The Second Temple (Hebrew: בית המקדש meaning 'Holy House') was the reconstructed Temple in Jerusalem which stood between 516 BCE and 70 CE. Etymology The Hebrew name given in Scripture for the building is Beit HaMikdash or "The Holy House" and only the Temple in Jerusalem is referred to by this name During this time, it was the center of Jewish worship, which focused on the sacrifices known as the korbanot. Judaism (from the Greek Ioudaïsmos, derived from the Hebrew יהודה Yehudah, " Judah " in Hebrew יַהֲדוּת Yahedut Korban ( Hebrew: "sacrifice" קרבן (plural Korbanot קרבנות in Judaism, is the term for a variety of sacrificial offerings Solomon's Temple, also known as the First Temple, was destroyed in 586 BCE when the Jews were exiled into Babylonian Captivity. Solomon's Temple (בית המקדש transliterated Beit HaMikdash) also known as the First Temple, was according to PLEASE TAKE NOTE************ Exile means to be away from one's home (ie city state or country while either being explicitly refused permission to return and/or being threatened by prison or death upon return The Babylonian captivity, Babylonian exile, is the name typically given to the deportation and exile of the Jews of the ancient Kingdom of Judah to Construction of a new temple was begun in 535; after a hiatus, work resumed ca. 521, with completion occurring in 516 and dedication in 515. As described in the Book of Ezra, rebuilding of the Temple was authorized by Cyrus the Great and ratified by Darius the Great. The Book of Ezra is a book of the Bible in the Old Testament and Hebrew Tanakh. Darius I the Great (c 549 BC&ndash486 BC 𐎭𐎠𐎼𐎹𐎺𐎢𐏁 Dārayavahuš: "Possessing goodness" Having ascended to power amidst controversy and bloodshed The Romans destroyed Jerusalem and its Second Temple on August 4th 70 CE, ending the Great Jewish Revolt that began in 66 CE. The Siege of Jerusalem in the year 70 AD It was a decisive event in the First Jewish-Roman War, followed by the fall of Masada in 73 Events 70 - The Destruction of the Second Temple in Jerusalem by the Romans. Year 70 was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Julian calendar.
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Nation reorganized
After the return from captivity, under Zerubbabel, arrangements were almost immediately made to reorganize the desolated Kingdom of Judah after its demise seventy years earlier. Zerubbabel (זְרֻבָּבֶל Zərubbāvel; Greek: ζοροβαβελ Zŏrobabel) was the grandson of Jehoiachin, penultimate King of Judea is a term used for the mountainous southern part of the historic Land of Israel. The body of pilgrims, forming a band of 42,360 including children (besides their male and female servants, who numbered 7,337, and 200 singing men and women; cf. Ezra 2:65), having completed the long and dreary journey of some four months, from the banks of the Euphrates to Jerusalem, were animated in all their proceedings by a strong religious impulse, and therefore one of their first concerns was to restore their ancient house of worship by rebuilding their destroyed temple and reinstituting the sacrificial rituals known as the korbanot ("sacrifices" in Hebrew). The Euphrates ( ( Arabic: ar نهر الفرات; Turkish: tr Fırat Syriac: syr ܦܪܬ; Hebrew: he פרת Jerusalem (יְרוּשָׁלַיִם, he-Latn Yerushaláyim; Arabic: ar القُدس, ar-Latn al-Quds) is the
On the invitation of Zerubbabel, the governor, who showed them a remarkable example of liberality by contributing personally 1,000 golden darics, besides other gifts, the people poured their gifts into the sacred treasury with great enthusiasm (Ezra 2). The Book of Ezra is a book of the Bible in the Old Testament and Hebrew Tanakh. First they erected and dedicated the altar of God on the exact spot where it had formerly stood, and they then cleared away the charred heaps of debris which occupied the site of the old temple; and in the second month of the second year (535 BCE), amid great public excitement and rejoicing (befitting Psalms 116; 117; 118), the foundations of the second temple were laid. Psalms ( Hebrew: Tehilim, תהילים, or "praises" is a book of the Hebrew Bible (the Christian Old Testament) included A wide interest was felt in this great movement, although it was regarded with mingled feelings by the spectators (Haggai 2:3; Zechariah 4:10).
Samaritans offer
The Samaritans made proposals for co-operation in the work. Zerubbabel and the elders, however, declined all such cooperation, feeling that Judea must build the temple without help. Judea or Judæa ( Hebrew: יהודה Standard Yəhuda Tiberian Yəhûḏāh, "praised Immediately evil reports were spread regarding the Jews. According to Ezra 4:5, the Samaritans sought to "frustrate their purpose" and sent messengers to Ecbatana and Susa, with the result that the work was suspended. Ecbatana ( Old Persian: Haŋgmatana, written Agbatana in Aeschylus and Herodotus, Agámtanu by Nabonidos
Monarchs
Seven years after this Cyrus the Great, who ordered and declared the rebuilding of the temple, died (2Chronicles 36:22-23); he was succeeded by his son Cambyses. On his death the "false Smerdis," an imposter, occupied the throne for some seven or eight months, and then Darius I of Persia became king (522 BCE). Smerdis, Bardiya or Bardia (𐎲𐎼𐎮𐎡𐎹 Bardiya) was a son of Cyrus the Great whose name was allegedly usurped by an impostor a Darius I the Great (c 549 BC&ndash486 BC 𐎭𐎠𐎼𐎹𐎺𐎢𐏁 Dārayavahuš: "Possessing goodness" Having ascended to power amidst controversy and bloodshed Events 529 BC — Cambyses II started to rule He is son of Cyrus II. In the second year of this monarch the work of rebuilding the temple was resumed and carried forward to its completion (Ezra 5:6-6:15), under the stimulus of the earnest counsels and admonitions of the prophets Haggai and Zechariah. Haggai ( Hebrew: חַגַּי, Ḥaggay or "Hag-i" Greek: Αγγαίος) was one of the twelve Minor prophets Zechariah was a person in the Hebrew Bible ( Jewish Tanakh and Christian Old Testament) It was ready for consecration in the spring of 516 BCE, more than twenty years after the return from captivity. Events and trends 519 BC — Zhou Jing Wang becomes King of the Zhou Dynasty of China. The temple was completed on the third day of the month Adar, in the sixth year of the reign of King Darius. (Ezra 6:15)
Missing articles
This second temple was missing the Ark of the Covenant, the Urim and Thummim, the holy oil, the sacred fire, the Ten Commandments, the pot of manna, and Aaron's rod. The Ark of the Covenant (אָרוֹן הָבְרִית ʔārōn hāb’rīθ, Modern aron habrit) is described in the Bible as a sacred container wherein In ancient Israelite religion and culture Urim and Thummim (האורים והתומים Standard haʾUrim vəhaTummim The Ten Commandments, or Decalogue, are a list of religious and moral imperatives that according to Judeo-Christian tradition were authored by God and given Manna (sometimes or archaically spelt mana) ( Hebrew: מָן) is the name of a Food which according to the Bible, was eaten by Aaron's rod refers to any of the staffs carried by Moses ' brother Aaron, in the Old Testament. The Kodesh Hakodashim was separated by curtains rather than a wall as in the first Temple. Women praying in the Western Wall tunnels by David Shankbonejpg|thumb|Women praying in the tunnel at the closest physical point for observant women to the Holy of Holies. As in the Tabernacle, there was in it only one golden lamp for the holy place, one table of showbread, and the incense altar, with golden censers, and many of the vessels of gold that had belonged to Solomon's Temple that had been carried to Babylon but restored by Cyrus (Ezra 1:7-11). The Tabernacle is known in Hebrew as the Mishkan ( משכן "Residence" or "Dwelling Place" Pekiin tabletjpg|thumb|right|151px| Second Temple period stone tablet from a Synagogue in Peki'in, Israel. The Hekhal (variously spelled Hechal or Haichal) Hebrew ההיכל also known as the Sanctuary or Holy, was the part of Showbread ( Hebrew: לחם פנים lechem (happānīm, literally "Bread of the Presence" in the King James Version: shewbread Solomon's Temple (בית המקדש transliterated Beit HaMikdash) also known as the First Temple, was according to Babylon was a City-state of ancient Mesopotamia, the remains of which can be found in present-day Al Hillah, Babil Province, Iraq
This second temple also differed from the first temple in that, while in the older temle there were numerous trees planted in the courts of the Lord, there were no trees in the second temple. The second temple also had for the first time a space, being a part of the outer court, provided for non-Jewish worshippers who were worshippers of God and subject only to those laws incumbent upon gentiles.
This temple was adorned with gold and it was the holiest site in Judaism.
Completion
The temple, when completed, was consecrated and the sacrificial observances known as the korbanot resumed, amid great rejoicings on the part of all the people (Ezra 6:16), although it was evident that the Jews were no longer an independent people, but were subject to a foreign power. Korban ( Hebrew: "sacrifice" קרבן (plural Korbanot קרבנות in Judaism, is the term for a variety of sacrificial offerings The Book of Haggai records a prediction (2:9) that the glory of the second temple would be greater than that of the first. This temple, during the different periods of its existence, is often regarded by believers as but one house, the one only house of God.
Christian views
Many Christians argue that the glory here predicted is spiritual glory and not material splendor, in that Jesus would be present during his life at the second temple. Jesus of Nazareth (7–2 BC / BCE —26–36 AD / CE)
Other Christians read the prophecy quite differently. Some say that in Haggai 2:3, the "former glory" of the house refers to the temple that Solomon had built. Thus, since the former glory of the place identified as "this house" in verse 9 is not the glory of the second temple but of the first one, there is no reason to necessarily say that the latter glory of it is a reference to the glory of the second temple either, but that it could be referring to the glory of the third temple, the one that Ezekiel prophesied. According to religious texts Ezekiel ((יְחֶזְקֵאל Yehezkel, jəx As such, this prophecy is seen as referring to the future temple to be built during the Messianic Kingdom. This explanation is common among those who hold to the dispensationalist and other premillennial models, but those who hold to amillennialism and postmillennialism repudiate it. Dispensationalism is a Christian theological view of history and Biblical interpretation that became popular during the 1800s and early 1900s and is Premillennialism in Christian eschatology is the belief that Christ will literally reign on the earth for 1000 years at his Second coming. Amillennialism ( Latin: a- "not" + mille "thousand" + annum "year" is a view in Christian eschatology In Christian eschatology, postmillennialism is an interpretation of chapter 20 of the Book of Revelation which sees Christ 's Second coming
Renovation under Herod
Around 19 BCE, Herod the Great began a massive renovation and expansion of the Second Temple Complex. Herod's Temple in Jerusalem was a massive expansion of the Temple Mount and construction of a completely new and much larger Jewish Temple by King Herod's Temple in Jerusalem was a massive expansion of the Temple Mount and construction of a completely new and much larger Jewish Temple by King Herod (הוֹרְדוֹס Horodos, Greek: Herōdes) also known as Herod I or Herod the Great (73 BC – 4 BC in Jericho The Temple itself was torn down and a new one built in its place. The resulting structure is sometimes referred to as Herod's Temple, but it is still called the Second Temple because the sacrificial rituals continued unabated throughout the construction process. Herod's Temple in Jerusalem was a massive expansion of the Temple Mount and construction of a completely new and much larger Jewish Temple by King
Destruction
In 66 CE the Jewish population rebelled against the Roman Empire. Four years later, in 70 CE, Roman legions under Titus reconquered and subsequently destroyed much of Jerusalem and the Second Temple. For other uses see Legion The Roman Legion (from Latin legio "military levy Conscription," Titus Flavius Vespasianus, commonly known as Titus ( December 30 39 &ndash September 13 81) was a Roman Emperor who The Siege of Jerusalem in the year 70 AD It was a decisive event in the First Jewish-Roman War, followed by the fall of Masada in 73 The arch of Titus, located in Rome and built to commemorate Titus's victory in Judea, depicts Roman soldiers carrying off the Menorah from the Temple. The Arch of Titus is a Pentelic marble Triumphal arch with a single arched opening located on the Via Sacra just to the south-east of the Forum Pekiin tabletjpg|thumb|right|151px| Second Temple period stone tablet from a Synagogue in Peki'in, Israel. Jerusalem itself was razed by the Emperor Hadrian at the end of the Bar Kochba Rebellion in 135 CE. Publius Aelius Hadrianus (January 24 76 &ndash July 10 138 as emperor Imperator Caesar Divi Traiani filius Traianus Hadrianus Augustus, and Divus Hadrianus after Background After the failed Great Jewish Revolt in the year 70 the Roman authorities took measures to suppress the rebellious province
Discovery of quarry
On September 25, 2007 Yuval Baruch, archaeologist with the Israeli Antiquities Authority announced their discovery of a quarry compound which provided King Herod with the stones to renovate the Second Temple. Events 303 - On a voyage preaching the Gospel, Saint Fermin of Pamplona is beheaded in Amiens, France Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Archaeology, archeology, or archæology (from Greek grc ἀρχαιολογία archaiologia – grc ἀρχαῖος archaīos The Israel Antiquities Authority (IAA העתיקות (before 1990, the Israel Department of Antiquities) is an independent Israeli governmental authority A quarry is a type of open-pit mine from which rock or Minerals are extracted In Geology, rock is a naturally occurring aggregate of Minerals and/or Mineraloids The Earth's outer solid layer the ‘ Lithosphere Renovation is the process of improving a structure Two prominent types of renovations are commercial and residential It houses the Temple Mount. The Temple Mount ( הַר הַבַּיִת, Har haBáyit) also called the Noble Sanctuary ( الحرم القدسي الشريف, al-haram Coins, pottery and iron stake found proved the date of the quarrying to be about 19 BCE. main - title Coin keywords numismatics coin review Pottery is the Ceramic ware made by potters It also refers to a group of materials that includes Earthenware, Stoneware Iron (ˈаɪɚn is a Chemical element with the symbol Fe (ferrum and Atomic number 26 A quarry is a type of open-pit mine from which rock or Minerals are extracted Archaeologist Ehud Nesher confirmed that the large outlines of the stone cuts is evidence that it was a massive public project worked by hundreds of slaves. Archaeology, archeology, or archæology (from Greek grc ἀρχαιολογία archaiologia – grc ἀρχαῖος archaīos Evidence in its broadest sense includes anything that is used to determine or demonstrate the Truth of an assertion Slavery is a social-economic system under which certain persons — known as slaves — are deprived of personal freedom and compelled to perform labour or services [1]
See also
- Destruction of Jerusalem
- Herod's Temple
- Shekinah
- Solomon's Temple
- Temple in Jerusalem
- The Third Temple
External links
- Resources > Second Temple and Talmudic Era > Second Temple JerusalemThe Jewish History Resource Center, Project of the Dinur Center for Research in Jewish History, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem
- Jewish Encyclopedia: Temple, The Second
References
This entry incorporates text from the public domain Easton's Bible Dictionary, originally published in 1897. The Siege of Jerusalem in the year 70 AD It was a decisive event in the First Jewish-Roman War, followed by the fall of Masada in 73 Herod's Temple in Jerusalem was a massive expansion of the Temple Mount and construction of a completely new and much larger Jewish Temple by King Shekhinah (- alternative transliterations Shekinah, Shechinah, Shekina, Shechina, Schechinah, שכינה) is the English Solomon's Temple (בית המקדש transliterated Beit HaMikdash) also known as the First Temple, was according to Etymology The Hebrew name given in Scripture for the building is Beit HaMikdash or "The Holy House" and only the Temple in Jerusalem is referred to by this name This article is about a potential but unbuilt future temple For Herod the Great 's massive renovation of the Second Temple see Herod's Temple.
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