The Second Triumvirate is the name historians give to the official political alliance of Gaius Julius Caesar Octavianus (later Augustus), Marcus Aemilius Lepidus, and Marcus Antonius, formed on 26 November 43 BC. Augustus ( Latin: IMPERATOR·CAESAR·DIVI·FILIVS·AVGVSTVS September 23 63 BC – August 19 AD 14) born Gaius Octavius Thurinus, was Marcus Aemilius Lepidus ( Latin: M·AEMILIVS·M·F·Q·N·LEPIDVSborn ca 90 BC died 13 BC, was a Patrician Roman politician Marcus Antonius (in Latin: M·ANTONIVS·M·F·M·N ( c January 14 83 BC&ndash August 1, 30 BC known in English as Mark Events 43 BC - The Second Triumvirate alliance of Gaius Julius Caesar Octavianus ("Octavian" later "Caesar Augustus" Year 43 BC was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Julian calendar. There were two five-year terms, covering the period 43 BC – 33 BC.
Unlike the somewhat more famous "First Triumvirate", the Second Triumvirate was an official (if extraconstitutional) organization, whose overwhelming power in the Roman state was given full legal sanction and whose imperium maius outranked that of all other magistrates, including the consuls. See also the First Triumvirate (Argentina which came to power in 1811 Imperium in a broad sense translates as power. In Ancient Rome the concept applied to People, and meant something like "power Consul (abbrev cos; Latin plural consules) was the highest elected office of the Roman Republic and an appointive office under the Empire
History
The Triumvirate was legally established in 43 BC as the Triumviri Rei Publicae Constituendae Consulari Potestate ("Triumvirs for Confirming the Republic with Consular Power", invariably abbreviated as "III VIR RPC"). The term triumvirate (from Latin, "of three men" is commonly used to describe a political regime dominated by three powerful individuals Year 43 BC was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Julian calendar. This article is about the Latin phrase For the historical state see Roman Republic; for the dialogue by Cicero see De re publica; for the former Estonian The Roman Republic was the phase of the ancient Roman civilization characterized by a Republican form of government a period which began with the overthrow of the It possessed supreme political authority. The only other office which had ever been qualified "for confirming the Republic" was the dictatorate of Lucius Cornelius Sulla. Dictator was a Political office of the Roman Republic. The dictator was above the three branches of government in the Constitution of the Roman Republic Lucius Cornelius Sulla Felix ( Latin: L•CORNELIVS•L•F•P•N•SVLLA•FELIX (c The only limit on the powers of the Triumvirate was the five-year term set by law.
A historical oddity of the Triumvirate is that it was an effectual three-man dictatorate which included Antony, who in 44 BC had passed a lex Antonia which had abolished the dictatorate and expunged it from the Republic's constitutions. Year 44 BC was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Julian calendar. Lex Antonia ( Latin for Antonine law, sometimes presented plurally as the leges Antoniae, Antonine laws) was a law established As had been the case with both Sulla's and Julius Caesar's dictatorates, the members of the Triumvirate saw no contradiction between holding a supraconsular office and the consulate itself simultaneously (Lepidus was consul in 42 BC, Antony in 34 BC, and Octavian in 33 BC). Year 42 BC was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Julian calendar. Year 34 BC was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Julian calendar. Year 33 BC was a Leap year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Julian calendar.
Octavian, who despite his youth had extorted his way to having been named suffect consul (consul suffectus) for 43 BC, had been warring with Antony and Lepidus in upper Italia when they met at Bononia (now Bologna) in November that year and agreed to unite and seize power. Year 43 BC was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Julian calendar. Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest Bologna (boloɲa from Latin Bononia, Bulåggna in Bolognese dialect is the capital city of Emilia-Romagna in northern Italy In order to refill the treasury, the Triumvirs decided to resort to proscription. Not to be confused with prescription and other meanings of proscription. As all three had been partisans of Caesar, their choices of targets were somewhat peculiar. The most notable victim, Marcus Tullius Cicero, who had opposed Caesar and excoriated Antony in his Philippics, came as no surprise, but the proscription of Caesar's legate Quintus Tullius Cicero (Marcus Tullius Cicero's younger brother) seems to be motivated by pure spite. Marcus Tullius Cicero ( Classical Latin ˈkikeroː usually ˈsɪsərəʊ in English January 3, 106 BC &ndash December 7, 43 BC was a Roman A philippic is a fiery damning speech or Tirade, delivered to condemn a particular political actor A legatus (often anglicized as legate) was a general in the Roman army, equivalent to a modern general officer Quintus Tullius Cicero (102 BC &ndash 43 BC was the younger brother of the celebrated Orator, Philosopher and Statesman Marcus Tullius Perhaps the most shocking proscription was that of Caesar's legate Lucius Iulius Caesar, Caesar's first cousin once removed (and Antony's uncle) and one of Caesar's closest friends. In Ancient Rome several men of the Julii Caesares family were named Lucius Julius Caesar. cousin in Kinship terminology is a relative with whom one shares a common Ancestor, but in modern usage the term is rarely used when referring to a
Octavian's colleague in the consulate that year, his cousin and nephew of Caesar, Quintus Pedius, died before the proscriptions got underway. Octavian himself resigned shortly after, allowing the appointment of a second pair of suffect consuls (the original consuls for the year, Caesar's legate Aulus Hirtius and Gaius Vibius Pansa Caetronianus, had died fighting on the Senate's side of the first civil war to follow Caesar's death, that between the Senate and Mark Antony himself). Aulus Hirtius (ca 90-43 BC was one of the Consuls of Ancient Rome immediately after the Assassination of Julius Caesar, and a Writer Gaius Vibius Pansa Caetronianus (d 43 BC Consul of the Roman Republic in 43 BC This became a broad pattern of the Triumvirate's two terms; during the ten years of the Triumvirate (43 BC – 33 BC), there were 42 consuls in office, rather than the expected 20.
The Caesarean background of the Triumvirs made it no surprise that immediately after the conclusion of the first civil war of the post-Caesar period, they immediately set about prosecuting a second: Caesar's murderers Marcus Junius Brutus and Gaius Cassius Longinus had usurped control of most of the Eastern provinces, including Macedonia, Asia Minor, and Syria. Marcus Junius Brutus (85&ndash42 BC or Quintus Servilius Caepio Brutus was a Roman senator of the late Roman Republic. For the Roman consul see Gaius Cassius Longinus (consul 171 BC. The Roman province of Macedonia was officially established in 146 BC, after the Roman general Quintus Caecilius Metellus defeated Andriscus of Macedon Anatolia (Anadolu Ανατολία Anatolía) or Asia minor, comprising most of modern Turkey, is the geographic region bounded by the Black Syria was a Roman province, conquered in 64 BC by Pompey, as a consequence of his military presence after pursing victory in the Third Mithridatic In 42 BC, Octavian and Antony set out to war, defeating Brutus and Cassius in two battles fought at Philippi. Year 42 BC was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Julian calendar. Philippi (in Greek / Philippoi) was a city in eastern Macedonia, in northern Ancient Greece, founded by Philip II in 356 In October 40 BC, the Triumvir agreed to divide the provinces of the Republic into spheres of influence. Year 40 BC was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Julian calendar. Octavian — who had begun calling himself "Divi filius" ("son of the divinity") after Caesar's deification as Divus Iulius ("the Divine Julius") and now styled himself simply "Imperator Caesar" — took control of the West, Antony of the East, and Lepidus of Africa. The Latin word Imperator was a title originally roughly equivalent to commander during the period of the Roman Republic.
While Antony cemented his hold in the East and reformed the provincial administration (like Sulla's provincial reforms, Caesar's had been quietly ignored after his death), Octavian tightened his grip on the West and nominally oversaw a campaign against the pirate commander Sextus Pompeius (the campaign was actually commanded by Octavian's lieutenant, Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa), which culminated in victory in 36 BC. Agrippa redirects here For other uses of the name see Agrippa (disambiguation. Year 36 BC was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Julian calendar. Agrippa had been consul in 37 BC and had secured the Triumvirate's renewal for a second five-year term. Year 37 BC was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Julian calendar.
Like the First Triumvirate, the Second Triumvirate was ultimately unstable and could not withstand internal jealousies and ambitions. Antony cordially detested Octavian and spent most of his time in the East, while Lepidus favoured Antony but felt himself obscured by both his colleagues, despite having succeeded Caesar as Pontifex Maximus in 43 BC. The Pontifex Maximus was the high priest of the Ancient Roman College of Pontiffs. Year 43 BC was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Julian calendar. Consequently, Lepidus cooperated in Octavian's campaign against Pompeius (son of Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus) but foolishly attempted to seize control of Octavian's victorious legions. Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus, commonly known as Pompey /'pɑmpi/ Pompey the Great or Pompey the Triumvir ( Classical Latin abbreviation Octavian unilaterally expelled Lepidus from the Triumvirate, but allowed him to retain his Pontificate.
Despite having married Octavia, Octavian's sister, in 40 BC (Octavian had married Antony's stepdaughter Clodia Pulchra three years earlier), Antony openly lived in Alexandria with Cleopatra VII of Egypt, even bearing children with her. Octavia Minor (69 - 11 BC also known as Octavia the Younger or simply Octavia, was the sister of the first Roman Emperor, Augustus (known also Year 40 BC was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Julian calendar. Clodia Pulchra, also known as Claudia (born 57 BC/56 BC was the daughter of Fulvia (later wife of Mark Antony) and her first husband Publius Clodius Alexandria ( Egyptian Arabic: اسكندريه Eskendereyya; Standard Arabic: ar الإسكندرية Al-Iskandariyya; Ἀλεξάνδρεια Cleopatra VII Philopator (in Greek, Κλεοπάτρα Φιλοπάτωρ; January 69 BC &ndash 30 BC was a Hellenistic ruler of Egypt A master of propaganda, Octavian turned public opinion against his colleague. Propaganda is a concerted set of messages aimed at influencing the opinions or behaviors of large numbers of people When the Triumvirate's second term expired in 33 BC, Antony continued to use the title Triumvir; Octavian, opting to distance himself from Antony, refrained from using it. Year 33 BC was a Leap year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Julian calendar. Octavian illegally obtained Antony's will in July 32 BC, and exposed it to the Roman public: it promised substantial legacies to Antony's children by Cleopatra, and instructed that his body should be shipped to Alexandria for burial. Year 32 BC was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Julian calendar. Alexandria ( Egyptian Arabic: اسكندريه Eskendereyya; Standard Arabic: ar الإسكندرية Al-Iskandariyya; Ἀλεξάνδρεια Rome was outraged, and the Senate declared war.
Octavian's forces decisively defeated those of Antony and Cleopatra at the Battle of Actium in Greece in September 31 BC, chasing them to Egypt in 30 BC. The Battle of Actium was the decisive engagement in the Final War of the Roman Republic between the forces of Octavian and the combined forces of Mark Antony Year 31 BC was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Julian calendar. This article is about the country of Egypt For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Egypt topics. Year 30 BC was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Julian calendar. Both Antony and Cleopatra committed suicide in Alexandria, and Octavian personally took control of Egypt and Alexandria (Egyptian chronologies consider Octavian as Cleopatra's successor as Pharaoh). Pharaoh is the title given in modern parlance to the ancient Egyptian kings of all periods A conspiracy organised by Lepidus's son was crushed by Octavian's ally Gaius Maecenas. Marcus Aemilius Lepidus the Younger or Marcus Aemilius Lepidus Minor ( Minor, Latin for the younger, died 30 BC) was the only child of triumvir Caius Cilnius Maecenas (70 &ndash 8 BC was a confidant and political advisor to Octavian (who was to become the first Emperor of Rome as Caesar Augustus) as well With the complete defeat of Antony and the marginalisation of Lepidus, Augustus was left sole master of the Roman world, and proceeded to establish the Principate as the first Roman "emperor". The Roman Empire was the post-Republican phase of the ancient Roman civilization, characterised by an autocratic form of government and large territorial
See also
The term triumvirate (from Latin, "of three men" is commonly used to describe a political regime dominated by three powerful individuals See also the First Triumvirate (Argentina which came to power in 1811 The Constitution of the Roman Republic or Mos maiorum (Latin for "customs of the ancestors" was an unwritten set of guidelines and principlesDapyx Software network: MP3 Explorer | Ebook Manager | Zenithic