003) was an American jazz Trumpeter and Cornetist Robert Roland Chudnick ( September 27, 1927 &ndash May 27, 1994) who performed by the Stage name Red Rodney, was an American Milton “Shorty” Rogers ( April 14, 1924 &ndash November 7, 1994) born Milton Rajonsky in Great Barrington Massachusetts Terry Gibbs (born 1924 is an American Jazz Vibraphonist and Band leader. Bernard "Buddy" Rich ( September 30 1917 &ndash April 2 1987) was an American jazz drummer and Bandleader Mel Lewis ( May 10, 1929 - February 2, 1990) was a Drummer, Jazz musician and Band leader. Victor Stanley Feldman ( April 7, 1934 in Edgware, Middlesex – May 12, 1987, in Los Angeles, California William Martin Joel (born May 9 1949 is an American Pianist and Singer-songwriter. Al Jolson (May 26 1886 October 23 1950 born in Lithuania, Russian Empire, was a highly acclaimed American singer comedian and actor and the first openly Ben Sidran (born August 14, 1943) is an American Jazz and rock pianist, Organist, Vocalist and Melvin Howard Tormé ( September 13, 1925 &ndash June 5, 1999) nicknamed The Velvet Fog, was an American musician known as Joseph Harry Fowler Connick Jr (born September 11, 1967) is an American singer, Pianist, Composer, Actor, Some artists such as Harry Kandel were famous for mixing Jazz with klezmer as was modern Texas klezmer Bill Averbach, and others like Flora Purim have worked with Latin jazz and Jazz fusion. Harry Kandel (1885 Lemberg, Galicia - 1943 USA, Philadelphia) was an American Clarinetist and Bandleader, one Flora Purim (born in March 6 1942 in Rio de Janeiro) is a Brazilian jazz singer known mainly for her work in the Jazz fusion style Latin jazz is the general term given to music that combines rhythms from African and Latin American countries with jazz and classical harmonies from Latin America the Caribbean Europe Fusion or more specifically jazz fusion or jazz rock, is a Musical genre that merges Jazz with elements of other styles of music particularly Since a great deal of Jazz music consisted of musical cooperation of Jewish and African-American musicians or black musicians funded by Jewish producers, the art form became "the racist's worst nightmare". [6]
Although the early rock and roll performers were mostly either African Americans or Southern Whites, Jewish songwriters played a key role: Jerry Leiber and Mike Stoller, Carole King and Gerry Goffin, Neil Diamond, Neil Sedaka, and nearly all of the other Brill Building songwriters were Jewish, as was Phil Spector. Rock and roll (also known as rock 'n' roll) is a form of Music that evolved in the United States in the late 1940s and early 1950s with roots in mostly African Jerome "Jerry" Leiber (born April 25, 1933) and Mike Stoller (born March 13, 1933) are among the most influential Carole King (born February 9, 1942) is an American Singer, Songwriter, and Pianist. Gerry Goffin (born Gerald Goffin February 11 1939, Brooklyn, New York) is an American Lyricist. Neil Leslie Diamond (born January 24, 1941) is an American Singer-songwriter and occasional Actor. Neil Sedaka (born March 13, 1939 in Brooklyn New York) is an American pop Singer, Pianist, and Songwriter The Brill Building (built 1931 is an office building located at 1619 Broadway in New York City, just north of Times Square. Harvey Philip Spector (born December 26 1940) is an American Record producer and Songwriter. With the mid-1960s rise of the singer-songwriter, some (King, Diamond, Sedaka) became performers; others (such as Burt Bacharach) managed to continue to work primarily as songwriters. Singer-songwriter is a term that refers to Performers who write, compose and sing their own material including Lyrics Burt Bacharach (ˈbækəræk born May 12, 1928) is an American Pianist and Composer. In the rock era, Jewish musicians were by no means dominant, but many worked with a mix of folk and rock forms, including Bob Dylan, David Bromberg, David Grisman, Kinky Friedman Jorma Kaukonen, Leonard Cohen, Simon and Garfunkel; more purely on the rock side are David Lee Roth, Lenny Kravitz,pop bands such as Army of Lovers and all three Beastie Boys. Rock music is a genre of Popular music often though not necessarily employing Electric guitar, Bass guitar, and Drums. Folk music can have a number of different meanings including Traditional music: The original meaning of the term "folk music" was synonymous Bob Dylan (born Robert Zimmerman, May 24 1941 in Duluth, Minnesota) is an American singer-songwriter author poet and painter who has been a major David Bromberg (born September 19 1945, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania) is an American Guitarist. David Grisman (born March 23, 1945 in Hackensack New Jersey) is a Jewish bluegrass / newgrass Mandolinist Richard S "Kinky" Friedman (born October 31 or November 1 1944 is an American Singer, Songwriter, Novelist, Humorist, Jorma Ludwik Kaukonen Jr (born December 23, 1940 in Washington D Leonard Norman Cohen CC GOQ (born September 21, 1934 in Westmount, Quebec) is a Canadian Singer-songwriter Simon & Garfunkel are an American Singer-songwriter duo of Paul Simon and Art Garfunkel. David Lee Roth (often referred to as "Diamond Dave" (born October 10 1954 Bloomington Indiana) is an American rock Vocalist Leonard Albert "Lenny" Kravitz (born May 26, 1964) is an American Singer-songwriter, Multi-instrumentalist, Record Army Of Lovers was a Swedish Dance music group founded in 1987 by 3 members of a band called Barbie, namely Alexander Bard, Many American rock and metal bands have at least one Jewish musician, notably both leading members of KISS (Gene Simmons and Paul Stanley), Geddy Lee of Rush, Aerosmith drummer Joey Kramer, Grateful Dead percussionist Mickey Hart, Bon Jovi (keyboardist David Bryan), the Doors guitarist Robby Krieger, Ramones' Joey Ramone and Tommy Ramone, and Guns N' Roses drummer Steven Adler; a few prominent UK examples are Fleetwood Mac's Peter Green, Slash (whose real name is Saul Hudson), and perhaps the most notably the late Marc Bolan of T. Rex. Kiss (also typeset as KISS) is an American rock band formed in New York City in December 1972 Gene Simmons (born Chaim Witz (pronounced Haium on August 25, 1949) is an Israeli -born American Hard rock Bass Stanley Harvey Eisen (born January 20, 1952, Queens New York) known by his stage name Paul Stanley, is an American Hard rock Geddy Lee OC (born Gary Lee Weinrib on July 29, 1953 in Willowdale Toronto) is a Canadian musician best known as the lead vocalist Rush is a Canadian rock band originally formed in August 1968 in the Willowdale neighbourhood of Toronto, Ontario, currently comprised of Aerosmith is an American Hard rock band sometimes referred to as "The Bad Boys from Boston " and "America's Greatest Rock and Roll Band" Joseph Michael "Joey" Kramer (born June 21, 1950 in The Bronx, New York City, United States) is the Drummer The Grateful Dead was an American rock band formed in 1965 in the San Francisco Bay Area. Mickey Hart (born September 11, 1943) is a percussionist and musicologist. Bon Jovi is an American Hard rock band from Sayreville New Jersey. David Bryan (born David Bryan Rashbaum, February 7 1962 in Edison New Jersey) is the keyboard player of the band Bon Jovi. This article is about the band For their self-titled debut album see The Doors (album; for the Oliver Stone film see The Doors (film; for Doors in computing Robert Alan Krieger (born January 8, 1946) is an American Rock and roll Guitarist and Songwriter. The Ramones were an American rock band often regarded as the first Punk rock group Joey Ramone ( May 19 1951 – April 15 2001) born as Jeffrey Ross Hyman, was a vocalist and Songwriter best Tommy Ramone (born Erdélyi Tamás, January 29, 1952 in Budapest, Hungary) is a Hungarian Record producer Guns N' Roses is an American rock band formed in Los Angeles, California in 1985 Steven Adler (born January 22, 1965 in Cleveland Ohio) is an American rock Drummer. Fleetwood Mac are a British / American Peter Green (born Peter Allen Greenbaum, 29 October 1946, in Bethnal Green, London) is a British Blues-rock Saul Hudson (born 23 July 1965 more widely known by his stage name Slash, is an English - African American Guitarist best known as the former Marc Bolan (born Mark Feld; 30 September 1947 – 16 September 1977) was an English singer songwriter and Guitarist TRex (occasionally spelled T Rex or T-Rex) were an English rock band fronted by guitarist singer and songwriter Marc Bolan. Today, some Jews have begun to experiment with forms such as reggae and rap, and artists such as Matisyahu have used forms of secular culture to express religious ideas. Reggae is a Music genre first developed in Jamaica in the late 1960s Hip hop music, also referred to as rap music, is a Music genre typically consisting of a rhythmic vocal style called rap which is accompanied with Matisyahu (born Matthew Paul Miller, June 30 1979) is an American Reggae musician
"Popular" music in Europe during the early 20th century would have been considered to be lighter classical forms such as operetta and entertainments like cabaret, and in these Jewish involvement was very large, especially in Vienna and Paris. Operetta is a genre of light Opera, light in terms both of music and subject matter Cabaret is a form of entertainment featuring Comedy, Song, Dance, and Theatre, distinguished mainly by the performance venue &mdash a Restaurant Paris (ˈpærɨs in English; in French) is the Capital of France and the country's largest city Probably the most notable ethnically Jewish composer of operettas was Jacques Offenbach, a Roman Catholic convert; in the second half of the 20th century, Serge Gainsbourg's was one of the dominant figures in the evolution of cabaret music. Jacques Offenbach (born Jacob Offenbach 20 June 1819 in Cologne &ndash 5 October 1880 in Paris) was a German Serge Gainsbourg ɡɛ̃'zbuʁ (2 April 1928 &ndash 2 March 1991 was a French Poet, Singer-songwriter, Actor and During the more recent period with its different definition of popular music, Jews have to a lesser extent still contributed.
Popular music in Israel has also a been medium for Jewish secular musical expression. The music of Israel is a unique combination of Jewish and non-Jewish music traditions that have come together over the course of a century to create a distinctive musical Many Israeli secular musicians explore topics such as the Jewish and Israeli people, Zionism and nationalism, agriculture and the land of Israel, and the Arab-Israeli conflict. History of Zionism|Timeline of Zionism|World Zionist Organization|Zionist political violence Zionism is an international political movement that originally supported the The term nationalism can refer to an Ideology, a sentiment, a form of Culture, or a Social movement that focuses on the Nation Israeli popular music for the most part uses borrowed American forms like rock and alternative rock, pop, heavy metal, hip hop, rap and trance. Rock and roll (also known as rock 'n' roll) is a form of Music that evolved in the United States in the late 1940s and early 1950s with roots in mostly African Alternative rock (also called alternative music, alt-rock or simply alternative; known primarily in the UK as indie) is a genre of Pop music as a genre features a noticeable rhythmic element catchy melodies and hooks, a mainstream style and conventional structure Hip hop music, also referred to as rap music, is a Music genre typically consisting of a rhythmic vocal style called rap which is accompanied with Trance is a style of Electronic dance music that developed in the 1990s In addition to these and classical music, Israel is host to a wealth of styles of Mizrahi music, featuring the influences and contributions of Arab, Yemenite, Greek and Ethiopian Jews. This article is about the music of the Mizrahi Jews For the main article on secular Jewish music see Secular Jewish music. Antisemitism in the Arab world|Jewish exodus from Arab lands|Arabization Arab Jews ( Arabic: اليهود العرب Al-Yahūd al-`Arab, Hebrew Yemenite Jews ( Hebrew: תֵּימָנִים, Standard Temanim Tiberian Têmānîm There have been organized Jewish communities in Greece for more than two thousand years The Beta Israel (ביתא ישראל Beta Israel, "House of Israel" Ge'ez: ቤተ እስራኤል Bēta 'Isrā'ēl, modern Bēte 'Isrā'ēl
Jews in Classical Music
Before Emancipation, virtually all Jewish music in Europe was sacred music, with the exception of the performances of klezmorim during weddings and other occasions. Jewish question Jewish emancipation was the abolition of discriminatory laws as applied especially to Jews in Europe in the nineteenth century the recognition of Jews Jewish music, the music of Jews, is quite diverse and dates back thousands of years The result was a lack of a Jewish presence in European classical music until the 19th century, with a very few exceptions, normally enabled by specific aristocratic protection, such as Salamone Rossi (whose work is considered the beginning of "Jewish art music"). Classical music is a broad term that usually refers to mainstream music produced in or rooted in the traditions of Western liturgical and Secular music The 19th century of the Common Era began on January 1, 1801 and ended on December 31, 1900, according to the Gregorian calendar Salamone Rossi [[Hebrew] סלומונה רוסי] [7] Although during the Classical period small numbers of Jewish composers were present in Amsterdam, Southern France and Italy, the vast majority of Jewish classical composers were active during the Romantic period (following the French Revolution) and even more so in the 20th century. The dates of the Classical period in Western music are generally accepted as 1750 to 1810 Amsterdam (pronounced) is the capital and largest city of the Netherlands, located in the province of North Holland in the west This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest Romantic Music is a Musicological term referring to a particular period theory compositional practice and canon in European music history from about 1815 to 1910 The French Revolution (1789–1799 was a period of political and social upheaval in the History of France, during which the French governmental structure previously an At the turn of the 20th century classical music was characteristically late Romantic in style while at the same time the Impressionist movement spearheaded by Claude Debussy [8] Paul Johnson summarizes the dynamics of this cultural pattern:
The Jewish musical tradition, for instance, was far older than anyone else's in Europe. Paul Johnson (born Paul Bede Johnson on 2 November 1928 in Manchester, England) is a British Roman Catholic Music remained an element in Jewish services, and the cantor was almost as pivotal a figure in local Jewish society as the rabbi. "Hazan" and "Chazan" redirect here For people named Hazan or Chazan see Hazan (disambiguation Growing importance of the office Rabbi (pronunciation, although in English usually) in Judaism, means a religious ‘teacher’ or more literally ‘my great one’ when addressing any master But Jewish musicians, except as converts, had played no part in European musical development. Hence the entry, in considerable numbers, of Jewish composers and performers on the musical scene in the middle decades of the nineteenth century was a phenomenon, and a closely observed one. [9]
Likewise, music historian David Conway notes that
At the start of the nineteenth century there were virtually no Jewish professionals in music and the standard of music in Jewish synagogues was generally appalling. Musicology ( Greek: μουσική = "music" and λόγος = "word" or "reason" is the scholarly study of Music A synagogue (from Greek: grc συναγωγή transliterated synagogē, "assembly" he בית כנסת beit knesset, "house of Yet by the end of the same century throughout Europe Jews held leading positions as conductors, soloists, producers, music publishers and patrons of music; a Jew [ Meyerbeer ] was the most successful opera composer of the century, and the Jews were commonly held, what would have seemed nonsensical a hundred years earlier, to be a 'musical people'. Conducting is the act of directing a Musical performance by way of visible gestures In Music, a solo (from the Italian solo, meaning alone) is a piece or a section of a piece played or sung by a single performer A theatrical producer is the person ultimately responsible for overseeing all aspects of mounting a theatre production. The term music publisher originally referred (before the growth of recorded music and popular music to Publishers who issued printed Sheet music. Patronage is the support encouragement privilege and often financial aid given by a person or an organization Giacomo Meyerbeer ( September 5, 1791 &ndash May 2, 1864) was a noted German -born Opera Composer, and [10]
Despite this later trend, however, it should be noted that the origin of Gregorian chant, which was the earliest manifestation of European classical music, was Jewish choral music of the Temple and synagogue, according to large number of analytical liturgists[11] and music historians. History Gregorian chant was organized codified and notated mainly in the Frankish lands of western and central Europe during the 12th and 13th centuries with later additions For the musical composition see Chorale. A choir, chorale, or chorus is a Musical ensemble of Singers Jewish music, the music of Jews, is quite diverse and dates back thousands of years Etymology The Hebrew name given in Scripture for the building is Beit HaMikdash or "The Holy House" and only the Temple in Jerusalem is referred to by this name A synagogue (from Greek: grc συναγωγή transliterated synagogē, "assembly" he בית כנסת beit knesset, "house of A liturgy is the customary public worship done by a specific religious group according to their particular traditions Musicology ( Greek: μουσική = "music" and λόγος = "word" or "reason" is the scholarly study of Music [12]
After Jews were admitted to mainstream society in England (gradually after their return in the 17th century), France, Austria-Hungary, the German Empire, and Russia (in that order), the Jewish contribution to the European music scene steadily increased, but in the form of mainstream European music, not specifically Jewish music. England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland As a means of recording the passage of Time, the 17th Century was that Century which lasted from 1601 - 1700 in the Gregorian calendar The History of France from 1789 to 1914 ( The long 19th century) extends from the French Revolution to World War I and includes The German Empire is the name commonly used in English to describe Germany from 1871 to 1918 when it was a semi- Constitutional monarchy: beginning with the Unification See also Russian Revolution (1905 The Russian Revolution of 1916 refers to a series of popular revolutions in Russia, and the events surrounding them Notable examples of Jewish Romantic composers (by country) are Charles-Valentin Alkan, Paul Dukas and Fromental Halévy from France, Josef Dessauer, Heinrich Wilhelm Ernst, Karl Goldmark and Gustav Mahler from Bohemia (most Austrian Jews during this time were native not to what is today Austria but rather the outer provinces of the Empire), Felix Mendelssohn and Giacomo Meyerbeer from Germany, and Anton and Nikolai Rubinstein from Russia. Charles-Valentin Alkan ( November 30 1813 &ndash March 29 1888) was a French Composer and one of the greatest Virtuoso Paul Abraham Dukas (October 1 1865 &ndash May 17 1935 was a Parisian born French Composer and teacher of classical music. Jacques-François-Fromental-Élie Halévy ( May 27, 1799 - March 17, 1862) (usually known as Fromental Halévy was a French composer Josef Dessauer ( May 28, 1798, Prague – July 8, 1876, Mödling, near Vienna) was a Czech -born Heinrich Wilhelm Ernst ( January, 1814 &ndash October 8, 1865) was a Moravian - Jewish Violinist, violist Karl Goldmark, also known originally as Károly Goldmark and later sometimes as Carl Goldmark ( Keszthely, Hungary, May 18, 1830 &ndash Austria first became a center of Jewish learning during the 13th century Austria (Österreich ( officially the Republic of Austria (Republik Österreich Jakob Ludwig Felix Mendelssohn Bartholdy, born and generally known as Felix Mendelssohn (February 3 1809 &ndash November 4 1847 was a German Composer Giacomo Meyerbeer ( September 5, 1791 &ndash May 2, 1864) was a noted German -born Opera Composer, and This article is about the 19th century Russian pianist and composer Nikolai Grigoryevich Rubinstein ( 2 June 1835 &ndash 23 March 1881) was a Russian Pianist and Composer. Singers included John Braham and Giuditta Pasta. John Braham (c 1774 - 17 February, 1856) was a Tenor Opera singer born in London England. Giuditta Angiola Maria Costanza Pasta (née Negri October 26, 1797 - April 1, 1865) born in Saronno, Italy, was There were very many notable Jewish violin and pianist virtuosi, including Joseph Joachim, Ferdinand David, Carl Tausig, Henri Herz, Leopold Auer, Jascha Heifetz, and Ignaz Moscheles. Joseph Joachim (June 28 1831 &ndash August 15 1907 (ˈjoʊɑːxɪːm was a Hungarian Violinist, conductor, Composer and teacher Carl Tausig or Karl Tausig ( November 4, 1841 – July 17, 1871) was a Polish Pianist and Composer Henri Herz ( Vienna, 6 January 1803 &ndash Paris, 5 January 1888) was a pianist and composer Austrian Leopold Auer (In Hungarian Auer Lipót) ( June 7, 1845 – July 15, 1930) was a Hungarian Violinist, teacher Jascha Heifetz (ˈhaɪfɪts was a Lithuanian born American Violin Virtuoso ( &ndash December 10, 1987) (Isaac Ignaz Moscheles ( May 23, 1794 &ndash March 10, 1870) was a Bohemian Composer and Piano Virtuoso During the 20th century the number of Jewish composers and notable instrumentalists increased, as did their geographical distribution. Jewish composers were most heavily concentrated in Vienna and other cities in pre-Nazi Austria and Germany. Vienna ( in Wien; see also other names) is the Capital of Austria, and is also one of the nine States of Austria. During the late 19th century and early 20th century, after Jews moved out of the Austrian-Hungarian provinces into Vienna, they "comprised a third of the students of the city’s conservatories and more than half of its music audiences. The 19th century of the Common Era began on January 1, 1801 and ended on December 31, 1900, according to the Gregorian calendar The twentieth century of the Common Era began on A province is a territorial unit almost always an Administrative division. Jewish children acquired musical instruction at rates exceeding three times that of the non-Jewish population. [13] Beyond Vienna, Jews were also to a certain extent prominent in Paris and New York (the latter's Jewish population being heavily multiplied by waves of immigration). Paris (ˈpærɨs in English; in French) is the Capital of France and the country's largest city The City of New York The demographics of New York City depict a uniquely large and ethnically diverse Metropolis, the largest city in the United States, with American immigration ( emigration to the United States of America) refers to the movement of non-residents to the United States. During the rise of the Nazis in the 1930s, when works by Jews were labelled as degenerate music (not only because of the Jewish origins of the composers but also their association with Modernism), many European Jewish composers emigrated to the United States and Argentina, strengthening classical music in those countries. Degenerate music (Entartete Musik was a label applied in the 1930s by the Nazi government in Germany to certain forms of music that it considered to be harmful Modernism in music is characterized by a desire for or belief in progress and Science, Surrealism, anti-romanticism Political Advocacy, general For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Argentina topics. Sample Jewish 20th-century composers include Arnold Schönberg and Alexander von Zemlinsky from Austria, Hanns Eisler[14], Kurt Weill and Theodor W. Adorno from Germany, Viktor Ullmann and Jaromír Weinberger from Bohemia and later the Czech Republic (the former perished at the Auschwitz extermination camps), George Gershwin and Aaron Copland from the United States, Darius Milhaud and Alexandre Tansman from France, Alfred Schnittke[14] and Lera Auerbach from Russia, Lalo Schifrin and Mario Davidovsky from Argentina and Paul Ben-Haim and Shulamit Ran from Israel. Arnold Schoenberg ( pronounced ˈʃøːnbɛrk (13 September 1874 &ndash 13 July 1951 was an Austrian and later American Composer, associated with Alexander Zemlinsky or Alexander von Zemlinsky ( October 14, 1871 – March 15, 1942) was an Austrian Composer Hanns Eisler ( July 6, 1898 &ndash September 6, 1962) was a German and Austrian Composer. WikipediaWikiProject Composers#Lead section --> Kurt Julian Weill ( March 2, 1900 &ndash April 3, Theodor Ludwig Wiesengrund Adorno ( September 11, 1903 &ndash August 6, 1969) was a German -born international sociologist Viktor Ullmann (b 1 January 1898 in Teschen Austro-Hungarian Empire, now divided between Cieszyn in Poland and Český Jaromír Weinberger ( January 8, 1896 – August 8, 1967) was a Czech American Composer. The Czech Republic ( ˈt͡ʃɛskaː ˈrɛpuˌblɪka short form in Česko ˈt͡ʃɛskɔ also called Czechia, "Auschwitz" redirects here For the town see Oświęcim Auschwitz-Birkenau () was the largest of Nazi Germany George Gershwin (September 26 1898 &ndash July 11 1937 was an American Composer. Aaron Copland (November 14 1900 &ndash December 2 1990 was an American Composer of concert and film music as well as an accomplished Pianist. Darius Milhaud (darjys mijo (September 4 1892 &ndash June 22 1974 was a French Composer and teacher Alexandre Tansman ( June 12, 1897, Łódź – November 15, 1986, Paris) was a prolific composer and virtuoso pianist Alfred Garyevich Schnittke (Альфре́д Га́рриевич Шни́тке November 24, 1934 Engels - August 3, 1998 Hamburg WikipediaWikiProject Composers#Lead section --> Lera Auerbach (Лера Авербах b Lalo Schifrin (born June 21, 1932) is an Argentine pianist and Composer. Mario Davidovsky (born March 4, 1934) is an Argentine - American Composer. Paul Ben-Haim (or Paul Ben-Chaim, in Hebrew פאול בן חיים ( July 5 1897 &ndash January 14 1984 Shulamit Ran (שולמית רן born October 21, 1949 in Tel Aviv Israel) is an Israeli-American composer
There are some genres and forms of classical music that Jewish composers have been associated with, including notably during the Romantic period French Grand Opera. This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. Grand Opera is a genre of 19th-century Opera generally in four or five acts characterised by large-scale casts and orchestras and (in their original productions lavish and The most prolific composers of this genre included Giacomo Meyerbeer, Fromental Halévy, and the later Jacques Offenbach; Halévy's La Juive was based on Scribe's libretto very loosely connected to the Jewish experience. Giacomo Meyerbeer ( September 5, 1791 &ndash May 2, 1864) was a noted German -born Opera Composer, and Jacques-François-Fromental-Élie Halévy ( May 27, 1799 - March 17, 1862) (usually known as Fromental Halévy was a French composer Jacques Offenbach (born Jacob Offenbach 20 June 1819 in Cologne &ndash 5 October 1880 in Paris) was a German La Juive ( The Jewess ' is a Grand opera in five acts by Fromental Halévy to an original French Libretto by Eugène Augustin Eugène Scribe ( December 24, 1791 – February 20, 1861) was a French dramatist and Librettist. A libretto is the text used in an extended Musical work such as an Opera, Operetta, Masque, sacred or secular Oratorio and While little-known today, this "work by a Jewish composer in which anti-Semitism is a motivating force" was an extremely potent influence on late Romantic composers from Mahler (who took the story of anti-Semitism and assimilation personally, also calling it "one of the very greatest works ever written"[15]) to (ironically) the anti-Semitic Wagner[16] In the 20th century, Jewish composers were pioneers of avant-garde and contemporary music. Romantic Music is a Musicological term referring to a particular period theory compositional practice and canon in European music history from about 1815 to 1910 Antisemitism (alternatively spelled anti-semitism or anti-Semitism; also rarely known as judeophobia) is the Prejudice against or hostility Avant-garde (avɑ̃gaʁd in French) means "advance guard" or "vanguard In the broadest and popular sense Contemporary music is any music being written in the present day Arnold Schoenberg in his middle and later periods devised the twelve-tone technique and was a primary advocate of atonality, a system of composition which was later used by Jewish composers Paul Dessau and René Leibowitz. Arnold Schoenberg ( pronounced ˈʃøːnbɛrk (13 September 1874 &ndash 13 July 1951 was an Austrian and later American Composer, associated with Twelve-tone technique (also dodecaphony, especially in British usage twelve-note composition) is a method of musical composition devised by Arnold Atonality in its broadest sense describes Music that lacks a tonal center, or key. Paul Dessau ( 19 December, 1894 Hamburg, Germany - 28 June 1979 in Königs Wusterhausen, Germany René Leibowitz (17 February 1913 &ndash 29 August 1972 was a French composer conductor music theorist and teacher born in Warsaw, Poland. George Rochberg and Milton Babbitt were leading composers in the school of serialism, Steve Reich and Philip Glass worked with minimalism, George Perle devised his own form of twelve-tone tonality, Leo Ornstein helped develop the tone cluster, Morton Feldman and Armand Lunel were noted composers of chance music (the latter is also considered the inventor of spatialization), and Mario Davidovsky was famous for writing a series of compositions mixing acoustic and electronic music. George Rochberg, ( July 5, 1918, Paterson New Jersey &ndash May 29, 2005, Bryn Mawr Pennsylvania) was an American Milton Byron Babbitt (born May 10 1916 is an American Composer. In Music, serialism is a technique for composition that uses sets to describe musical elements, and allows the manipulation of those WikipediaWikiProject Composers#Lead section --> Stephen Michael Reich (born October 3 WikipediaWikiProject Composers#Lead section --> Philip Glass (born January 31 Minimalist music is an originally American genre of experimental or Downtown music named in the 1960s based mostly in consonant harmony, steady George Perle (born May 6, 1915 in Bayonne New Jersey) is a Composer and music theorist. Leo Ornstein (born Лев Орнштейн, Lev Ornshteyn) (ca A tone cluster is a musical chord comprising at least three consecutive tones in a scale. Morton Feldman (January 12 1926 – September 3 1987 was an American Composer, born in New York City. Armand Lunel ( 10 June 1892 -1977 was a French Writer and the last known speaker of Shuadit (Judeo-Provençal a now-extinct Aleatoric music (also aleatory music or chance music; from the Latin word alea, meaning " Dice " is Music Mario Davidovsky (born March 4, 1934) is an Argentine - American Composer. Acoustic music refers to music that solely or primarily uses instruments which produce sound through entirely acoustic means as opposed to Electronic means In addition, Lera Auerbach, Alfred Schnittke and John Zorn have worked with Polystylism and other forms of Postmodern music, and Modernist Miriam Gideon combined atonalism and Jewish folk motives in her pieces. WikipediaWikiProject Composers#Lead section --> Lera Auerbach (Лера Авербах b Alfred Garyevich Schnittke (Альфре́д Га́рриевич Шни́тке November 24, 1934 Engels - August 3, 1998 Hamburg John Zorn (born September 2 1953 in Queens, New York City) is an American Avant-garde Composer, arranger, Record In the broadest and popular sense Contemporary music is any music being written in the present day Postmodern music is music which follows the postmodern ideology Modernism in music is characterized by a desire for or belief in progress and Science, Surrealism, anti-romanticism Political Advocacy, general Miriam Gideon ( 23 October 1906 - 1996 was an American Composer.
While orchestral and operatic music works by Jewish composers would in general be considered secular, many Jewish (as well as non-Jewish) composers have incorporated Jewish themes and motives into their music. Sometimes this is done covertly, such as the klezmer band music that many critics and observers believe lies in the third movement of Mahler's Symphony No. 1, and this type of Jewish reference was most common during the 19th century when openly displaying one's Jewishness would most likely hamper a Jew's chances at assimilation. See also Secular Jewish music Klezmer (from Yiddish כּלי־זמיר kley - instrument and zemer - song etymologically from The Symphony No 1 in D major is a Symphony by Gustav Mahler first composed between 1888 and 1894. The 19th century of the Common Era began on January 1, 1801 and ended on December 31, 1900, according to the Gregorian calendar A region or society where several different groups are spontaneously assimilated is sometimes referred to as a Melting pot. During the 20th century, however, many Jewish composers wrote music with direct Jewish references and themes, e. The twentieth century of the Common Era began on g. David Amram (Symphony – "Songs of the Soul"), Leonard Bernstein (Kaddish Symphony, Chichester Psalms), Ernest Bloch (Schelomo), Arnold Schoenberg (see below), Mario Castelnuovo-Tedesco (Violin Concerto no. David Amram (born November 17 1930) is an American Composer, Musician, conductor, and Writer. WikipediaWikiProject Composers#Lead section --> WikipediaWikiProject Classical music#Biographical_infoboxes Kaddish is the third symphony of Leonard Bernstein. The 1963 symphony is a dramatic work written for a large orchestra a full choir a boys' choir a soprano soloist and a narrator Chichester Psalms is a choral work by Leonard Bernstein for boy treble or Countertenor, solo quartet choir and orchestra (3 trumpets in B 3 Ernest Bloch (July 24 1880 &ndash July 15 1959 was a Swiss -born American Composer. Schelomo is a composition for Cello and Orchestra written by Ernest Bloch. Arnold Schoenberg ( pronounced ˈʃøːnbɛrk (13 September 1874 &ndash 13 July 1951 was an Austrian and later American Composer, associated with Secular Jewish culture embraces several related phenomena above all it is the Culture of secular communities of Jewish people but it can also include Mario Castelnuovo-Tedesco ( April 3, 1895 &ndash March 16, 1968) was an Italian composer. 2) Kurt Weill (The Eternal Road) and Hugo Weisgall (Psalm of the Instant Dove). WikipediaWikiProject Composers#Lead section --> Kurt Julian Weill ( March 2, 1900 &ndash April 3, WikipediaWikiProject Composers#Lead section --> Kurt Julian Weill ( March 2, 1900 &ndash April 3, Hugo David Weisgall ( October 13, 1912 – March 11, 1997) was an American Composer, known chiefly for Opera However, even during the 20th century some Jewish composers often quoted Jewish music within non-Jewish contexts; for example, Gershwin used liturgical melodies and Hebrew songs for a few numbers in Porgy and Bess, and many also believe that the opening clarinet glissando in his Rhapsody in Blue is a reference to klezmer. George Gershwin (September 26 1898 &ndash July 11 1937 was an American Composer. A liturgy is the customary public worship done by a specific religious group according to their particular traditions Porgy and Bess is an Opera, first performed in 1935, with music by George Gershwin, Libretto by DuBose Heyward, and The clarinet is a Musical instrument in the Woodwind family The name derives from adding the suffix -et meaning little to the Italian word " Glissando " (plural glissandi abbreviated gliss is a glide from one pitch to another Rhapsody in Blue is a musical composition by George Gershwin for solo piano and jazz band written in 1924 which combines elements of classical music with Finally, many non-Jewish (mostly, but not all, Russian) composers have composed classical music with clear Jewish themes and inspiration, such as Max Bruch (Kol Nidre), Sergei Prokofiev (Overture on Hebrew Themes), Maurice Ravel (Chanson hébraïque in Yiddish, Deux mélodies hébraïques - including "Kaddisch" in Aramaic and "Fregt di velt di alte kashe" in Yiddish),[17] Dmitri Shostakovich (Second Piano Trio, From Jewish Folk Poetry and Symphony No. 13 "Babi Yar")[18] and Igor Stravinsky (Abraham and Isaac - used the Hebrew Masoretic text of a passage of Genesis, and was dedicated to the Jews and the State of Israel). Russia (Россия Rossiya) or the Russian Federation ( Rossiyskaya Federatsiya) is a transcontinental Country extending Max Christian Friedrich Bruch (January 6 1838 &ndash October 2 1920 also known as Max Karl August Bruch was a German Romantic Composer and conductor Kol Nidrei, Op 47 is a composition for Cello and Orchestra written by Max Bruch. Sergei Sergeyevich Prokofiev (Серге́й Серге́евич Проко́фьев Sergéj Sergéjevič Prokófjev) ( - 5 March 1953 was a Russian composer who Yiddish (yi [[wiktייִדיש ייִדיש]] yidish or yi [[wiktאידיש אידיש]] idish, literally "Jewish" is a nonterritorial High Kaddish (קדיש Aramaic: "holy" refers to an important and central prayer in the Jewish prayer service. Aramaic is a Semitic language with Dmitri Dmitriyevich Shostakovich ( Russian: ru Дмитрий Дмитриевич Шостакович ( &ndash 9 August 1975 was a Russian Composer The Piano Trio No 2 in E minor, Op 67 by Dmitri Shostakovich was written in 1944 and dedicated to the memory of his closest friend Ivan Sollertinsky From Jewish Folk Poetry (opus 79 is a Song cycle for Soprano, Mezzo soprano, Tenor and Piano by Dmitri Shostakovich. The Symphony No 13 in B flat minor (Op 113 subtitled Babi Yar) by Dmitri Shostakovich was first performed in Moscow on December 18 1962 by Igor Fyodorovich Stravinsky (Игорь Фёдорович Стравинский) ( &ndash 6 April 1971 was a Russian born Composer, considered by many to The Masoretic Text ( MT) is the Hebrew text of the Jewish Bible ( Tanakh) For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Israel topics. Manyoperatic works by non-Jewish composers show a direct connection with and sympathy for the Jewish people and history, like Saint-Saëns' Samson and Delilah and Verdi's Nabucco. Opera is an art form in which Singers and Musicians perform a Dramatic work (called an opera which combines a text (called a Libretto Charles-Camille Saint-Saëns (/ʃaʁl kamij sɛ̃sɑ̃s/ (9 October 1835 &ndash 16 December 1921 was a French Composer, Organist, conductor, and Samson et Dalila ( English: Samson and Delilah) is a grand opera in three acts by Camille Saint-Saëns to a French Nabucco (short for Nabucodonosor, English Nebuchadnezzar) is an Opera in four acts by Giuseppe Verdi to an Italian Libretto
In addition to composers, many Jews have been prominent music critics, music theorists and musicologists, such as Guido Adler, Leon Botstein, Eduard Hanslick, Abraham Zevi Idelsohn, Julius Korngold and Hedi Stadlen. A music critic is someone who reviews Music (including printed music performances and recorded music and publishes writing on them in books or journals (or on the internet Music theory is the field of study that deals with the Mechanics of music and how Music works Musicology ( Greek: μουσική = "music" and λόγος = "word" or "reason" is the scholarly study of Music Guido Adler (1 November 1855 Ivančice (Eibenschütz Moravia &ndash 15 February 1941 Vienna) was a Bohemian-Austrian musicologist and writer WikipediaWikiProject Classical music#Biographical_infoboxes --> Leon Botstein (born 1946 in Switzerland) is an American Eduard Hanslick ( September 11, 1825 – August 6, 1904) was a Bohemian Austrian writer on music Abraham Zevi Idelsohn ( Hebrew: אַבְרָהָם צְבִי אידלסון middle name also rendered Zvi, Zwi, or Zebi Julius Korngold (1860 – 1945 was a noted Music critic. He was regarded as the top critic in Vienna in the early twentieth century when that city was viewed as Hedi Stadlen ( 6 January 1916 – 21 January 2004) better known in Sri Lanka as Hedi Keuneman, was an Austrian Jewish classical performers have most frequently been violinists (as can be expected from the violin's importance in klezmer), pianists and cellists. The following lists of violinists are available List of classical violinists, names of great violinist from baroque era till 20th century A pianist (/'piənɪst/ is a Musician who plays the Piano. A professional pianist can perform solo pieces play with an ensemble or Orchestra A person who plays the Cello is called a cellist. Notable cellists include A Notable examples are Isaac Stern, Vladimir Ashkenazy and Leonard Rose, respectively. Isaac Stern ( July 21, 1920 &ndash September 22, 2001) was an American Violin Virtuoso. WikipediaWikiProject Classical music#Biographical_infoboxes --> Vladimir Davidovich Ashkenazy ( Russian: Владимир Давидович Leonard Rose ( July 27, 1918 &ndash November 16, 1984) was a great American cellist considered one of the most important pedagogues of the 20th Beginning with Gustav Mahler and most frequently today, Jewish conductors have also been prominent, with many like Leonard Bernstein achieving international stature. Conducting is the act of directing a Musical performance by way of visible gestures WikipediaWikiProject Composers#Lead section --> WikipediaWikiProject Classical music#Biographical_infoboxes As of January 2006, the principal music directors of the American Symphony Orchestra, Bavarian Radio Symphony Orchestra/Royal Concertgebouw Orchestra, Boston Symphony Orchestra/Metropolitan Opera, Chicago Symphony Orchestra/Berlin State Opera, National Symphony Orchestra, New York Philharmonic, Pittsburgh Symphony Pops Orchestra, San Francisco Symphony and Tonhalle Orchestra (in Zurich) are of Jewish descent (respectively Leon Botstein, Mariss Jansons,James Levine, Daniel Barenboim, Leonard Slatkin, Lorin Maazel, Marvin Hamlisch, Michael Tilson Thomas and David Zinman). Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. The title of music director or musical director is used by many Symphony orchestras to designate the primary conductor and artistic leader of the orchestra The Bavarian Radio Symphony Orchestra ( Symphonieorchester des Bayerischen Rundfunks) is the internationally renowned Orchestra of the Bayerischer Rundfunk The Royal Concertgebouw Orchestra (In Dutch: Koninklijk Concertgebouworkest) is the best-known and most respected Symphony orchestra of the The Boston Symphony Orchestra is an American orchestra based at Symphony Hall in Boston Massachusetts, USA The Metropolitan Opera Association of New York City, founded in April 1880 is a major presenter of all types of opera including Grand Opera. The Chicago Symphony Orchestra ( CSO) is an American orchestra based in Chicago Illinois. Staatsoper Unter den Linden ( Berlin State Opera) is a prominent German Opera company The New York Philharmonic is the oldest active Symphony Orchestra in the United States, organized during 1842 The Pittsburgh Symphony Orchestra ( PSO) is an American Symphony Orchestra, based at Heinz Hall in the Cultural District The San Francisco Symphony ( SFS) is a leading Orchestra based in San Francisco California. Zürich (, Zürich German: Züri, Zurich, Zurigo; in English generally Zurich) is the largest city in Switzerland and capital of the WikipediaWikiProject Classical music#Biographical_infoboxes --> Leon Botstein (born 1946 in Switzerland) is an American Mariss Jansons (born January 14, 1943) is a Latvian conductor, the son of conductor Arvīd Jansons. James Lawrence Levine (born 23 June 1943) is an American orchestral conductor and pianist. Daniel Barenboim (born November 15, 1942) is a pianist and conductor. WikipediaWikiProject Classical music#Biographical_infoboxes --> Leonard Edward Slatkin (born September 1 1944 is an American WikipediaWikiProject Classical music#Biographical_infoboxes --> Lorin Varencove Maazel (born March 6, 1930) is a Marvin Frederick Hamlisch (born June 2, 1944) is an American Composer. Michael Tilson Thomas (b December 21, 1944) is an American conductor, pianist and Composer. WikipediaWikiProject Classical music#Biographical_infoboxes --> David Zinman (b A few notable cantors also worked as opera singers, such as Jan Peerce and Richard Tucker. "Hazan" and "Chazan" redirect here For people named Hazan or Chazan see Hazan (disambiguation Growing importance of the office Opera is an art form in which Singers and Musicians perform a Dramatic work (called an opera which combines a text (called a Libretto WikipediaWikiProject_Opera#Infoboxes --> Jan Peerce ( June 3, 1904 – December 15, 1984) was Richard Tucker ( August 28, 1913 &ndash January 8, 1975) was an American operatic Tenor.
Case study in secular Jewish culture: Jewish identity in 19th-century central Europe
Research regarding the Jewish identity of composers usually focuses on the assimilated German-speaking Felix Mendelssohn and Gustav Mahler; the former, although the grandson of the most famous philosopher of the Haskalah, was baptized and raised as a Lutheran, and the latter converted to Roman Catholicism in order to remove his most powerful obstacle to success (anti-Semitism) in musical Vienna. An oratorio is a large Musical composition including an Orchestra, a Choir, and soloists The oratorio was somewhat modeled after the Opera Jacob's Ladder refers to a Ladder to Heaven, described in the Book of Genesis, which the biblical patriarch Jacob envisions Arnold Schoenberg ( pronounced ˈʃøːnbɛrk (13 September 1874 &ndash 13 July 1951 was an Austrian and later American Composer, associated with A region or society where several different groups are spontaneously assimilated is sometimes referred to as a Melting pot. The German language (de ''Deutsch'') is a West Germanic language and one of the world's major languages. Jakob Ludwig Felix Mendelssohn Bartholdy, born and generally known as Felix Mendelssohn (February 3 1809 &ndash November 4 1847 was a German Composer Moses Mendelssohn ( Dessau, 6 September 1729 4 January 1786 in Berlin) was a German Jewish Philosopher Haskalah ( Hebrew: השכלה "enlightenment" "education" from sekhel " Intellect " "mind") the Jewish Enlightenment In Christianity, baptism ( Greek, "immersing" "performing Ablutions " is the ritual act with the use of water by which one is admitted Lutheranism is a major branch of Western Christianity that identifies with the teachings of the sixteenth-century German reformer Martin Luther Antisemitism (alternatively spelled anti-semitism or anti-Semitism; also rarely known as judeophobia) is the Prejudice against or hostility Vienna ( in Wien; see also other names) is the Capital of Austria, and is also one of the nine States of Austria. While in both cases the conversion was made in order to assimilate with European Christian society and therefore leave persecution in favor of prosperity, Mendelssohn wrote overtly and unapologetically Christian music (Symphony No. 5 "Reformation", St. A Christian is a person who adheres to Christianity, a monotheistic Religion centered on the life and teachings of Jesus of Nazareth The Symphony No 5 in D Major, op 107 called the "Reformation" Symphony was composed by Felix Mendelssohn in 1832 in honor of the 300th anniversary Paul Oratorio and numerous chamber and other vocal pieces), and on one occasion he even changed his appearance in order to avoid looking like related Jewish composer Meyerbeer. An oratorio is a large Musical composition including an Orchestra, a Choir, and soloists The oratorio was somewhat modeled after the Opera Jakob Ludwig Felix Mendelssohn Bartholdy, born and generally known as Felix Mendelssohn (February 3 1809 &ndash November 4 1847 was a German Composer Giacomo Meyerbeer ( September 5, 1791 &ndash May 2, 1864) was a noted German -born Opera Composer, and Mahler also wrote Christian-inspired music in the fifth movement of the Second Symphony (although this highly spiritual piece has also been interpreted as fundamentally Jewish at its core[19]), the fifth movement of the Third Symphony, the fourth movement of the Fourth Symphony and his Eighth Symphony. The Symphony No 2 in C minor by Gustav Mahler, known as the Resurrection, was written between 1888 and 1894 and first performed in 1895 The Symphony No 3 in D minor by Gustav Mahler was written between 1893 and 1896 The Symphony No 4 in G major by Gustav Mahler was written between 1899 and 1901. The Symphony No 8 in E-flat major by Gustav Mahler, known as the Symphony of a Thousand, was mostly written in 1906 with its vast Orchestration
However, the issue in both cases is not so simple: although his father urged him to drop the name "Mendelssohn" in concert programs to purge any reference to his Jewish past, Felix "retained the name… despite his father's protests, and though undoubtedly a sincere Lutheran, retained a respect for his Jewish history. His professional and social success may have emboldened him to be more forthrightly pro-Jewish than other converts". [20] Mahler wrote what have been perceived as Jewish references in his works, including klezmer-like passages in the third movement of the First Symphony and first movement of the Third; in addition, the previously mentioned fifth movement of the Second Symphony includes a passage that many believe imitates shofar blasts with a programmatic text resembling the Unetanneh Tokef prayer. The Symphony No 1 in D major is a Symphony by Gustav Mahler first composed between 1888 and 1894. The Symphony No 3 in D minor by Gustav Mahler was written between 1893 and 1896 A shofar (שופר is a horn used for Jewish religious purposes Programme music is a form of Art music intended to evoke extra-musical ideas images in the mind of the listener by musically representing a scene image or mood Unetanneh Tokef or Unesanneh Tokef (ונתנה תוקף is a Piyyut that has been a part of the Rosh Hashanah and Yom Kippur
The most compelling reason why Mendelssohn and Mahler are commonly considered Jewish composers are because they have been repeatedly identified as such both by anti-Semites and Jews. Antisemitism (alternatively spelled anti-semitism or anti-Semitism; also rarely known as judeophobia) is the Prejudice against or hostility In both cases contemporaries (respectively, Richard Wagner in his Das Judenthum in der Musik, and the virulent Vienna press and Austrian anti-Semites such as Rudolph Louis[21]) argued that no matter how much the composer in question attempted to pass himself off as a good Austrian/German and a good Christian, he and his music would remain fundamentally and unalterably Jewish (in the context, with an obviously negative connotation). "Das Judenthum in der Musik" ( German, "Jewishness in Music" but normally translated Judaism in Music) (in German spelled after its first publication Therefore, when Nazi Germany suppressed what they considered "degenerate music", both Mendelssohn and Mahler were banned as Jewish composers; they were contrasted with "good" German composers like Beethoven, Bruckner and Wagner[22] (it should be noted, to a lesser degree concerning Wagner but especially in the case of Beethoven, that the fact that the Nazi propagandists claimed that deceased, and therefore unable to object composers are personifications of their ideology does not mean that they would have approved of such a label). Nazi Germany and the Third Reich are the common English names for Germany under the regime of Adolf Hitler and the National Socialist German Workers Degenerate music (Entartete Musik was a label applied in the 1930s by the Nazi government in Germany to certain forms of music that it considered to be harmful Ludwig van Beethoven ( English ˈlʊdvɪg væn ˈbeɪtoʊvən, 16 December 1770 &ndash 26 March 1827 was a German Composer and Pianist. Anton Bruckner (4 September 1824 &ndash 11 October 1896 was an Austrian composer known primarily for his symphonies, masses, and Motets Propaganda is a concerted set of messages aimed at influencing the opinions or behaviors of large numbers of people The claim of "fundamental Jewishness" was repeated, but with a completely opposite meaning, by 20th century Jews like Leonard Bernstein (regarding Mahler), who viewed that the dual Jewishness and success of the composers is something to be championed and celebrated. The twentieth century of the Common Era began on WikipediaWikiProject Composers#Lead section --> WikipediaWikiProject Classical music#Biographical_infoboxes [23] A persuasive argument to the Jewishness of Mahler comes from his wife, Alma Mahler:
He [Gustav] was not a man who ever deceived himself, and he knew that people would not forget he was a Jew. Alma Maria Mahler-Werfel (born Schindler) (31 August 1879 &ndash 11 December 1964 was a Viennese-born socialite well known in her youth for her beauty and vivacity . . . Nor did he wish it forgotten. . . . He never denied his Jewish origin. Rather he emphasized it. [24]
Regarding Wagner himself, it often seems ironic to some that many of the most influential and popular interpreters of his work have been Jewish conductors such as the aforementioned Mahler and Bernstein, as well as Daniel Barenboim, Arthur Fiedler, Asher Fisch, Otto Klemperer, Erich Leinsdorf, James Levine, Hermann Levi (who was chosen by Wagner to conduct the premiere of Parsifal[25] Lorin Maazel, Eugene Ormandy, Fritz Reiner, Sir George Solti, George Szell and Bruno Walter. Daniel Barenboim (born November 15, 1942) is a pianist and conductor. Arthur Fiedler should not be confused with Arthur Fielder, a Kent Fast bowler of the 1900s WikipediaWikiProject Classical music#Biographical_infoboxes --> Otto Klemperer (born Breslau, May 14, 1885 WikipediaWikiProject Classical music#Biographical_infoboxes --> Erich Leinsdorf ( Erich Landauer) ( February 4, James Lawrence Levine (born 23 June 1943) is an American orchestral conductor and pianist. WikipediaWikiProject Classical music#Biographical_infoboxes --> Hermann Levi ( November 7, 1839 &ndash May 13 Parsifal is an Opera, or Music drama, in three acts by Richard Wagner. WikipediaWikiProject Classical music#Biographical_infoboxes --> Lorin Varencove Maazel (born March 6, 1930) is a WikipediaWikiProject Classical music#Biographical_infoboxes --> Eugene Ormandy ( November 18, 1899 &ndash March WikipediaWikiProject Classical music#Biographical_infoboxes --> Frederick Martin “Fritz” Reiner ( December 19, 1888 WikipediaWikiProject Classical music#Biographical_infoboxes --> Sir Georg Solti, KBE ( 21 October 1912 WikipediaWikiProject Classical music#Biographical_infoboxes --> George Szell (ˈsɛl ( June 7, 1897 &ndash July WikipediaWikiProject Classical music#Biographical_infoboxes --> Bruno Walter ( September 15, 1876 &ndash February It has been noted that there is a "love of contemporary Jewish conductors for Wagner". [26] While much has been written about Wagner's anti-Semitism in his writings and music, and the Nazi appropriation of his music, research in recent years has analyzed the possibility that Wagner was himself of Jewish ancestry, and explored Wagner's interaction with and attitude towards the Jews through a multi-sided perspective[27] .
Much less complex and disputed is the Jewishness of Arnold Schoenberg. Arnold Schoenberg ( pronounced ˈʃøːnbɛrk (13 September 1874 &ndash 13 July 1951 was an Austrian and later American Composer, associated with Although he was brought up as a Catholic and converted to Protestantism in 1898, during the rise of the Nazis in 1933 he openly embraced and returned to Judaism. Protestantism refers to the forms of Christian faith and practice that originated in the 16th century Protestant Reformation. Judaism (from the Greek Ioudaïsmos, derived from the Hebrew יהודה Yehudah, " Judah " in Hebrew יַהֲדוּת Yahedut The result was a number of later works dealing with Judaism and the Holocaust, such as A Survivor from Warsaw, Kol Nidre and Moses und Aron. The Holocaust (from the Greek el ''ὁλόκαυστον'' (el-Latn holókauston holos, "completely" and kaustos, "burnt" also known as A Survivor from Warsaw Op 46 is a work for Narrator, men's chorus, and Orchestra written by the Austrian Composer Kol Nidre ( Aramaic: כל נדרי) is a Jewish prayer recited in the Synagogue at the beginning of the evening service on Yom Kippur Moses und Aron (Moses and Aaron is a two-act Opera by Arnold Schoenberg with a third act unfinished During this time Schoenberg also began to concern himself with the historical situation of the Jewish people in his essays and other writings.
Both Mahler and Schoenberg were Jewish composers who converted to a form of Christianity to avoid anti-Semitism, but yet were still attacked by the anti-Semitic elements of Viennese society as fundamentally Jewish and therefore a corrupting and perverse influence. Vienna ( in Wien; see also other names) is the Capital of Austria, and is also one of the nine States of Austria. According to Paul Johnson,
The feeling of cultural outrage was much more important than anti-Semitism as such; or rather, it turned into anti-Semites, at any rate for the moment, people who normally never expressed such feelings. Paul Johnson (born Paul Bede Johnson on 2 November 1928 in Manchester, England) is a British Roman Catholic It was he Jew-as-Iconoclast which aroused the really deep rage. . . Mahler had begun it; Schönberg carried it on; both were Jews, and they corrupted young Aryan composers like Berg - so the argument went. Aryan is an English word derived from the Sanskrit " Ārya " meaning "noble" or "honorable" Alban Maria Johannes Berg (February 9 1885 &ndash December 24 1935 was an Austrian Composer. [28]
Again, although these critics meant their identifications of Mahler and Schoenberg as Jewish in an offensive way, this context provides a legitimate reason to claim them as Jewish composers today, though now in a neutral or positive sense. Despite the three above examples, however, a majority of Jewish artists and intellectuals in Austria, Germany and France during the 19th century and early 20th century assimilated culturally either by keeping the Jewish religion but living a mainstream European lifestyle (as Moses Mendelssohn had wished in earlier decades) or renouncing religion in favor of secularism, but retained at least the identification of Jewishness. Moses Mendelssohn ( Dessau, 6 September 1729 4 January 1786 in Berlin) was a German Jewish Philosopher Secularism is generally the assertion that governmental practices or institutions should exist separately from Religion or religious beliefs It is the dual existence of people who disassociated themselves with Judaism yet remained affiliated with the Jewish people, and those who wished to retain the Jewish religion but eliminate any distinct Jewish culture by blending into Gentile society in this region and period (as opposed to Eastern Europe at the same time, where both the Jewish peoplehood and religion were preserved) that show the complexities of both Judaism and secular Jewish culture. The term Gentile (from Latin, gentilis, meaning of or belonging to a clan or tribe refers to non- Israelite tribes or nations in the Bible. Eastern Europe is a general term that refers to the Geopolitical region encompassing the easternmost part of the European continent.
See also
References
- ^ Menashe Ravina, "The Songs of the People of Israel", published by Hamossad Lemusika Ba'am, 1943
- ^ Yiddish, Klezmer, Ashkenazic or 'shtetl' dances, Le site genevois de la musique klezmer. Song of a Jewish Cowboy is a 2002 documentary about Scott Gerber, a rancher and musician from Sonoma County California, who Accessed 12 February 2006.
- ^ Jews in Music on jinfo. org. Accessed 12 February 2006.
- ^ Benny Goodman, on the Austin Lindy Hop site. Credited as PBS biography. Accessed 12 February 2006.
- ^ Amy Henning, Artie Shaw: King of the Clarinet. On the site of David Mullis. Accessed 12 February 2006.
- ^ Jews & Jazz. Academy BJE, NSW Board of Jewish Education. Accessed 12 February 2006.
- ^ Western Classical Music, Jewish Music Institute, 29 October 2005. Accessed 12 February 2006.
- ^ ibid.
- ^ Johnson, op. cit. , p. 408.
- ^ Conway, David. "'In the midst of many peoples' - some nineteenth-century Jewish composers and their Jewishness.(Cultural Histories)(Biography)." European Judaism 36. 1 (Spring 2003): 36(24). Expanded Academic ASAP. Thomson Gale. UC Irvine (CDL). 09 March 2006
- ^ Kevin J. Symonds, On The Hebraic Roots of the Gregorian Chant. Self-published 2005. Accessed 12 February 2006.
- ^ Stanley Sadie, Chant, The Grove Concise Dictionary of Music (London:Macmillan). The relevant passage is reproduced on the Internet Archive, archived March 26, 2005 from the site of Reich College of Education, Appalachian State University, North Carolina. The Internet Archive ( IA) is a Nonprofit organization dedicated to maintaining an on-line Library and archive of Web and Appalachian State University is a comprehensive ( Master's L) public, Coeducational University located in Boone, North Carolina
- ^ Libo and Skakun, op. cit.
- ^ a b With the exception of those living in isolated Jewish communities, most Jews listed here as contributing to secular Jewish culture also participated in the cultures of the peoples they lived with and nations they lived in. In most cases, however, the work and lives of these people did not exist in two distinct cultural spheres but rather in one that incorporated elements of both. This person had one Jewish parent and one non-Jewish parent, and therefore exemplified this phenomenon par excellence.
- ^ Quoted in Using La Juive to Teach Humanities on the site of the Metropolitan Opera International Radio Broadcast Information Center. The Metropolitan Opera Association of New York City, founded in April 1880 is a major presenter of all types of opera including Grand Opera. Accessed 12 February 2006.
- ^ Alex Ross, "The Ray of Death", The New Yorker, November 24, 2003. The New Yorker is an American Magazine that publishes reportage commentary criticism essays fiction satire cartoons and poetry Reproduced online. Accessed 12 February 2006.
- ^ Ruben Frankenstein, Ravel's Chants hébraïques, Mendele: Yiddish literature and language, Vol. 4.131, October 8, 1994. Accessed 12 February 2006.
- ^ James Loeffler, Hidden Sympathies, nextbook. org. Accessed 12 February 2006
- ^ Adam Joachim Goldman, Measuring Mahler, in Search of a Jewish Temperament, The Forward, August 23, 2002. The Forward (פֿאָרווערטס Forverts) is a Jewish-American weekly Newspaper published in New York City. Accessed 12 February 2006.
- ^ David Conway, Mendelssohn the Christian; preparatory work to his doctoral dissertation provisionally entitled Jewry in Music. Notes say "from a recent article in European Judaism magazine", but give no date. Accessed 12 February 2006
- ^ Francesca Draughon and Raymond Knapp, Gustav Mahler and the Crisis of Jewish Identity. Echo, Volume 3 Issue 2. Published by UCLA. The University of California Los Angeles (generally known as UCLA) is a public research university located in Westwood Los Angeles, California, United Accessed 12 February 2006.
- ^ Nazi Approved Music, A Teacher's Guide to the Holocaust. Florida Center for Instructional Technology, College of Education, University of South Florida, 2005. Accessed 12 February 2006.
- ^ Francesca Draughon and Raymond Knapp, op. cit.
- ^ Gustav Mahler: Memories and Letters (trans. , New York 1946), pg. 90; quoted in Johnson, op. cit. , pg. 409.
- ^ Lili Eylon, The Controversy Over Richard Wagner, Jewish Virtual Library, credited to the Israeli Foreign Ministry. 2005. Accessed 12 February 2006
- ^ Elaine Baruch, Was it Self-Hatred that Fueled Wagner's 'Anti-Semitism'?, The Forward, March 2001 (exact date not given). The Forward (פֿאָרווערטס Forverts) is a Jewish-American weekly Newspaper published in New York City. Accessed 12 February 2006.
- ^ David Conway, 'A Vulture is Almost an Eagle': The Jewishness of Richard Wagner and Wagner's Magic Lamp: an ongoing mystery…; preparatory work to his doctoral dissertation provisionally entitled Jewry in Music. Accessed 12 February 2006.
- ^ Johnson, op. cit. , p. 410.
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