Sectarian violence or sectarian strife is violence inspired by sectarianism, that is, between different sects of one particular mode of thought, not necessarily religious (e. Violence is the exertion of force so as to injure or abuse The word is used broadly to describe the destructive action of natural phenomena like Storms and Earthquakes Sectarianism is Bigotry, Discrimination, Prejudice or Hatred arising from attaching importance to perceived differences between subdivisions In the Sociology of religion a sect is generally a smaller religious or political group that has broken off from a larger group for example from a g. conflicts between the nationalists and communists in China in the early 20th century are largely constructed by Chinese nationals of the time as sectarian). Some of the possible inputs for sectarian violence include power struggles, political climate, social climate, cultural climate, and economic landscape.

• economic - capitalism and collectivism
• political - communist and nationalist
• Christianity - Catholic and Protestant
• Islam - Shia and Sunni

Contents 1 Northern Ireland 2 Scotland 3 Sunni-Shia Conflicts 4 Popular culture

Northern Ireland

Northern Ireland has seen inter-communal conflict, particularly in the period from 1969 to 2002 known as "The Troubles". An economy is the realized social system of production exchange distribution and consumption of goods and services of a country or other area Capitalism is the Economic system in which the Means of production are owned by private Persons and operated for Profit and where Collectivism is a term used to describe any moral political or social outlook that stresses human Interdependence and the importance of a Collective, rather than Politics Politics is the process by which groups of people make decisions Communism is a Socioeconomic structure that promotes the establishment of an egalitarian, classless, stateless Society based The term nationalism can refer to an Ideology, a sentiment, a form of Culture, or a Social movement that focuses on the Nation Christianity ( Greek Χριστιανισμός from the word Xριστός ( Christ)is a monotheistic Religion centered on the life and teachings Protestantism refers to the forms of Christian faith and practice that originated in the 16th century Protestant Reformation. For other meanings including people named 'Islam' see Islam (disambiguation. Sunni Islam is the largest denomination of Islam. Sunni Islam is also referred to as Ahl as-Sunnah wa’l-Jamā‘h (Arabic Northern Ireland (Tuaisceart Éireann Ulster Scots: Norlin Airlann) is a Country within the United Kingdom, lying in the northeast of In biological terms a community is a group of interacting Organisms sharing an environment. Nearly all the people living in Northern Ireland identified themselves as belonging to either the Protestant or the Catholic community. Protestantism refers to the forms of Christian faith and practice that originated in the 16th century Protestant Reformation. Irish Catholics is a term used to describe people of Roman Catholic background who are Irish or of Irish descent. People of no religion and non-Christian faiths are still considered as belonging to one of the two "sects" along with churchgoers. A Christian is a person who adheres to Christianity, a monotheistic Religion centered on the life and teachings of Jesus of Nazareth In this context, "Protestants" means essentially descendants of immigrants from Scotland and England settled in Ulster during or soon after the 1690s; also known as "Loyalists" or "Unionist" because they generally support politically the status of Northern Ireland as a part of the United Kingdom. Scotland ( Gaelic: Alba) is a Country in northwest Europethat occupies the northern third of the island of Great Britain. England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland Ulster ( Ulaidh ˈkwɪɟɪ ˈʌlˠu / ˈʌlˠi is one of the four provinces of Ireland, in addition to Connacht, Munster and Leinster Ulster loyalism is a militant unionist ideology held mostly by Protestants in Northern Ireland. Unionism in Ireland, is a belief in the desirability of a full constitutional and institutional relationship between Ireland and Great Britain based on the terms and The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located "Catholics" means descendants of the pre-1690 indigenous Irish population; also known as "Nationalist" and "Republicans"; who generally politically favour a united Ireland. The Irish people ( Irish: Muintir na hÉireann, na hÉireannaigh, na Gaeil) are a Western European Ethnic group who originate Irish nationalism (Náisiúnachas Éireannach refers to political and sociological movements and sentiment that embodies a love for Irish ancestry, culture and language and Irish republicanism (Poblachtánachas is an ideology based on the Irish nationalist belief that all of Ireland should be a single independent Republic A United Ireland is the term used to refer to a sovereign state encompassing the whole of the island of Ireland.

There are organizations dedicated to the reduction of sectarianism in Northern Ireland. The Corrymeela Community of Ballycastle operates a retreat centre on the northern coast of Northern Ireland to bring Catholics and Protestants together to discuss their differences and similarities. The Corrymeela Community is a Christian community whose objective is the promotion of reconciliation and peace-building through the healing of social religious and political Ballycastle can refer to Ballycastle County Antrim, a small town in Northern Ireland Ballycastle County Down, a townland in Northern The Ulster Project works with teenagers from Northern Ireland and the United States to provide safe, non-denominational environments to discuss sectarianism in Northern Ireland. The Ulster Project was started in 1975 by Rev Kerry Waterstone a Church of Ireland priest in Tullamore, County Offally in order to provide a safe place in The United States of America —commonly referred to as the In Christianity, the term non-denominational refers to those churches that have not formally aligned themselves with an established denomination, or remain otherwise These organizations are attempting to bridge the gap of historical prejudice between the two religious communities.

Scotland

Scotland suffers from a spill-over of Northern Irish sectarianism due to the many people with links to both communities living in the country, particularly in the West. Scotland ( Gaelic: Alba) is a Country in northwest Europethat occupies the northern third of the island of Great Britain. The Old Firm of Celtic and Rangers football clubs have provided a focus for this, with Rangers being the Protestant and Celtic the Catholic icon. The term Old Firm refers to the rivalry between the Scottish football teams Celtic and Rangers, both based in Glasgow The Celtic Football Club is a Scottish football club based in the east end of Glasgow, which currently plays in the Scottish Premier League. Rangers Football Club are an Association football team based in Glasgow Scotland, who currently play in the Scottish Premier League. Association football, more commonly known as football or soccer, is a Team sport played between two teams of eleven players and is widely considered Protestantism refers to the forms of Christian faith and practice that originated in the 16th century Protestant Reformation.

Both teams subscribe to government initiatives, and charities like the Nil by Mouth campaign are working in this area, but there are still some fans on both sides who sing sectarian songs and display slogans and images related to the conflict in Northern Ireland. Nil by Mouth is an anti-sectarian charity based in Glasgow, Scotland. Northern Ireland (Tuaisceart Éireann Ulster Scots: Norlin Airlann) is a Country within the United Kingdom, lying in the northeast of Celtic recently wrote to every season ticket holder banning sectarian behaviour at Celtic Park. Celtic Park is a football Stadium in the Parkhead area of Glasgow in Scotland. Rangers' equivalent anti-sectarian policy is called Pride Over Prejudice [1].

Even in recent years, deaths and serious injuries have taken place after Old Firm matches. [2]

Sunni-Shia Conflicts

Sectarian violence between two major Sects of Islam i. e. , Shia and Sunni has occurred in countries like Pakistan, Iraq, Afghanistan, Bahrain, Lebanon etc. This violent conflict has roots in the political turmoil arising out of differences over succession to the leadership of the state of Medina the at the demise of Muhammad. Ali bin Abi Talib (Radiallahu Anhu), cousin of the Prophet had claim to the throne by the virtue of his blood relations, where as Party of Umar Bin Khitab (RA) wanted Abu Bakr (RA) to be the heir to the throne. The latter was successful and Abu Bakr was appointed the first pious Caliph of Islam, and after him Hadhrat Umar was appointed the second pious Caliph. By this time the the group--who considered Ali to be the true successor to the pulpit of caliphate--had come to be known as "Shiian-e-Ali "Party of Ali". Hadhrat Ali ascended to the pulpit of caliphate only at the demise of the third caliph Hadhrat Uthman bin Affan (RA). However at this Amir Muawiya bin Abu Sufian (RA)by then the governor of Syria, accompanied by Many of the personalities who earlier had supported Abu Bakr, challenged the Ali's credential to assume the highest political position in the Islamic State and proclaimed himself the Caliph. This led to a bloody war. Latter on a group of extremist known as Khwarijis (currently inhinbing State of Aman in the Gulf) assassinated Ali. At the demise of Muawiya he appointed his son Yazeed as his successor. The credentials of Yazeed were challenged by Ali's son Hussain (RA)and grand maternal son of Prophet Muhammad. A tragic battle at Karbala in Iraq lead to the martyrdom of Hussain and dosens of others from "Ahle-e-Bait" (the members of the family of the prophet).

This tragic incident created deep fissures in the Muslim society. The conflict that had started at a political plane intervened with the dogma and belief systems. Those who considered Ali to be the true heir to the Caliphate split away from the main corpus of Muslim society and traditions. They developed their distinct sect, known as "Shia" referring to Shian-e-Ali. The Majority of of the Muslim is Know as "Sunni" meaning "followers of the Traditions of The Prophet.

The two sect of Islam had trouble co-existence over the history resulting in bloody incidents. However, in the recent history it has assumed a satatus of "Civil War" in countries like Pakistan, Iraq and Afghanistan.

In Pakistan sectarianism exhibited its first organized nature in early 1980 when two rival orgnaizations were established: Tanzeem Fiqha Jaafriya (TFJ) (Organization of the Jafri (Shia) Law) represented Shia communities, and Sipah-e-Sahaba Pakistan (SSP) (Guardian of the Companians of the Prophet) representing Sunnis. The first major inceident of this sectarian violence was killing of the Allama Arif Hussain Al Hussaini, founding leader of TFJ in 1986. In retaliation Haq Nawaz Jhangwi, founder of the (SSP) was murdered. Since then internecine bloody vendetta has been ensuing. The focus of this violence has been Kuuram Agency, Hangu, Dera Ismail Khan, Bahawalpur, Jhang, Quetta, and Karachi.

The transformation of the sectarian conflict to a violent civil war in Pakistan co-incided with the establishment of the Islamic Repulic in Iran and promotion of the Sunni religion and its incorporation in the state institutions by General Zia-ul-Haq, regime in Pakistan.

The Iranian revolution was lead by shia clerics, and it influenced Shia communities all over the world. In Pakistan Tanzeem-e-Fiqh Jafriya was established with the demands of enforcing the Shia Law. This demand was viewed as detrimental by the Sunni religious leaders. In response SSP was established by the sunni extremist clerics. Many of these clerics had a back ground in the sectarian strife against the Ahmadis (a heterodox sect considered non-Muslim by majority of the Orthodox Schools)

Popular culture

The term "sectarian violence" also appears with great frequency in American popular culture. The Los Angeles-based band Sectarian Violence was one of the first musical groups to seize upon this current in popular culture. [3]

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