| Second Sino-Japanese War | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Part of World War II | |||||||||
 Map showing the extent of Japanese control in 1940. World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including | |||||||||
| |||||||||
| Belligerents | |||||||||
 China United States1 |  Empire of JapanCollaborationist Chinese Army2 | ||||||||
| Commanders | |||||||||
| Chiang Kai-shek, Chen Cheng, Yan Xishan, Feng Yuxiang, Li Zongren, Xue Yue, Bai Chongxi, Peng Dehuai, Joseph Stilwell, Claire Chennault, Albert Wedemeyer | Hirohito, Fumimaro Konoe, Hideki Tojo, Kotohito Kan'in, Matsui Iwane, Hajime Sugiyama, Shunroku Hata, Toshizo Nishio, Yasuji Okamura, Umezu Yoshijiro, | ||||||||
| Strength | |||||||||
| 5,600,000 Chinese 700+ US aircraft | 3,200,000 Japanese, 900,000 Chinese collaborators[1] | ||||||||
| Casualties and losses | |||||||||
| 3,220,000 military, 17,530,000 civilians | 1,900,000 military (including 480,000 KIA) | ||||||||
| 1 On July 1942, the Flying Tigers became an official United States Army Air Force unit. Events 1456 - A retrial verdict acquits Joan of Arc of heresy 25 years after her death Year 1937 ( MCMXXXVII) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1000 - Battle of Svolder, Viking Age. 1379 - Treaty of Neuberg, splitting the Austrian Year 1945 ( MCMXLV) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar China ( Wade-Giles ( Mandarin) Chung¹kuo² is a cultural region, an ancient Civilization, and depending on perspective a National The Japanese Instrument of Surrender was the written agreement that established the Armistice ending the Pacific War and with it World War II. REPUBLIC OF CHINA ARTICLE GUIDELINES Manchuria ( Romanized Manchu: Manju,, Маньчжурия Mongolian: Манж is a historical name given to a vast geographic region in northeast Taiwan ( Taiwanese: Tâi-oân/Tāi-oân (historically 大灣/台員/大員/台圓/大圓/台窩灣 is an Island in East Asia. The Pescadores ( from Portuguese, "fishermen" pron pɨʃ REPUBLIC OF CHINA ARTICLE GUIDELINES The United States of America —commonly referred to as the The Empire of Japan ( {{unicode|Kyūjitai}}: ja 大日本帝國 Shinjitai: ja 大日本帝国 pronounced Dai Nippon Teikoku The Collaborationist Chinese Army in the Second Sino-Japanese War went under different names at different times depending on which puppet regime it was organized under Chiang Kai-shek ( POJ: Chiúⁿ Kài-se̍k Jyutping: zoeng2gaai3sek6 GCB ( October 31, 1887 &ndash Chen Cheng ( Traditional Chinese: 陳誠 Simplified Chinese: 陈诚 Hanyu Pinyin: Chén Chéng ( January 4, 1897 - March 5 Yen Hsi-shan, ( ( 8 October, 1883 &ndash 22 July, 1960) was a Chinese Warlord who served in the government of the Feng Yuxiang ( (1882&ndash1948 was a Warlord during Republican China. Li Zongren or Li Tsung-jen ( POJ: Lí Chong-jîn ( 13 August 1890 - 13 January 1969) Courtesy name Delin Xue Yue (薛岳 Pinyin: Xuē Yuè ( December 26, 1896 &ndash May 3, 1998) was one of Nationalist China's best generals Bai Chongxi ( ( 18 March 1893 &ndash 1 December 1966) also spelled Pai Chung-hsi, was a Chinese Muslim General Peng Dehuai ( ( October 24, 1898 - November 29 1974) was a prominent military leader of the Communist Party of China, and General Joseph Warren Stilwell ( March 19, 1883 – October 12, 1946) was a United States Army four-star General WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout Albert Coady Wedemeyer (July 9 1897 &ndash December 17 1989 was an American Soldier, who served primarily in World War II in Asia. also known as, (April 29 1901 – January 7 1989 was the 124th Emperor of Japan according to the traditional order reigning from December 25 1926 until his death Fumimaro Konoe 3rd Prince Konoe ( Kyūjitai: 近衞 文麿 Shinjitai: 近衛 文麿 Konoe Fumimaro) ( sometimes Konoye, October 12 was the 6th head of a cadet branch the Japanese imperial family, and a career army officer who served as Chief of the Imperial Japanese Army General Staff from 1931 to General was a General of the Japanese Imperial Army and the commander of the expeditionary forces sent to China in World War II. ( 1 January 1880 - 12 September 1945) was a field marshal who served as successively as chief of the Army General Staff, and Field Marshal, was a field marshal in the Imperial Japanese Army during World War II. was a general of the Imperial Japanese Army, and commander-in-chief of the China Expeditionary Army from November 1944 to the end of World War II. ( 4 January 1882 - 8 January 1949) was a general in the Imperial Japanese Army in World War II. WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout 2 Various Japanese puppet regimes provided significant manpower to support the Japanese occupation. A puppet state is a State that is nominally independent but in reality under the control of another power | |||||||||
 | This article contains Chinese text. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Chinese characters. Mojibake is the happenstance of incorrect unreadable characters (garbage characters shown when Computer software fails to render a text correctly according to its associated A Chinese character, also known as a Han character ( is a Logogram used in writing Chinese (hanzi Japanese ( |
The Second Sino-Japanese War (July 7, 1937 to September 9, 1945) was a major war fought between the Republic of China and the Empire of Japan before and during World War II. Events 1456 - A retrial verdict acquits Joan of Arc of heresy 25 years after her death Year 1937 ( MCMXXXVII) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1000 - Battle of Svolder, Viking Age. 1379 - Treaty of Neuberg, splitting the Austrian Year 1945 ( MCMXLV) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar REPUBLIC OF CHINA ARTICLE GUIDELINES The Empire of Japan ( {{unicode|Kyūjitai}}: ja 大日本帝國 Shinjitai: ja 大日本帝国 pronounced Dai Nippon Teikoku World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including It was the largest Asian war in the twentieth century. [2]
Although the two countries had fought intermittently since 1931, full-scale war started in earnest in 1937 and ended only with the surrender of Japan in 1945. The war was the result of a decades-long Japanese imperialist policy aiming to dominate China politically and militarily to secure its vast raw material reserves and other resources. Imperialism has two meanings one describing an action and the other describing an attitude At the same time, the rising tide of Chinese nationalism and notions of self determination stoked the coals of war. Chinese nationalism ( sometimes synonymous with Chinese Patriotism ( lit Self-determination is defined as free choice of one’s own acts without external compulsion and especially as the freedom of the people of a given Territory to determine their Before 1937, China and Japan fought in small, localized engagements in so-called "incidents". Yet the two sides, for a variety of reasons, refrained from fighting a total war. The 1931 invasion of Manchuria by Japan is known as the "Mukden Incident". Manchuria ( Romanized Manchu: Manju,, Маньчжурия Mongolian: Манж is a historical name given to a vast geographic region in northeast On September 18, 1931, near Mukden (now Shenyang) in southern Manchuria, a section of railroad owned by Japan 's South Manchuria The last of these incidents was the Marco Polo Bridge Incident of 1937, marking the official beginning of full scale war between the two countries. The Marco Polo Bridge Incident ( 盧溝橋事變; also known as 七七事變 七七盧溝橋事變 or the Lugouqiao Incident) was a Battle between Total war is a conflict of unlimited scope in which a Belligerent engages in a total mobilization of all available resources at his disposal
From 1937 to 1941, China fought alone. After the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, the Second Sino-Japanese War merged into the greater conflict of World War II. The attack on Pearl Harbor (or Hawaii Operation, as it was called by the Imperial General Headquarters) was a surprise Military strike conducted by World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including
Nomenclature
In Chinese, the war is most commonly known as the War of Resistance Against Japan (traditional Chinese: 抗日戰爭; simplified Chinese: 抗日战争; pinyin: Kàng Rì Zhànzhēng), and also known as the Eight Years' War of Resistance (八年抗戰), or simply War of Resistance (抗戰). Pinyin, more formally Hanyu pinyin, is the most common Standard Mandarin Romanization system in use
In Japan, the name Japan-China War (日中戦争 Nicchū Sensō?) is most commonly used because of its neutrality. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Japan topics. When the war began in July 1937 near Beijing, the government of Japan used North China Incident (北支事変, Hokushi Jihen), and with the outbreak of war in Central China next month, it was changed to China Incident (支那事変, Shina Jihen). ɕina are Romanized Japanese transliterations for the Chinese character compound "支那" which is viewed by most Chinese people as a highly offensive racist term
The word incident (事変, jihen) was used by Japan as neither country had declared war on each other. Japan wanted to avoid intervention by other countries such as the United Kingdom and particularly the United States, which had been the biggest steel exporter to Japan. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Steel is an Alloy consisting mostly of Iron, with a Carbon content between 0 American President Franklin D. Roosevelt would have had to impose an embargo due to the Neutrality Acts had the fighting been named a war. The Neutrality Acts were a series of laws that were passed by the United States Congress in the 1930s in response to the growing turmoil in Europe and Asia
In Japanese propaganda however, the invasion of China became a "holy war" (seisen), the first step of the Hakko ichiu (eight corners of the world under one roof). Propaganda is a concerted set of messages aimed at influencing the opinions or behaviors of large numbers of people was a Japanese Political slogan that became popular during the first part of the Showa era, and was popularized in a speech by Prime Minister of Japan In 1940, prime minister Konoe thus launched the League of Diet Members Believing the Objectives of the Holy War. The League of Diet Members Believing the Objectives of the Holy War was set up by a group of the Diet of Japan, in support of Japanese government policy in pursuing When both sides formally declared war in December 1941, the name was replaced by Greater East Asia War (大東亜戦争, Daitōa Sensō). The Pacific War was the part of World War II —and preceding conflicts—that took place in the Pacific Ocean, its islands and in East Asia, between
Although the Japanese government still uses "China Incident" in formal documents, because the word Shina is considered a derogatory word by China, media in Japan often paraphrase with other expressions like The Japan-China Incident (日華事変 [Nikka Jihen], 日支事変 [Nisshi Jihen], which were used by media even in the 1930s. Japan no longer officially has the traditional Federal system, and its 47 prefectures, and prefectural and municipal assembly members are popularly elected for ɕina are Romanized Japanese transliterations for the Chinese character compound "支那" which is viewed by most Chinese people as a highly offensive racist term
Also, the name Second Sino-Japanese War is not usually used in Japan, as the First Sino-Japanese War (日清戦争, Nisshin-Sensō), between Japan and the Qing Dynasty in 1894 is not regarded to have obvious direct linkage with the second, between Japan and the Republic of China. The First Sino-Japanese War ( 日清戦争 Romaji: Nisshin Sensō ( 1 August 1894 – 17 April 1895) was a war fought between Not to be confused with Qin Dynasty, the first dynasty of Imperial China REPUBLIC OF CHINA ARTICLE GUIDELINES
Background
The origin of the Second Sino-Japanese War can be traced to the First Sino-Japanese War of 1894-95, in which China, then under the Qing Dynasty, was defeated by Japan and was forced to cede Taiwan and recognize the independence of Korea in the Treaty of Shimonoseki. The First Sino-Japanese War ( 日清戦争 Romaji: Nisshin Sensō ( 1 August 1894 – 17 April 1895) was a war fought between Not to be confused with Qin Dynasty, the first dynasty of Imperial China Taiwan ( Taiwanese: Tâi-oân/Tāi-oân (historically 大灣/台員/大員/台圓/大圓/台窩灣 is an Island in East Asia. Korea is a geographic area composed of two sovereign countries a civilization and a former state situated on the Korean Peninsula in East Asia. The Treaty of Shimonoseki ( Japanese: 下関条約 "Shimonoseki Jōyaku") known as the Treaty of Maguan ( in China was signed at The Qing Dynasty was on the brink of collapse from internal revolts and foreign imperialism, while Japan had emerged as a great power through its effective measures of modernization. Imperialism has two meanings one describing an action and the other describing an attitude A great power is a Nation or State that has the ability to exert its influence on a global scale The idea of modernization comes from a view of societies as having a standard Evolutionary pattern as described in the Social evolutionism theories The Republic of China was founded in 1912, following the Xinhai Revolution which overthrew the Qing Dynasty. REPUBLIC OF CHINA ARTICLE GUIDELINES The Xinhai Revolution or Shinhai Revolution ( also known as the 1911 Revolution or the Chinese Revolution, began with the Wuchang Uprising However, the nascent Republic was even weaker than its predecessor because of the dominance of warlords. The Warlord era is the period in the History of the Republic of China, from 1916 to the late-1930s when the country was divided among military cliques, a division Unifying the nation and repelling imperialism seemed a very remote possibility. Some warlords even aligned themselves with various foreign powers in an effort to wipe each other out. For example, warlord Zhang Zuolin of Manchuria openly cooperated with the Japanese for military and economic assistance. Zhāng Zuòlín ( Traditional Chinese: 張作霖 Simplified Chinese: 张作霖, Pinyin: Zhāng Zuòlín Wade-Giles: Chang Tso-lin Manchuria ( Romanized Manchu: Manju,, Маньчжурия Mongolian: Манж is a historical name given to a vast geographic region in northeast It was during the early period of the Republic that Japan became the greatest foreign threat to China.
In 1915, Japan issued the Twenty-One Demands to further its political and commercial interests in China. The were a set of demands made by the Empire of Japan under Prime Minister Ōkuma Shigenobu sent to the nominal government of the Republic of Following World War I, Japan acquired the German sphere of influence in Shandong. World War I (abbreviated WWI; also known as the First World War, the Great War, and the War to End All Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. A sphere of influence ( SOI) is an area or region over which an organization or state exerts some kind of indirect cultural economic military or political domination ( is a coastal province of eastern People's Republic of China. China under the Beiyang government remained fragmented and unable to resist foreign incursions until the Northern Expedition of 1926-28, launched by the Kuomintang (KMT, or Chinese Nationalist Party) in Guangzhou against various warlords. The Beiyang government ( or Warlord government collectively refers to a series of military regimes that ruled from Beijing from 1912 to 1928 at Zhongnanhai The Northern Expedition ( was a military campaign led by the Kuomintang (KMT from 1926 to 1928. Guangzhou ( Jyutping: Gwong²zau¹; Yale: Gwóngjàu) is the Capital and a Sub-provincial city The Northern Expedition swept through China until it was checked in Shandong, where Beiyang warlord Zhang Zongchang, backed by the Japanese, attempted to stop the Kuomintang Army from unifying China. The term Beiyang ( Chinese: 北洋 Pinyin: Běiyáng Wade-Giles: Peiyang meaning 'Northern Ocean' originated toward the end of the Qing Dynasty Zhang Zongchang ( (1881 &ndash 1932 nicknamed the "Dogmeat General" was a Chinese Warlord in Shandong in the early 20th century The National Revolutionary Army ( NRA) ( sometimes shortened to 國軍 or National Army) was the National Army This situation culminated in the Jinan Incident of 1928 in which the Kuomintang army and the Japanese were engaged in a short conflict. The Jinan Incident ( Japanese:済南事件 or May 3rd Tragedy ( Traditional Chinese: 五三慘案, Simplified Chinese: 五三惨案 or In the same year, Manchurian warlord Zhang Zuolin was also assassinated when he became less willing to cooperate with Japan. Huanggutun Incident ( Chinese: 皇姑屯事件 Japanese:) was an assassination plotted by Japanese Kantogun that targeted Fengtian warlord Following these incidents, the Kuomintang government under Chiang Kai-shek finally succeeded in unifying China in 1928. Chiang Kai-shek ( POJ: Chiúⁿ Kài-se̍k Jyutping: zoeng2gaai3sek6 GCB ( October 31, 1887 &ndash
Still, numerous conflicts between China and Japan persisted as Chinese nationalism had been on the rise and one of the ultimate goals of the Three Principles of the People was to rid China of foreign imperialism. Chinese nationalism ( sometimes synonymous with Chinese Patriotism ( lit The Three Principles of the People, also Translated as Three People's Principles, or collectively San-min Doctrine, is a Political Philosophy However, the Northern Expedition had only nominally unified China, and civil wars broke out between former warlords and rival Kuomintang factions. In addition, the Chinese Communists revolted against the central government following a purge of its members. The Communist Party of China ( CPC) ( also known as the Chinese Communist Party ( CCP) is the founding and ruling political party of the Because of these situations, the Chinese central government diverted much attention into fighting these civil wars and followed a policy of "first internal pacification before external resistance". This situation provided an easy opportunity for Japan to further its goals. In 1931, the Japanese invaded Manchuria right after the Mukden Incident. The invasion of Manchuria by the Kwantung Army of the Empire of Japan, beginning on September 19, 1931, immediately followed On September 18, 1931, near Mukden (now Shenyang) in southern Manchuria, a section of railroad owned by Japan 's South Manchuria After five months of fighting, in 1932, the puppet state Manchukuo was established with the last emperor of China, Puyi, installed as its head of state. A puppet state is a State that is nominally independent but in reality under the control of another power Manchukuo (ja [[wikt満州国 満州国]] Manshūkoku lit "State of Manchuria " was a Puppet state in Manchuria and eastern Puyi ( ( February 7, 1906 &ndash October 17, 1967) of the Manchu Aisin-Gioro ruling family was the last Emperor Unable to challenge Japan directly, China appealed to the League of Nations for help. The League of Nations was an International organization founded as a result of the Treaty of Versailles in 1919–1920 The League's investigation was published as the Lytton Report, which condemned Japan for its incursion of Manchuria, and led Japan to withdraw from the League of Nations. was a report generated by a League of Nations commission in December 1931 to try to determine the causes of the Manchurian Incident which led to the Empire of Japan From the late 1920s and throughout the 1930s, appeasement was the policy of the international community and no country was willing to take an active stance other than a weak censure. Japan saw Manchuria as a limitless supply of raw materials and as a buffer state against the Soviet Union. A buffer state is a Country lying between two rival or potentially hostile greater powers, which by its sheer existence is thought to prevent conflict between them The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991
Incessant conflicts followed the Mukden Incident. In 1932, Chinese and Japanese soldiers fought a short war in the January 28 Incident. The January 28 Incident ( January 28 – March 3 1932) was a short war between the armies of the Republic of China and the Empire of Japan The war resulted in the demilitarization of Shanghai, which forbade the Chinese from deploying troops in their own city. Shanghai ( 上[[wikt 海|海]] is the largest city in China in terms of population and one of the largest urban areas in the world with over 20 million In Manchukuo there was an ongoing campaign to defeat the volunteer armies that arose from the popular frustration at the policy of nonresistance to the Japanese. The Pacification of Manchukuo, was a campaign to pacify the resistance to the newly established Puppet state of Manchukuo between the Anti-Japanese After the Invasion of Manchuria, and until 1933 large volunteer armies waged war against Japanese and Manchukuo forces over much of Northeast China In 1933, the Japanese attacked the Great Wall region, and in its wake the Tanggu Truce was signed, which gave Japan the control of Rehe province and a demilitarized zone between the Great Wall and Beiping-Tianjin region. The Defense of the Great Wall ( (January 1 1933 &ndash May 31 1933 was a campaign between the armies of Republic of China and Empire of Japan, which The Tanggu Truce, sometimes called the Tangku Truce ( Japanese, was a Cease-fire signed between China and Empire of Japan in Administration Rehe was located north of the Great Wall, west of Manchuria, and east of Mongolia. The Japanese aim was to create another buffer region, this time between Manchukuo and the Chinese Nationalist government whose capital was Nanjing. ( Chinese: 南京 Romanizations Nánjīng ( Pinyin) Nan-ching ( Wade-Giles
In addition, Japan increasingly utilized the internal conflicts among the Chinese factions to reduce their strength one by one. This was precipitated by the fact that even some years after the Northern Expedition, the political power of the Nationalist government only extended around the Yangtze River Delta region, and other regions of China were essentially held in the hands of regional powers. The Yangtze River Delta or Yangtze Delta, also called Chang Jiang Delta, or the Golden Triangle of the Yangtze ( Hanyu Pinyin:) generally Thus, Japan often bought off or created special links with these regional powers to undermine the efforts of the central Nationalist government in bringing unity to China. To do this, Japan sought various Chinese collaborators and helped these men lead governments that were friendly to Japan. In Chinese culture, a Hanjian ( is a highly derogatory and Pejorative term for a Traitor, especially to the Han Chinese ethnicity This policy was called the Specialization of North China (Chinese: 華北特殊化; pinyin: húaběitèshūhùa), or more commonly known as the North China Autonomous Movement. Northern China or North China ( literally "China's north" is a Geographical region of China. Pinyin, more formally Hanyu pinyin, is the most common Standard Mandarin Romanization system in use The northern provinces affected by this policy were Chahar, Suiyuan, Hebei, Shanxi, and Shandong. Administration and history Chahar is a tribal group of the Mongols. ( Postal map spelling: Hopeh) is a northern province of the People's Republic of China. ( Postal map spelling: Shansi) is a province in the northern part of the People's Republic of China. ( is a coastal province of eastern People's Republic of China.
This Japanese policy was most effective in the area of what is now Inner Mongolia and Hebei. In 1935, under Japanese pressure, China signed the He-Umezu Agreement, which forbade the KMT from conducting party operations in Hebei. The was a secret agreement between the Empire of Japan and the Republic of China concluded on 10 June 1935 immediately prior to the outbreak of general In the same year, the Ching-Doihara Agreement was signed and vacated the KMT from Chahar. The was an agreement to resolve the North Chahar Incident of 1935-06-27 between the Empire of Japan and Republic of China. Thus, by the end of 1935, the Chinese central government had virtually vacated North China. In its place, the Japanese-backed East Hebei Autonomous Council and the Hebei-Chahar Political Council were established. The East Hebei Autonomous Council, also known as the East Ji Autonomous Council (, or ( Japanese), or the East Hopei Autonomous Anti-Communist Council The Hebei-Chahar Political Council, or Hebei-Chahar Political Commission, was established at Beijing under Gen There in the vacated area of Chahar the Mongol Military Government (蒙古軍政府) was formed on May 12, 1936 with Japan providing military and economic aid. Mengjiang ( Postal map spelling: Mengkiang) also known in English as Mongol Border Land, was a Puppet state in Inner Mongolia Events 1191 - Richard I of England marries Berengaria of Navarre. Year 1936 ( MCMXXXVI) was a Leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. This government tried to take control of Suiyuan in late 1936 and early 1937 but was defeated. The Suiyuan Campaign was an engagement between the National Revolutionary Army of the Republic of China and the Japanese -trained Inner Mongolian Immediately after the successful outcome of this campaign the Xi'an Incident occurred, resulting temporarily in the end of the Chinese Civil War and the forming of a United Front of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) and KMT against Japan on 24 December 1936. The Xi'an Incident of December 1936 ( is an important episode of Chinese modern history, taking place in the city of Xi'an during the Chinese Civil War The Second United Front was the alliance between the Kuomintang (KMT and Chinese Communist Party (CCP during the Second Sino-Japanese War or The Communist Party of China ( CPC) ( also known as the Chinese Communist Party ( CCP) is the founding and ruling political party of the
Japan's invasion of China
Most historians place the beginning of the Second Sino-Japanese War on July 7, 1937 at the Marco Polo Bridge Incident, when a crucial access point to Beijing was assaulted by the Japanese. Events 1456 - A retrial verdict acquits Joan of Arc of heresy 25 years after her death Year 1937 ( MCMXXXVII) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The Marco Polo Bridge Incident ( 盧溝橋事變; also known as 七七事變 七七盧溝橋事變 or the Lugouqiao Incident) was a Battle between Some Chinese historians, however place the starting point at the Mukden Incident of September 18, 1931. On September 18, 1931, near Mukden (now Shenyang) in southern Manchuria, a section of railroad owned by Japan 's South Manchuria Events 96 - Nerva is proclaimed Roman Emperor after Domitian is assassinated Year 1931 ( MCMXXXI) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display full 1931 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Following the Mukden Incident, the Japanese Kwantung Army occupied Manchuria and established the puppet state of Manchukuo on February 18, 1932. The, also known as the Guandong Army ( 관동군 was an Army group of the Imperial Japanese Army in the early twentieth century Events 3102 BC - Epoch (origin of the Kali Yuga. 1229 - The Sixth Crusade: Frederick II Holy Year 1932 ( MCMXXXII) was a Leap year starting on Friday of the Gregorian calendar. Japan tried forcing the Chinese government to recognize the independence of Manchukuo. However, when the League of Nations determined that Manchukuo was a product of Japanese aggression, Japan withdrew from the League. The League of Nations was an International organization founded as a result of the Treaty of Versailles in 1919–1920
Following the Marco Polo Bridge Incident in July 1937, the Japanese occupied Shanghai, Nanjing and Southern Shanxi in campaigns involving approximately 350,000 Japanese soldiers, and considerably more Chinese soldiers. The Marco Polo Bridge Incident ( 盧溝橋事變; also known as 七七事變 七七盧溝橋事變 or the Lugouqiao Incident) was a Battle between The Battle of Shanghai was the first of the twenty-two major engagements fought between the National Revolutionary Army, Republic of China and the Imperial The Battle of Nanjing ( began after the fall of Shanghai in October 9, 1937, and ended with the fall of the capital city of Nanjing The Battle of Xinkou ( was the second of the 22 major engagements between the National Revolutionary Army and Imperial Japanese Army during the Second Sino-Japanese Historians estimate up to 300,000 people perished in the Nanking Massacre, after the fall of Nanjing on December 13, 1937, while some Japanese historians denied the existence of a massacre at all. The Battle of Nanjing ( began after the fall of Shanghai in October 9, 1937, and ended with the fall of the capital city of Nanjing Events 1294 - Saint Celestine V abdicates the papacy after only five months Celestine hoped to return to his previous life Year 1937 ( MCMXXXVII) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. For the critical reexamination of historical facts see Historical revisionism. The height of Japanese army advance cumulated in capturing the city of Wuhan. The Battle of Wuhan ( popularly known to Chinese as the Defense of Wuhan ( and to the Japanese as the Invasion of Wuhan ( Japanese
Aerial combat between the Chinese Air Force and the Imperial Japanese Army and Navy Air Forces began in earnest in August of 1937. 1937-1940 Fighting in China the Hawk 75 took an active part in combat but did not achieve any special success By the end of 1940 the Chinese air force was effectively wiped out because China lacked the technological, industrial and military infrastructure to replace aircraft lost during combat. Throughout the next few years, the Imperial air force of the Navy and the Army launched the world's first massive air bombing raids of civilian targets on nearly every major city in China, leaving millions dead, injured and homeless. The Imperial Japanese Navy Air Service ( Japanese:" 海軍航空本部 Dai-Nippon Teikoku Kaigun Koku Hombu) was the air branch of the Imperial Japanese The (IJAAF was the land-based Aviation force of the Imperial Japanese Army. Strategic bombing during World War II was greater in scale than any wartime attack the world had previously witnessed
The Marco Polo Bridge Incident not only marked the beginning of an open, undeclared, war between China and Japan, but also hastened the formation of the Second United Front between the Kuomintang (KMT) and the Chinese Communist Party (CCP). A declaration of war is a formal performative Speech act or signing of a document by an authorised party of a government in order to initate a state of War The Second United Front was the alliance between the Kuomintang (KMT and Chinese Communist Party (CCP during the Second Sino-Japanese War or The Communist Party of China ( CPC) ( also known as the Chinese Communist Party ( CCP) is the founding and ruling political party of the The cooperation took place with salutary effects for the beleaguered CCP. The high point of the cooperation came in 1938 during the Battle of Wuhan. The Battle of Wuhan ( popularly known to Chinese as the Defense of Wuhan ( and to the Japanese as the Invasion of Wuhan ( Japanese However, the distrust between the two antagonists was scarcely veiled. The uneasy alliance began to break down by late 1938, despite Japan's steady territorial gains in northern China, the coastal regions, and the rich Yangtze River Valley in central China. After 1940, open conflict between the Nationalists and Communists became more frequent in the areas outside Japanese control, culminating in the New Fourth Army Incident. The New Fourth Army Incident (新四軍事件 also known as the Wannan Incident (皖南事变 occurred during the Second Sino-Japanese War, during which The Communists expanded their influence wherever opportunities were presented, through mass organizations, administrative reforms, land and tax reform measures favoring peasants, while the Nationalists attempted to neutralize the spread of Communist influence and fight the Japanese at the same time. Landed property or landed estates is a Real estate term that usually refers to a property that generates income for the owner without the owner having to A peasant is an agricultural worker who subsists by working a small plot of ground
The Japanese implemented a strategy of creating friendly puppet governments favorable to Japanese interests in the territories conquered. However, the atrocities committed by the Japanese army made these governments very unpopular and ineffective. The Japanese did succeed in recruiting and forming a large Collaborationist Chinese Army to maintain public security in the occupied areas. The Collaborationist Chinese Army in the Second Sino-Japanese War went under different names at different times depending on which puppet regime it was organized under
By 1940, the fighting had reached a stalemate. While Japan held most of the eastern coastal areas of China and Vietnam, guerrilla fighting continued in the conquered areas. Guerrilla warfare is the unconventional warfare and combat with which a small group of combatants use mobile tactics (ambushes raids etc The Nationalist government of Chiang Kai-shek struggled on from a provisional capital at the city of Chongqing. Chiang Kai-shek ( POJ: Chiúⁿ Kài-se̍k Jyutping: zoeng2gaai3sek6 GCB ( October 31, 1887 &ndash Chongqing ( Postal map spelling: Chungking; Wade-Giles: Ch'ung-ch'ing) is the largest and most populous of the People's Republic of China China, with its low industrial capacities and limited experience in modern warfare, could not launch any decisive counter-offensive against Japan. Modern warfare, although present in every Historical period of Military history, is generally used to refer to the concepts, methods and Chiang could not risk an all-out campaign given the poorly-trained, under-equipped, and disorganized state of his armies and opposition to his leadership both within Kuomintang and in China at large. He had lost a substantial portion of his best trained and equipped army defending Shanghai and was at times at the mercy of his generals, who maintained a high degree independence from the central KMT government. The Battle of Shanghai was the first of the twenty-two major engagements fought between the National Revolutionary Army, Republic of China and the Imperial On the other hand, Japan had suffered tremendous casualties from unexpectedly stubborn resistance in China and already developed problems in administering and garrisoning the seized territories. Neither side could make any swift progress in a manner resembling the fall of France and Western Europe to Nazi Germany. In World War II, the Battle of France, also known as the Fall of France, was the German invasion of France and the Low Countries Nazi Germany and the Third Reich are the common English names for Germany under the regime of Adolf Hitler and the National Socialist German Workers
Chinese resistance strategy
The basis of Chinese strategy during the war can be divided into three periods:
First Period: 7 July 1937 (Battle of Lugou Bridge) – 25 October 1938 (Fall of Wuhan). The Marco Polo Bridge Incident ( 盧溝橋事變; also known as 七七事變 七七盧溝橋事變 or the Lugouqiao Incident) was a Battle between The Battle of Wuhan ( popularly known to Chinese as the Defense of Wuhan ( and to the Japanese as the Invasion of Wuhan ( Japanese
Unlike Japan, China was unprepared for total war and had little military-industrial strength, no mechanized divisions, and few armored forces. Total war is a conflict of unlimited scope in which a Belligerent engages in a total mobilization of all available resources at his disposal Armoured warfare or tank warfare is the use of Armoured fighting vehicles in Modern warfare. An armoured fighting vehicle ( AFV) is a military Vehicle, protected by armour and armed with Weapons Most AFVs are equipped for driving in rugged Up until the mid-1930s China had hoped that the League of Nations would provide countermeasures to Japan's aggression. The League of Nations was an International organization founded as a result of the Treaty of Versailles in 1919–1920 In addition, the Kuomintang government was mired in a civil war against the Communists, as Chiang was famously quoted: "the Japanese are a disease of the skin, the Communists are a disease of the heart". The Communist Party of China ( CPC) ( also known as the Chinese Communist Party ( CCP) is the founding and ruling political party of the Though the Communists formed the New Fourth Army and the 8th Route Army which were nominally under the command of the National Revolutionary Army, the United Front was never truly unified, as each side was preparing for a showdown with the other once the Japanese were driven out. The New Fourth Army ( was a unit of the National Revolutionary Army of the Republic of China established in 1937 The Eighth Route Army ( was the larger of the two major Chinese communist forces that formed a unit of the National Revolutionary Army of the Republic of China which The National Revolutionary Army ( NRA) ( sometimes shortened to 國軍 or National Army) was the National Army The Second United Front was the alliance between the Kuomintang (KMT and Chinese Communist Party (CCP during the Second Sino-Japanese War or
Even under these extremely unfavorable circumstances, Chiang realized that in order to win the support from the United States or other foreign nations, China must prove that it was indeed capable of fighting. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the A fast retreat would discourage foreign aid so Chiang decided to make a stand in the Battle of Shanghai. The Battle of Shanghai was the first of the twenty-two major engagements fought between the National Revolutionary Army, Republic of China and the Imperial Chiang sent the best of his German-trained divisions to defend China's largest and most industrialized city from the Japanese. The German trained divisions were divisions in the National Revolutionary Army ( NRA) trained under Sino-German cooperation. is a process of social and economic change whereby a human group is transformed from a Pre-industrial society into an industrial one The battle lasted over three months saw heavy casualties on both sides and ended with a Chinese retreat towards Nanjing. While this was a military defeat for the Chinese, it proved that China would not be defeated easily and showed China's determination to the world, which became an enormous morale booster for the Chinese people as it ended the Japanese taunt that Japan could conquer Shanghai in three days and China in three months.
Afterwards the Chinese began to adopt the strategy of "trading space for time" (Chinese: 以空間換取時間). The Chinese army would put up fights to delay Japanese advance to northern and eastern cities, to allow the home front, along with its professionals and key industries, to retreat west into Chongqing. Home front is the informal term commonly used to describe the Civilian populace of the Nation at War as an active support Chongqing ( Postal map spelling: Chungking; Wade-Giles: Ch'ung-ch'ing) is the largest and most populous of the People's Republic of China As a result of Chinese troops' scorched earth strategies, where dams and levees were intentionally sabotaged to create massive flooding, the consecutive Japanese advancements and conquests began to stall in late-1938. A scorched earth policy is a military strategy or operational method (possibly more often referred to as a tactic but this is not entirely correct as there is a difference between The 1938 Yellow River flood was a flood created by the Nationalist Government in central China during the early stage
Second Period: 25 October 1938 (Fall of Wuhan) - April 1944 (before Operation Ichi-Go). Operation Ichi-Go was a campaign of a series of major battles between the Imperial Japanese Army forces and the National Revolutionary Army of the Republic of
During this period, the Chinese main objective was to prolong the war. Therefore the Chinese army adopted the concept of "magnetic warfare" to attract advancing Japanese troops to definite points where they were subjected to ambush, flanking attacks, and encirclements in major engagements. In Military tactics, a flanking maneuver, also called a flank attack, is an attack on the sides of an opposing force Encirclement is a military term for the situation when a force or target is isolated and surrounded by enemy forces The most prominent example of this tactic is the successful defense of Changsha numerous times.
Also, CCP and other local guerrillas forces continued their resistance in occupied areas to pester the enemy and make their administration over the vast lands of China difficult. As a result the Japanese really only controlled the cities and railroads, while the countrysides were almost always hotbeds of partisan activity.
By 1940, the war had reached a stalemate with both sides making minimal gains. The Chinese had successfully defended their land from oncoming Japanese on several occasions, while strong resistance in areas occupied by the Japanese made a victory seem impossible to the Japanese. The Hundred Regiments Offensive (百团大战 ( August 20 – December 5, 1940) was a major campaign of the Communist Party of China 's This frustrated the Japanese and led them to employ the "Three Alls Policy" (kill all, loot all, burn all) (三光政策, Hanyu Pinyin: Sānguāng Zhèngcè, Japanese On: Sankō Seisaku). The Three Alls Policy (三光作戦 Sankō Sakusen;) was a Japanese Scorched earth policy adopted in China during World War II, the three alls Pinyin, more formally Hanyu pinyin, is the most common Standard Mandarin Romanization system in use is a language spoken by over 130 million people in Japan and in Japanese emigrant communities are the Chinese characters that are used in the modern Japanese logographic writing system along with Hiragana (ひらがな 平仮名 Katakana It was during this time period that the bulk of Japanese atrocities were committed.
Third Period: 17 April 1944 (Operation Ichi-Go) - 15 August 1945 (Japanese Surrender). The Japanese Instrument of Surrender was the written agreement that established the Armistice ending the Pacific War and with it World War II.
At this stage Japan conducted its final offensive in China. Operation Ichi-Go was a campaign of a series of major battles between the Imperial Japanese Army forces and the National Revolutionary Army of the Republic of Although large areas were captured in this massive operation, the Japanese military resources were exhausted and its army stretched to the limit. This allowed the Chinese to begin general full frontal counter-attacks to take back cities lost during Operation Ichi-Go, but these operations ended abruptly after the Japanese surrendered.
Foreign involvement
See also: Motives of the Second Sino-Japanese War
The Second Sino-Japanese War was not just a war between Japan and China, but involved many nations that had different vested interests that influenced their position and action taken during different phases of this war. It is clear that China had an intensely difficult task at hand in attempting to win Allies' support while they had motives not necessarily in congruence with China's. The Allies of World War II were the countries officially opposed to the Axis powers during the Second World War.
At the outbreak of full scale war, many global powers were reluctant to provide support to China; because in their opinion the Chinese would eventually lose the war, and they did not wish to antagonize the Japanese who might, in turn, eye their colonial possessions in the region. They expected any support given to Kuomintang might worsen their own relationship with the Japanese, who taunted the Kuomintang with the prospect of conquest within three months.
However, Germany and the Soviet Union did provide support to the Chinese before the war escalated to the Asian theatre of World War II. Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991 World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including Prior to the outbreak of the war, Germany and China had close economic and military cooperation, with Germany helping China modernize its industry and military in exchange for raw materials. Sino-German cooperation from 1911 to 1941 refers to the cooperation between China and Germany More than half of the German arms exports during its rearmament period were to China. Nevertheless the proposed 30 new divisions equipped and trained with Germany assistance did not materialize when Germany withdrew its support in 1938. The German trained divisions were divisions in the National Revolutionary Army ( NRA) trained under Sino-German cooperation. The Soviet Union wished to keep China in the war to hinder the Japanese from invading Siberia, thus saving itself from a two front war. Siberia (Сиби́рь Sibir) is the name given to the vast region constituting almost all of Northern Asia and for the most part currently serving In Military terminology a two-front war is one in which fighting takes place on two geographically separate fronts In September 1937 the Soviet leadership signed Sino-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact, began aiding China and approved Operation Zet, a Soviet volunteer air force. The Sino-Soviet Nonaggression Pact (中蘇互不侵犯條約 was signed on August 21, 1937, between the Republic of China and the Soviet Union Operation Zet was a secret operation of the Soviet Union to provide military and technical resources to the Republic of China as a part of the Sino-Soviet Non-Aggression As part of the secret operation Soviet technicians upgraded and handled some of the Chinese war-supply transport. Bombers, fighters, military supplies and advisors arrived, including future Soviet war hero Georgy Zhukov, who won the Battle of Halhin Gol. A fighter aircraft is a Military aircraft designed primarily for air-to-air combat with other Aircraft, as opposed to a Bomber, which is designed The Battle of Khalkhyn Gol (бои на реке Халхин-Гол Халхын голын байлдаан Japanese ノモンハン事件 Nomonhan jiken --i Prior to the entrance of Western allies, the Soviet Union provided the largest amount of foreign aid to China, totalling some $250 million of credits in munitions and supplies. In 1941 Soviet aid ended as a result of the Soviet-Japanese Neutrality Pact and the beginning of Great Patriotic War. The was a Pact between the Soviet Union and the Empire of Japan signed in 1941 two years after the brief Soviet-Japanese Border War (1939. The term Great Patriotic War (Великая Отечественная война Velikaya Otechestvennaya Vojna) is used in Russia and some other This pact avoided the Soviet Union from fighting against Germany and Japan at the same time.
From December 1937, events such as the Japanese attack on the USS Panay and the Nanking Massacre, swung public opinion in the West sharply against Japan and increased their fear of Japanese expansionism, which prompted United States, the United Kingdom, and France to provide loan assistance for war supply contracts to Kuomintang. The Panay incident was a Japanese attack on the United States Navy Gunboat ''Panay'' while she was anchored in the Yangtze River The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. Furthermore, Australia prevented a Japanese Government-owned company from taking over an iron mine in Australia, and banned iron ore exports in 1938. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Australia topics. Iron ores are rocks and Minerals from which Metallic Iron can be economically extracted [4] Japan retaliated by invading Vietnam in 1940, and successfully blockaded China and prevented import of arms, fuel and 10,000 tons/month of materials supplied by the Western Powers through the Haiphong-Yunnan Fou railway line. The, also known as the Vietnam Expedition, was an attempt by the Empire of Japan, during the Second Sino-Japanese War to blockade China and prevent The term Western world, the West or the Occident ( Latin: occidens -sunset -west as distinct from the Orient) can have multiple meanings
By mid-1941, the United States organized the American Volunteer Group, or Flying Tigers. The American Volunteer Groups were volunteer air units organized by the government of the USA in order to aid the Nationalist government of China against Their early combat success of 300 kills against a loss of 12 of their shark painted P-40 fighters earned them wide recognition at the time when Allies were suffering heavy losses. WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout Entering soon after the U. S. and Japan were at war, their dogfighting tactics would be adopted by US forces. They would also transmit the appreciative Chinese thumbs-up gesture for number one into military culture. For the Chinese newspaper see Thumbs Up (newspaper. For the Indian Cola drink see Thums Up A thumbs up or thumbs down is In addition, the United States, Britain and the Netherlands East Indies began oil and/or steel embargos. See http//enwikipediaorg/wiki/WikipediaFootnotes for an explanation of how to generate footnotes using the tags and the template below In international Commerce and politics, an embargo is the prohibition of commerce The loss of oil imports made it impossible for Japan to continue operations in China. This set the stage for Japan to launch a series of military attack against the western Allies, when the Imperial Navy raided Pearl Harbor on December 8, 1941 (December 7 in U. The attack on Pearl Harbor (or Hawaii Operation, as it was called by the Imperial General Headquarters) was a surprise Military strike conducted by Events 1609 - Biblioteca Ambrosiana opens its reading room the second public library of Europe. Year 1941 ( MCMXLI) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (the link will display 1941 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 43 BC - Marcus Tullius Cicero assassinated 1696 - Connecticut Route 108, one of the oldest highways S. time zones).
Entrance of Western Allies
Within a few days of the attack on Pearl Harbor, both the United States and China officially declared war against Japan. Chiang Kai-shek continued to receive supplies from the United States, as the Chinese conflict was merged into the Asian theatre of World War II. The Pacific War was the part of World War II —and preceding conflicts—that took place in the Pacific Ocean, its islands and in East Asia, between However, in contrast to the Arctic supply route to the Soviet Union that stayed open most of the war, sea routes to China had long been closed, so between the closing of the Burma Road in 1942 and its re-opening as the Ledo Road in 1945, foreign aid was largely limited to what could be flown in over The Hump. The Burma Campaign in the South-East Asian Theatre of World War II took place over four years from 1942 to 1945. Burma and Ledo Road 1944 - 1945jpg|250px|thumb|right|Burma Road and Ledo Road in 1944]]Ledo Burma Roads Assam-Burma-China The Hump was the name given by Allied pilots in the Second World War to the eastern end of the Himalayan Mountains over which they flew from India Most of China's own industry had already been captured or destroyed by Japan, and the Soviet Union could spare little from the Eastern Front. Because of these reasons, the Chinese government never had the supplies and equipment needed to mount a major offensive.
Chiang was appointed Allied Commander-in-Chief in the China theater in 1942. General Joseph Stilwell served for a time as Chiang's Chief of Staff, while commanding US forces in the China Burma India Theater. General Joseph Warren Stilwell ( March 19, 1883 – October 12, 1946) was a United States Army four-star General China Burma India Theater (CBI (later IBT or India-Burma theater was the name used by the United States Army for its forces operating in conjuction with Allied air However, relations between Stilwell and Chiang soon broke down, because of a number of factors. Some historians suggested it is largely due to the corruption and inefficiency of the Chinese government. However, some historians believed it was a more complicated situation. Stilwell had a strong desire to assume control of Chinese troops, which Chiang vehemently opposed. Stilwell did not appreciate the complexity of the situation, including the buildup of the Chinese Communists during the war (essentially Chiang had to fight a multi-front war - the Japanese on one side, the Communists on the other) Stilwell criticized the Chinese government's conduct of the war in the American media, and to President Franklin D. Roosevelt. Chiang was hesitant to deploy more Chinese troops away from the main front because China already suffered tens of millions of war casualties, and believed that Japan would eventually capitulate to America's overwhelming industrial output and manpower. The Allies began to lose confidence in the Chinese ability to conduct offensive operations from the Asian mainland, and instead concentrated their efforts against the Japanese in the Pacific Ocean Areas and South West Pacific Area, employing an island hopping strategy. Pacific Ocean Areas was the major Allied military command in the Pacific Ocean theater of World War II. The South West Pacific was one of two theatres of World War II in the Pacific region between 1942 and 1945. Island hopping is a term that has several different definitions as it is applied in various fields
Conflicts among China, the United States, and the United Kingdom also emerged in the Pacific war. Winston Churchill was reluctant to devote British troops, the majority of whom were defeated by the Japanese in earlier campaigns, to reopen the Burma Road. Sir Winston Leonard Spencer-Churchill, KG, OM, CH, TD, FRS, PC, PC (Can ( 30 November 1874 The Burma Road is a Road linking Burma (also called Myanmar with China. On the other hand, Stilwell believed that the reopening of the Burma Road was vital to China as all the ports on mainland China were under Japanese control. Churchill's "Europe First" policy obviously did not sit well with Chiang. Europe first (sometimes known as Germany first) was the key element of the Grand strategy employed by the United States and the United Kingdom Furthermore, the later British insistence that China send in more and more troops into Indochina in the Burma Campaign was regarded as an attempt by Great Britain to use Chinese manpower to secure Britain's colonial holdings in Southeast Asia and prevent the gate to India from falling to Japan. Indochina, or the Indochinese Peninsula, is a region in Southeast Asia. The Burma Campaign in the South-East Asian Theatre of World War II was fought primarily between British Commonwealth, Chinese and United India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country Chiang also believed that China should divert its troops to eastern China to defend the airbases of the American bombers, a strategy that U. S. General Claire Chennault supported. WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout In addition, Chiang voiced his support of Indian independence in a meeting with Mahatma Gandhi in 1942, which further soured the relationship between China and the United Kingdom. The term " Indian independence movement " is diffuse incorporating various national and regional campaigns agitations and efforts of both Nonviolent and Militant Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi ( Gujarati: મોહનદાસ કરમચંદ ગાંધી moɦən̪d̪äs kəɾəmʧən̪d̪ gän̪d̪ʱi (2 October 1869 – 30 January
The United States saw the Chinese theater as a means to tie up a large number of Japanese troops, as well as being a location for American airbases from which to strike the Japanese home islands. In 1944, as the Japanese position in the Pacific was deteriorating fast, the Imperial Japanese Army launched Operation Ichigo to attack the airbases which had begun to operate. The Imperial Japanese Army ( IJA) ( Kyūjitai: 大日本帝國陸軍 Shinjitai: ja 大日本帝国陸軍 Romaji: Dai-Nippon Teikoku Operation Ichi-Go was a campaign of a series of major battles between the Imperial Japanese Army forces and the National Revolutionary Army of the Republic of This brought the Hunan, Henan, and Guangxi provinces under Japanese administration. ( is a province of China, located in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River and south of Lake Dongting (hence the name Hunan, meaning Henan ( is a province of the People's Republic of China, located in the central part of the country Guangxi (or Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region;) is a Zhuang autonomous region of the People's Republic of China. The failure of the Chinese forces to defend these areas led to the replacement of Stilwell by Major General Albert Wedemeyer. Albert Coady Wedemeyer (July 9 1897 &ndash December 17 1989 was an American Soldier, who served primarily in World War II in Asia. However, Chinese troops under the command of Sun Li-jen drove out the Japanese in North Burma to secure the Ledo Road, a supply route to China. Sun Li-jen ( Traditional Chinese: 孫立人 Hanyu Pinyin: Sūn Lìrén ( December 8, 1900 &ndash November 19, 1990) was Burma and Ledo Road 1944 - 1945jpg|250px|thumb|right|Burma Road and Ledo Road in 1944]]Ledo Burma Roads Assam-Burma-China In Spring 1945 the Chinese launched offensives and retook Guangxi and other southwestern regions. With the Chinese army well in the progress training and equipping, Albert Wedemeyer planned to launch Operation Carbonado in summer 1945 to retake Guangdong, obtaining a coastal port, and from there drive northwards toward Shanghai. Albert Coady Wedemeyer (July 9 1897 &ndash December 17 1989 was an American Soldier, who served primarily in World War II in Asia. Guangdong ( EFEO: Kouangtong; Pinyin Guǎngdōng; Postal map spelling: Kwangtung) is a province on the Shanghai ( 上[[wikt 海|海]] is the largest city in China in terms of population and one of the largest urban areas in the world with over 20 million However, the dropping of the atomic bombs hastened Japanese surrender and these plans were not put into action.
Conclusion and aftermath
As of mid 1945, all sides expected the war to continue for at least another year. On August 6, an American B-29 bomber dropped the first atomic bomb used in combat on Hiroshima. The Japanese city of ( is the capital of Hiroshima Prefecture, and the largest city in the Chūgoku region of western Honshū, the largest of Japan 's On August 9, the Soviet Union renounced its non-aggression pact with Japan and attacked the Japanese in Manchuria, fulfilling its Yalta Conference pledge to attack the Japanese within three months after the end of the war in Europe. Events 48 BC - Caesar's civil war: Battle of Pharsalus - Julius Caesar decisively defeats Pompey at Pharsalus The Yalta Conference, sometimes called the Crimea Conference and Codenamed the Argonaut Conference, was the wartime meeting from 4 February Victory in Europe Day ( V-E Day or VE Day) was May 7 and May 8, 1945, the dates when the World War II Allies The attack was made by three Soviet army groups. In less than two weeks the Kwantung Army in Manchuria, consisting of over a million men but lacking in adequate armor, artillery, or air support, and depleted of many of its best soldiers by the demands of the Allies' Pacific drive, had been destroyed by the Soviets. The, also known as the Guandong Army ( 관동군 was an Army group of the Imperial Japanese Army in the early twentieth century Later in the day on August 9, a second atomic bomb was dropped by the United States on Nagasaki. ( is the Capital and the largest city of Nagasaki Prefecture in Japan. Emperor Hirohito officially capitulated to the Allies on August 15, 1945, and the official surrender was signed aboard the battleship USS Missouri on September 2. The Allies of World War II were the countries officially opposed to the Axis powers during the Second World War. Events 778 - The Battle of Roncevaux Pass, at which Roland is killed Year 1945 ( MCMXLV) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar Construction See also Iowa class battleship, Armament of the Iowa class battleship Missouri was one of the ''Iowa''-class " The Japanese troops in China formally surrendered on September 9, 1945 and by the provisions of the Cairo Conference of 1943, the lands of Manchuria, Taiwan and the Pescadores Islands reverted to China. Events 1000 - Battle of Svolder, Viking Age. 1379 - Treaty of Neuberg, splitting the Austrian Year 1945 ( MCMXLV) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar The Cairo Conference (codenamed "SEXTANT" of November 22 - 26 November 1943 held in Cairo, Egypt, addressed the Allied Manchuria ( Romanized Manchu: Manju,, Маньчжурия Mongolian: Манж is a historical name given to a vast geographic region in northeast Taiwan ( Taiwanese: Tâi-oân/Tāi-oân (historically 大灣/台員/大員/台圓/大圓/台窩灣 is an Island in East Asia. The Pescadores ( from Portuguese, "fishermen" pron pɨʃ However, the Ryukyu Islands were maintained as Japanese territory. The Ryukyu Islands, in Japanese called the (literally Southwest Islands are a chain of Japanese islands in the western Pacific Ocean at the eastern limit
In 1945 China emerged from the war nominally a great military power but was actually a nation economically prostrated and on the verge of all-out civil war. The economy deteriorated, sapped by the military demands of a long, costly war and internal strife, by spiraling inflation, and by Nationalist profiteering, speculation, and hoarding. Starvation came in the wake of the war, as large swathes of the prime farming areas had been ravaged by the fighting. Millions were rendered homeless by floods and the destruction of towns and cities in many parts of the country. The problems of rehabilitating the formerly Japanese-occupied areas and of reconstructing the nation from the ravages of a protracted war were staggering.
The situation was further complicated by an Allied agreement at the Yalta Conference in February 1945 that brought Soviet troops into Manchuria to hasten the termination of war against Japan. Although the Chinese had not been present at Yalta, they had been consulted; they had agreed to have the Soviets enter the war in the belief that the Soviet Union would deal only with the Nationalist government. After the war, the Soviet Union, as part of the Yalta agreement's allowing a Soviet sphere of influence in Manchuria, dismantled and removed more than half the industrial equipment left there by the Japanese. A sphere of influence ( SOI) is an area or region over which an organization or state exerts some kind of indirect cultural economic military or political domination The Soviet presence in northeast China enabled the Communists to move in long enough to arm themselves with the equipment surrendered by the withdrawing Japanese army.
The war left the Nationalists severely weakened and their policies left them unpopular. Meanwhile the war strengthened the Communists, both in popularity and as a viable fighting force. At Yan'an and elsewhere in the "liberated areas," Mao Zedong was able to adapt Marxism-Leninism to Chinese conditions. Yan'an ( is a city in the Shanbei region of Shaanxi province in China. Mao Zedong ( 26 December 1893 – 9 September 1976) was a Chinese Military and political leader who led Leninism refers to various related political and economic theories elaborated by Bolshevik revolutionary leader Vladimir Lenin. He taught party cadres to lead the masses by living and working with them, eating their food, and thinking their thoughts. When this failed, however, more repressive forms of coercion, indoctrination and ostracization were also employed. The Red Army fostered an image of conducting guerrilla warfare in defense of the people. The People's Liberation Army ( PLA) ( is the unified Military organization of all land sea and air forces of the People's Republic of China. In addition, the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) was effectively split into "Red" (cadres working in the "liberated" areas) and "White" (cadres working underground in enemy-occupied territory) spheres, a split that would later sow future factionalism within the CCP. The Communist Party of China ( CPC) ( also known as the Chinese Communist Party ( CCP) is the founding and ruling political party of the Communist troops adapted to changing wartime conditions and became a seasoned fighting force. Mao also began preparing for the establishment of a new China, well away from the front at his base in Yan'an. In 1940 he outlined the program of the Chinese Communists for an eventual seizure of power and began his final push for consolidation of CCP power under his authority. His teachings became the central tenets of the CCP doctrine that came to be formalized as "Mao Zedong Thought". Maoism, variably and officially known as Mao Zedong Thought ( is a variant of Marxism derived from the teachings of the late Chinese leader With skillful organizational and propaganda work, the Communists increased party membership from 100,000 in 1937 to 1. Propaganda is a concerted set of messages aimed at influencing the opinions or behaviors of large numbers of people 2 million by 1945. Soon, all out war broke out between the KMT and CCP, a war that would leave the Nationalists banished to Taiwan and the Communists victorious on the mainland. Taiwan ( Taiwanese: Tâi-oân/Tāi-oân (historically 大灣/台員/大員/台圓/大圓/台窩灣 is an Island in East Asia. Mainland China, Continental China, the Chinese mainland or simply the mainland, is a geopolitical term synonymous with the area that is under the jurisdiction
Legacy: Who fought the War of Resistance?
The question as to which political group directed the Chinese war effort and exerted most of the effort to resist the Japanese remains a controversial issue.
In the Chinese People's War of Resistance Against Japan Memorial near the Marco Polo Bridge and in mainland Chinese textbooks, the People's Republic of China (PRC) claims that it was the Communist Party that directed Chinese efforts in the war and did everything to resist the Japanese invasion. Talk People's Republic of China) PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA ARTICLE GUIDELINES Recently, however, with a change in the political climate, the CCP has admitted that certain Nationalist generals made important contributions in resisting the Japanese. The official history in mainland China is that the KMT fought a bloody, yet indecisive, frontal war against Japan, while it was the CCP that engaged the Japanese forces in far greater numbers behind enemy lines. This emphasis on the CCP's central role is partially reflected by the PRC's labeling of the war as the Chinese People's Anti-Japanese War of Resistance rather than merely the War of Resistance. According to the PRC official point of view, the Nationalists mostly avoided fighting the Japanese in order to preserve its strength for a final showdown with the Communists. However, for the sake of Chinese reunification and appeasing the ROC on Taiwan, the PRC has now "acknowledged" that the Nationalists and the Communists were "equal" contributors because the victory over Japan belonged to the Chinese people, rather than to any political party. There is also a specific Chinese reunification of 1928. Chinese reunification ( is a goal of Chinese nationalism that refers to
Leaving aside Nationalists sources, scholars researching third party Japanese and Soviet sources have documented quite a different view. Such studies claim that the Communists actually played a minuscule involvement in the war against the Japanese compared to the Nationalists and used guerrilla warfare as well as opium sales to preserve its strength for a final showdown with the Kuomintang. [5] This is congruent with the Nationalist viewpoint, as demonstrated by history textbooks published in Taiwan, which gives the KMT credit for the brunt of the fighting. According to these third-party scholars, the Communists were not the main participants in any of the 22 major battles, most involving more than 100,000 troops on both sides, between China and Japan. Soviet liaison to the Chinese Communists Peter Vladimirov documented that he never once found the Chinese Communists and Japanese engaged in battle during the period from 1942 to 1945. Peter or Pyotr Parfenovich Vladimirov ( 1905 - 10 September 1953) is best known for The Vladimirov Diaries, in which he He also expressed frustration at not being allowed by the Chinese Communists to visit the frontline,[6] although as a foreign diplomat Vladimirov may have been overly optimistic to expect to be allowed to join Chinese guerrilla sorties. The Communists usually avoided open warfare (the Hundred Regiments Campaign and the Battle of Pingxingguan are notable exceptions), preferring to fight in small squads to harass the Japanese supply lines. The Hundred Regiments Offensive (百团大战 ( August 20 – December 5, 1940) was a major campaign of the Communist Party of China 's The Battle of Pingxingguan, commonly called the "Great Victory of Pingxingguan" (平型关大捷 in Mainland China, was an engagement fought between the In comparison, right from the beginning of the war the Nationalists committed their best troops (including the 36th, 87th, 88th divisions, the crack divisions of Chiang's Central Army) to defend Shanghai from the Japanese. The Battle of Shanghai was the first of the twenty-two major engagements fought between the National Revolutionary Army, Republic of China and the Imperial The Japanese considered the Kuomintang rather than the Communists as their main enemy[7] and bombed the Nationalist wartime capital of Chongqing to the point that it was the most heavily bombed city in the world to date. The bombing of Chongqing ( Traditional Chinese: 重慶大轟炸 Simplified Chinese: 重庆大轰炸 Japanese: 重慶爆撃 from 18 February 1938 [8] The KMT army suffered some 3. 2 million casualties while the CCP increased its military strength from minimally significant numbers to 1. 7 million men. This change in strength was a direct result of Japanese forces fighting mainly in Central and Southern China, away from major Communist strongholds such as those in Shaanxi.
While the PRC government has been accused of greatly exaggerating the CCP's role in fighting the Japanese, the legacy of the war is more complicated in the Republic of China on Taiwan. REPUBLIC OF CHINA ARTICLE GUIDELINES Traditionally, the government has held celebrations marking the Victory Day on September 9 (now known as Armed Forces Day), and Taiwan's Retrocession Day on October 25. Events 1000 - Battle of Svolder, Viking Age. 1379 - Treaty of Neuberg, splitting the Austrian Several nations of the world hold an annual Armed Forces Day to recognize venerate and honor their Military forces Events 1147 - The Portuguese, under Afonso I, and Crusaders from England and Flanders conquer Lisbon after a However, with the power transfer from KMT to the more pro-Taiwan independence pan-green coalition and the rise of desinicization, events commemorating the war have become less commonplace. Taiwan independence ( Pe̍h-oē-jī: Tâi-oân To̍k-li̍p ūn-tōng abbreviated to 台獨 Táidú Tâi-to̍k is a The Pan-Green Coalition ( or Pan-Green Camp, is currently an informal Political alliance in the Republic of China (Taiwan consisting of the Desinicization ( de + sinicization) is a term that describes the act of the elimination of Chinese influence which is the opposite of " Sinicization Many supporters of Taiwan independence see no relevance in preserving the memory of the war of resistance that happened primarily on mainland China (some Taiwanese were drafted into the IJA and fought for Japan). Still, commemorations are held in regions where politics is dominated by the pan-blue coalition. The Pan-Blue Coalition ( or Pan-Blue Force ( is a Political alliance in the Republic of China (Taiwan consisting of the Kuomintang Many pan-blue supporters, particularly veterans who retreated with the government in 1949, still have an emotional interest in the war. For example, in celebrating the sixtieth anniversary of the end of war in 2005, the cultural bureau of pan-blue stronghold Taipei held a series of talks in the Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hall regarding the war and post-war developments, while the KMT held its own exhibit in the KMT headquarters. Taipei ( Taiwanese Pe̍h-ōe-jī: Tâi-pak-chhī Jhuyin Fuhao: ㄊㄞˊ ㄅㄟˇ ㄕˋ Hakka: Thòi-pet-sṳ has been the capital of The National Dr Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hall ( POJ: Kok-ui Kok-hu Ki-liam-koan is located in Taipei City, Taiwan, Republic of China.
To this day the war is a major point of contention between China and Japan. The war remains a major roadblock for Sino-Japanese relations, and many people, particularly in China, harbour grudges over the war and related issues. A small but vocal group of Japanese nationalists and/or right-wingers deny a variety of crimes attributed to Japan. The Japanese invasion of its neighbours is often glorified or whitewashed, and wartime atrocities, most notably the Nanjing Massacre, comfort women, and Unit 731, are frequently denied by such individuals. Comfort women is a Euphemism for women forced into Prostitution and Sexual slavery for Japanese military brothels during World War was a covert biological and Chemical warfare research and development unit of the Imperial Japanese Army that undertook lethal human experimentation during The Japanese government has also been accused of historical revisionism by allowing the approval of school textbooks omitting or glossing over Japan's militant past. For the denial and distortion of well-established historical facts see Historical revisionism (negationism. In response to criticism of Japanese textbook revisionism, the PRC government has been accused of using the war to stir up already growing anti-Japanese feelings in order to whip up nationalistic sentiments and divert its citizens' minds from internal matters.
Casualties assessment
The conflict lasted for 8 years, 1 month, and 3 days (measured from 1937 to 1945).
Chinese casualties
- See also: Japanese war crimes
- The Kuomintang fought in 22 major engagements, most of which involved more than 100,000 troops on both sides, 1,171 minor engagements most of which involved more than 50,000 troops on both sides, and 38,931 skirmishes. Japanese war crimes occurred during the period of Japanese imperialism.
- The Chinese casualties were 3. 22 million soldiers. 9. 13 million civilians who died in the crossfire, and another 8. 4 million as non-military casualties. According to historian Mitsuyoshi Himeta, at least 2. 7 million civilians died during the "kill all, loot all, burn all" operation (Three Alls Policy, or sanko sakusen) implemented in May 1942 in North China by general Yasuji Okamura and authorized on 3 December 1941 by Imperial Headquarter Order number 575. The Three Alls Policy (三光作戦 Sankō Sakusen;) was a Japanese Scorched earth policy adopted in China during World War II, the three alls The Three Alls Policy (三光作戦 Sankō Sakusen;) was a Japanese Scorched earth policy adopted in China during World War II, the three alls was a general of the Imperial Japanese Army, and commander-in-chief of the China Expeditionary Army from November 1944 to the end of World War II. [9]
Chinese sources list the total military and non-military casualties, dead and wounded, of the Chinese were 35 million. [10] Most Western historians believed that the casualties were at least 20 million. [11] Property loss of the Chinese valued up to 383 billion US dollars according to the currency exchange rate in July 1937, roughly 50 times the GDP of Japan at that time (US$7. 7 billion).
- In addition, the war created 95 million refugees.
Japanese casualties
The Japanese recorded around 1. 1 to 1. 9 million military casualties, killed, wounded and missing, although this number is disputed. The official death-toll according to the Japan defense ministry was only about 200,000, but this is believed to be extremely low when considering the length of the conflict. The combined Chinese forces claimed to have killed at most 1. 77 million Japanese soldiers during the eight-year war.
Number of troops involved
National Revolutionary Army
The National Revolutionary Army (NRA) throughout its lifespan employed approximately 4,300,000 regulars, in 370 Standard Divisions (正式師), 46 New Divisions (新編師), 12 Cavalry Divisions (騎兵師), 8 New Cavalry Divisions (新編騎兵師), 66 Temporary Divisions (暫編師), and 13 Reserve Divisions (預備師), for a grand total of 515 divisions. The National Revolutionary Army ( NRA) ( sometimes shortened to 國軍 or National Army) was the National Army A division is a large Military unit or formation usually consisting of around ten to thirty thousand soldiers The Cavalry (from French cavalerie) is the second oldest of the Combat Arms, and as Soldiers or Warriors who fought mounted on A military reserve force is a military organization However, many divisions were formed from two or more other divisions, and many were not active at the same time. The number of active divisions, at the start of the war in 1937, was about 170 NRA divisions. The average NRA division had 4,000–5,000 troops. A Chinese army was roughly the equivalent to a Japanese division in terms of manpower but the Chinese forces largely lacked artillery, heavy weapons, and motorized transport. The shortage of military hardware meant that three to four Chinese armies had the firepower of only one Japanese division. Because of these material constraints, available artillery and heavy weapons were usually assigned to specialist brigades rather than to the general division, which caused more problems as the Chinese command structure lacked precise coordination. The relative fighting strength of a Chinese division was even weaker when relative capacity in aspects of warfare, such as intelligence, logistics, communications, and medical services, are taken into account. Military intelligence (abbreviated MI int Commonwealth, or intel Logistics is the management of the flow of Goods, Information and other resources including Energy and people between the point of origin and the point
The National Revolutionary Army can be divided roughly into two groups. The first one is the so-called dixi (嫡系, "direct descent") group, which comprised divisions trained by the Whampoa Military Academy and loyal to Chiang Kai-shek, and can be considered the Central Army (中央軍) of the NRA. The Nationalist Party of China Army Officer Academy ( commonly known as the Whampoa Military Academy ( was a Military academy in the Republic of China The second group is known as the zapai (雜牌, "miscellaneous units"), and comprised all divisions led by non-Whampoa commanders, and is more often known as the Regional Army or the Provincial Army (省軍). Even though both military groups were part of the National Revolutionary Army, their distinction lies much in their allegiance to the central government of Chiang Kai-shek. Many former warlords and regional militarists were incorporated into the NRA under the flag of the Kuomintang, but in reality they retained much independence from the central government. They also controlled much of the military strength of China, the most notable of them being the Guangxi, Shanxi, Yunnan and Ma Cliques. After the founding of the Republic of China, Guangxi served as the base for one of the most powerful warlord cliques of China the Old Guangxi clique. The Shanxi clique (晉系 was one of several military factions that split off from the Beiyang Army during China's Warlord era. The Yunnan Clique ( was one of several mutually hostile Cliques or factions that split from the Beiyang Government in the Republic of China 's Warlord The Ma clique ( was a family of Warlords who ruled the Chinese provinces of Qinghai, Gansu and Ningxia from the 1910's until 1949
Although during the war the Chinese Communist forces fought as a nominal part of the NRA, the number of those on the CCP side, due to their guerrilla status, is difficult to determine, though estimates place the total number of the Eighth Route Army, New Fourth Army, and irregulars in the Communist armies at 1,300,000. The People's Liberation Army ( PLA) ( is the unified Military organization of all land sea and air forces of the People's Republic of China. Guerrilla warfare is the unconventional warfare and combat with which a small group of combatants use mobile tactics (ambushes raids etc The Eighth Route Army ( was the larger of the two major Chinese communist forces that formed a unit of the National Revolutionary Army of the Republic of China which The New Fourth Army ( was a unit of the National Revolutionary Army of the Republic of China established in 1937
For more information of combat effectiveness of communist armies and other units of Chinese forces see Chinese armies in the Second Sino-Japanese War. The Second Sino-Japanese War was fought between the Chinese and Japanese armies mostly on Chinese soil during the late 1930s and early 1940s
Imperial Japanese Army
- The IJA had approximately 3,200,000 regulars. More Japanese troops were quartered in China than deployed elsewhere in the Pacific Theater during the war. The Pacific Theater of Operations (PTO was the World War II military activity in the Pacific Ocean and the countries bordering it a geographic scope Japanese divisions ranged from 20,000 men in its divisions numbered less than 100, to 10,000 men in divisions numbered greater than 100. At the time of the Pearl Harbor attack, the IJA had 51 divisions of which 35 were in China, and 39 independent brigades of which all but one were in China. The attack on Pearl Harbor (or Hawaii Operation, as it was called by the Imperial General Headquarters) was a surprise Military strike conducted by This represented roughly 80% of the IJA's manpower.
- The Collaborationist Chinese Army in 1938 had 78,000 people, and grew to 145,000 in 1940. The Collaborationist Chinese Army in the Second Sino-Japanese War went under different names at different times depending on which puppet regime it was organized under Their growth was explosive around 1942-43 reaching 649,640 in a March 17, 1943 British Intelligence report[12]. Events 45 BC - In his last victory Julius Caesar defeats the Pompeian forces of Titus Labienus and Pompey the Younger Year 1943 ( MCMXLIII) was a Common year starting on Friday (the link will display full 1943 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. According to KMT estimates 1,186,000 people were involved in the collaborationist army by the war's end. At their height they fielded a maximum of 900,000 troops. Almost all of them belonged to the regional puppet governments such as Manchukuo, Provisional Government of the Republic of China (Beijing), Reformed Government of the Republic of China (Nanjing) and the later collaborationist Nanjing Nationalist Government or Wang Jingwei regime. A puppet state is a State that is nominally independent but in reality under the control of another power Manchukuo (ja [[wikt満州国 満州国]] Manshūkoku lit "State of Manchuria " was a Puppet state in Manchuria and eastern The was a Japanese Puppet state that existed from 1937 to 1940 during the Second Sino-Japanese War. The was a Japanese Puppet state that existed from 1938 to 1940 during the Second Sino-Japanese War. Collaborationism, can describe the Treason of cooperating with enemy Forces occupying one's Country. The Wang Jingwei Government was a Government under the leadership of Wang Jingwei in the Republic of China, set up by the Empire of Japan The puppet and collaborationist troops were mainly assigned to garrison and logistics duties in areas held by the puppet governments and in occupied territories. They were rarely fielded in combat because of low morale and distrust by the Japanese, and fared poorly in skirmishes against real Chinese forces, whether the KMT or the CCP.
Chinese and Japanese equipment
The National Revolutionary Army
The Central Army possessed 80 Army infantry divisions with approximately 8,000 men each, nine independent brigades, nine cavalry divisions, two artillery brigades, 16 artillery regiments and three armored battalions. A brigade is a Military unit Echelon: is Artillery (from French artillerie) is a military Combat Arm which employs any apparātus machine A regiment is a Military unit, composed of a variable number of Battalions – commanded by a Colonel. The Chinese Navy displaced only 59,000 tonnes and the Chinese Air Force comprised only about 700 obsolete aircraft.
Chinese weapons were mainly produced in the Hanyang and Guangdong arsenals. Hanyang Arsenal ( was one of the largest and oldest modern arsenals in Chinese history Guangdong ( EFEO: Kouangtong; Pinyin Guǎngdōng; Postal map spelling: Kwangtung) is a province on the However, for most of the German-trained divisions, the standard firearms were German-made 7.92 mm Gewehr 98 and Karabiner 98k. The German trained divisions were divisions in the National Revolutionary Army ( NRA) trained under Sino-German cooperation. The 792x57mm cartridge was designed by the German Gewehr-Prüfungskommission (G The Gewehr 98 (abbreviated G98 or Gew 98) was the standard German Infantry Rifle from 1898 to 1935 when it was replaced by the Karabiner The Karabiner 98 Kurz (often abbreviated Kar98k or K98k) was a Bolt-action Rifle adopted as the standard infantry rifle in 1935 by the A local variant of the 98k style rifles were often called the "Chiang Kai-shek rifle" a Chinese copy from the Mauser Standard Modell. The Type Zhongzheng rifle (中正式 also known as the Chiang Kai-shek Rifle and Type 24 (二四式 after the Chinese Generalissimo Chiang Kai-Shek, Another rifle they used was Hanyang 88. The Type 88, sometimes known as "Hanyang 88" was a Chinese Rifle that was issued to the regular Nationalist Revolutionary Army during Second The standard light machine gun was a local copy of the Czech 7.92 mm Brno ZB26. A light machine gun or LMG is a Machine gun that is generally lighter than other machine guns of the same period and is usually designed to be carried Czechoslovakia may also refer to what is now the Czech Republic and Slovakia. The 792x57mm cartridge was designed by the German Gewehr-Prüfungskommission (G The ZB vz 26 was a Czechoslovak Light machine gun developed in the 1920s, which went on to enter service with several countries There were also Belgian and French LMGs. The Kingdom of Belgium is a Country in northwest Europe. It is a founding member of the European Union and hosts its headquarters as well as those This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. Surprisingly, the NRA did not purchase any of the famous Maschinengewehr 34s from Germany, but did produce their own copies of them. The Maschinengewehr 34, or MG34, was a German Machine gun that was first produced and accepted for service in 1934, and first issued to units Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. On average in these divisions, there was one machine gun set for each platoon. A platoon is a military unit typically composed of two to four sections or Squads and containing about 30 to 50 soldiers Heavy machine guns were mainly locally-made 1924 water-cooled Maxim guns, from German blueprints. A heavy machine gun refers to either a larger-caliber high-power Machine gun or one of the smaller medium-caliber (rifle caliber machine guns meant for prolonged firing from Water cooling is a method of Heat removal from components As opposed to Air cooling, Water is used as the heat transmitter The Maxim gun was the first self-powered Machine gun, invented by the American-born Briton Sir Hiram Maxim in 1884 A blueprint is a type of paper-based reproduction usually of a Technical drawing, documenting an Architecture or an Engineering design On average every battalion would get one HMG. A battalion is a Military unit of around 500-1500 men usually consisting of between two and seven companies and typically commanded by a Lieutenant Colonel The standard sidearm was the 7.63 mm Mauser M1932 semi-automatic pistol. This article lists Firearm cartridges which have a bullet in the 7 mm ( The C96 is a Semi-automatic pistol that was manufactured from 1896 to 1936 in Germany. A semi-automatic pistol is a type of Handgun that can be fired in semi-automatic mode firing one cartridge for each pull of the trigger
Some divisions were equipped with 37 mm PaK 35/36 anti-tank guns, and/or mortars from Oerlikon, Madsen, and Solothurn. The PaK 36 ( Panzerabwehrkanone 36) was a German Anti-tank gun that fired a 3 Anti-tank refers to any method of combating military Armored fighting vehicles notably Tanks The most common anti-tank systems A mortar is a muzzle-loading Indirect fire weapon that fires shells at low velocities short ranges and high-arcing ballistic trajectories Madsen is a surname and may refer to Chris Madsen, US-American lawman of the Old West Mark Madsen, US-American basketball player The city of Solothurn ( German:, Soleure Soletta is the Capital of the Canton of Solothurn in Switzerland. Each infantry division had 6 French Brandt 81 mm mortars and 6 Solothurn 20 mm autocannons. A field gun is an Artillery piece Originally the term referred to smaller Guns that could accompany a field army on the march and when in combat could be An autocannon is a rapid fire projectile Weapon. Autocannon often have a larger Caliber (calibre than a Machine gun (i Some independent brigades and artillery regiments were equipped with Bofors 72 mm L/14, or Krupp 72 mm L/29 mountain guns. The name Bofors has been associated with the Iron industry for more than 350 years The Krupp family, a prominent 400-year-old German dynasty from Essen, have become famous for their Steel production and for their manufacture of Mountain guns are Artillery pieces designed for use during Mountain combat. They were 24 Rheinmetall 150 mm L/32 sFH 18 howitzers (bought in 1934) and 24 Krupp 150 mm L/30 sFH 18 howitzers (bought in 1936). Rheinmetall AG is a German Automotive and defense company with factories in Düsseldorf, Kassel and Unterlüß A howitzer is a type of Artillery piece that is characterized by a relatively short barrel and the use of comparatively small explosive charges to propel projectiles
Infantry uniforms were basically redesigned Zhongshan suits. The modern Chinese tunic suit is a style of male Attire known in China as the Chungshan suit or Zhongshan suit ( (after Sun Zhongshan Leg wrappings are standard for soldiers and officers alike since the primary mode of movement for NRA troops was by foot. The helmets were the most distinguishing characteristic of these divisions. From the moment German M35 helmets (standard issue for the Wehrmacht until late in the European theatre) rolled off the production lines in 1935, and until 1936, the NRA imported 315,000 of these helmets, each with the 12-ray sun emblem of the ROC on the sides. Wehrmacht (literally "defense force" was the name of the unified Armed forces of Germany from 1935 to 1945 The European Theatre of Operations ( ETO) was an area of heavy fighting across Europe during World War II, from Nazi Germany's Invasion of Poland Other equipment included cloth shoes for soldiers, leather shoes for officers and leather boots for high-ranking officers. Every soldier was issued ammunition, ammunition pouch/harness, a water flask, combat knives, food bag, and a gas mask. A gas mask is a Mask worn over the face to protect the wearer from inhaling airborne Pollutants and Toxic materials
On the other hand, warlord forces varied greatly in terms of equipment and training. Some warlord troops were notoriously under-equipped, such as Shanxi's Dadao Teams and the Yunnanese army. The dadao (大刀 (big knife one of the varieties of dao or Chinese saber is also known as the Chinese great sword Some however were highly professional forces with their own air force and navies. The quality of Guangxi's army was almost on par with the Central Army's, as the Guangzhou region was wealthy and the local army could afford foreign instructors and arms. Guangxi (or Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region;) is a Zhuang autonomous region of the People's Republic of China. Guangzhou ( Jyutping: Gwong²zau¹; Yale: Gwóngjàu) is the Capital and a Sub-provincial city The Muslim Ma clique to the Northwest was famed for its well-trained cavalry divisions. The Ma clique ( was a family of Warlords who ruled the Chinese provinces of Qinghai, Gansu and Ningxia from the 1910's until 1949
The Imperial Japanese Army
Although Imperial Japan possessed significant mobile operational capacity, it did not possess capability for maintaining a long sustained war. At the beginning of the Sino-Japanese War the Japanese Army comprised 17 divisions, each composed of approximately 22,000 men, 5,800 horses, 9,500 rifles and submachine guns, 600 heavy machine guns of assorted types, 108 artillery pieces, and 24 tanks. A submachine gun (SMG is a Firearm that combines the automatic fire of a Machine gun with the cartridge of a Pistol, and is Special forces were also available. In most countries special forces (SF is a generic term for highly-trained Military teams/units that conduct specialized operations such as Reconnaissance The Japanese Navy displaced a total of 1,900,000 tonnes, ranking third in the world, and possessed 2,700 aircraft at the time. For Combined Fleet, please see that article For Carrier Striking Task Force, please see that article Each Japanese division was the equivalent in fighting strength of four Chinese regular divisions (at the beginning of Battle of Shanghai (1937)). The Battle of Shanghai was the first of the twenty-two major engagements fought between the National Revolutionary Army, Republic of China and the Imperial
See Also:
- List of Japanese infantry weapons used in the Second-Sino Japanese War
- List of armour used by the Imperial Japanese Army in the Second Sino-Japanese War
- List of Japanese aircraft in use during the Second Sino-Japanese War
Major figures
Puppet governmentsProvisional Government of the Republic of China
Nanjing Nationalist Government
| Foreign personnel on Chinese side |
Military engagements of the Second Sino-Japanese War
Battles
Battles with articles. This is a list of Japanese infantry weapons in Second Sino-Japanese War. This is a list of armour used by the Imperial Japanese Army in the Second Sino-Japanese War. This is a list of Japanese Aircraft in use during the Second Sino-Japanese War. Bai Chongxi ( ( 18 March 1893 &ndash 1 December 1966) also spelled Pai Chung-hsi, was a Chinese Muslim General Chen Cheng ( Traditional Chinese: 陳誠 Simplified Chinese: 陈诚 Hanyu Pinyin: Chén Chéng ( January 4, 1897 - March 5 Chiang Kai-shek ( POJ: Chiúⁿ Kài-se̍k Jyutping: zoeng2gaai3sek6 GCB ( October 31, 1887 &ndash Du Yuming ( py) or Tu Yü-ming ( Wg) (杜聿明 ( November 28, 1903 - May 7, 1981) was a Kuomintang field Fang Xianjue (Traditional Chinese 方先覺; Simplified Chinese方先觉 was born in a small Jiangsu village gentry family in 1903 Feng Yuxiang ( (1882&ndash1948 was a Warlord during Republican China. Gu Zhutong (顾祝同 (1893 in Lianshui Jiangsu, China – January 17, 1987) courtesy name Moshan (墨山 He Yingqin ( ( April 2, 1890 - October 21, 1987) also spelled Ho Ying-chin, was one of the senior Generals of Kuomintang K'ung Hsiang-hsi ( ( September 11 1881 - August 16 1967) often known as H Hu Kexian (胡克先 was one of the generals of the National Revolutionary Army (NRA of China (ROC during the Second Sino-Japanese War and the Chinese Hu Zongnan ( courtesy name Shoushan (壽山 was a General in the National Revolutionary Army and then the Republic of China Army. Li Zongren or Li Tsung-jen ( POJ: Lí Chong-jîn ( 13 August 1890 - 13 January 1969) Courtesy name Delin Long (Lung Yun ( Simplified Chinese: 龙云 Traditional Chinese: 龍雲 November 27, 1884 - June 27, 1962) was governor Ma Zhanshan; Simplified Chinese: (马占山 or Wade-Giles: Ma Chan-shan ( Traditional Chinese: 馬占山 1885 - 1950 was a Chinese general who initially Sòng Zhéyuán (宋哲元 ( October 30, 1885 - April 5, 1940) was a Chinese General during the Chinese Civil War Soong May-ling or Soong Mei-ling, also known as Madame Chiang Kai-shek ( ca 1897 She was the third of six children she was born in Shanghai Tse-ven Soong, or Soong Tzu-wen ( 1894 – 1971 was a prominent businessman and politician in the early 20th century Republic of China. Sun Lianzhong (Traditional Chinese 孫連仲; Simplified Chinese 孙 连仲; pinyin Sun Lianzhong Wade-Giles Sun Lian-chung (1893-1990 General during the Warlord Era, Sun Li-jen ( Traditional Chinese: 孫立人 Hanyu Pinyin: Sūn Lìrén ( December 8, 1900 &ndash November 19, 1990) was Tang Enbo ( was a Nationalist General in the Republic of China. Tang Shengzhi (唐生智 Tang Sheng-chih, ( 1889 - April 6, 1970) was a Chinese warlord during the Warlord Era, a military commander during the Wang Jingwei ( Traditional Chinese: 汪精衛 Simplified Chinese: 汪精卫 Pinyin: Wāng Jīngwèi Wade-Giles: Wang Ching-wei ( Wei Lihuang ( 16 February 1897 - 17 January 1960) was a Chinese general who served the Nationalist government throughout the Chinese Civil Xue Yue (薛岳 Pinyin: Xuē Yuè ( December 26, 1896 &ndash May 3, 1998) was one of Nationalist China's best generals Yen Hsi-shan, ( ( 8 October, 1883 &ndash 22 July, 1960) was a Chinese Warlord who served in the government of the Xie Jinyuan ( (b 1905-d 24 April 1941 courtesy name Zhongmin (中民 was a Chinese military leader and war hero Ye Ting (葉挺 simplified Chinese 叶挺 ( September 10, 1896 - April 8, 1946) born in Huiyang, Guangdong Province Zhang Fakui (张发奎 ( Wades-Giles: Chang Fu-kuei (1896-1980 was a Chinese Nationalist General Not to be confused with fellow general Zhang Zizhong. Zhang Zhizhong ( (1895-1965 was a general in the National Revolutionary Army of Not to be confused with fellow general Zhang Zhizhong. Zhāng Zìzhōng ( Traditional Chinese: 張自忠 Simplified Chinese Chu Shao-liang ( was a General in the National Revolutionary Army of the Republic of China. This is a Chinese name; the family name is Chen. Chen Yi ( August 26, 1901 - June 6 Deng Xiaoping ( 22 August 1904 19 February 1997) was a prominent Chinese Revolutionary, Politician, Pragmatist and Reformer He Long ( ( March 22, 1896 &ndash June 8, 1969) was a Chinese Communist Military Lin Biao ( born as Lin Yurong ( December 5, 1907 ?[[September 13]] 1971) was a Chinese Communist military leader Liu Bocheng ( December 4, 1892 - October 7, 1986) was a Chinese Communist military commander Liu Shaoqi ( (24 November 1898 12 November 1969 was a Chinese revolutionary statesman and theorist Luo Ronghuan ( November 26, 1902 &ndash December 16, 1963) was a Chinese communist military leader Mao Zedong ( 26 December 1893 – 9 September 1976) was a Chinese Military and political leader who led Nie Rongzhen ( ( December 29, 1899 - May 14, 1992) was a prominent Chinese Communist military leader and one of ten Marshals Peng Dehuai ( ( October 24, 1898 - November 29 1974) was a prominent military leader of the Communist Party of China, and Su Yu ( August 10 1907 - February 5 1984) was a Chinese Communist military leader Xu Xiangqian ( ( November 8, 1901 - September 21, 1990) was a prominent Communist Military leader in the People's Ye Jianying ( Jyutping: Yip Gim-ying ( April 28, 1897 - October 22, 1986) was a Chinese Communist general and the chairman Zhang Aiping (张爱萍 (Wades-Giles Chang Ai-ping; born January 9, 1908 in Da County Sichuan; died July 5, 2003 Zhou Enlai ( (5 March 1898 – 8 January 1976 was the first Premier of the People's Republic of China, serving from 1949 until his death in January 1976 Zhū Dé ( Wade-Giles: Chu Te zi: Yùjiē 玉阶 1 December 1886 – 6 July 1976 was a Chinese Communist miltary leader and statesman also known as, (April 29 1901 – January 7 1989 was the 124th Emperor of Japan according to the traditional order reigning from December 25 1926 until his death was a general in the Imperial Japanese Army, Governor-General of Korea, and 36th Prime Minister of Japan from 30 August 1939 to 16 was a general in the Imperial Japanese Army during World War II, and was War Minister at the Surrender of Japan. Background and Family Born at Aoyama Detached Palace in Tokyo, the second son of Crown Prince Yoshihito (later Emperor Taishō) and Crown Princess was a general in the Imperial Japanese Army in World War II, and was instrumental in the planning of the Japanese invasion of Manchuria. was a scion of the Japanese imperial family and was a career naval officer who served as chief of staff of the Imperial Japanese Navy from 1932 to 1941 Kingoro Hashimoto (橋本欣五郎 Hashimoto Kingorō 1890-1957 was a Japanese soldier and politician Field Marshal, was a field marshal in the Imperial Japanese Army during World War II. was the 30th Prime Minister of Japan from 17 August 1945 to 9 October 1945 for a period of 54 days was a general in the Imperial Japanese Army. He is noteworthy for his role in the invasion and occupation of the Philippines during World War II in which he earned the nick-name was a Microbiologist and the Lieutenant general of Unit 731, a Biological warfare unit of the Imperial Japanese Army during the Second was a general in the Imperial Japanese Army and Governor of Hong Kong under Japanese occupation from 20 February 1942 to 24 December 1944 was general in the Imperial Japanese Army in World War II and a War Minister. was the 6th head of a cadet branch the Japanese imperial family, and a career army officer who served as Chief of the Imperial Japanese Army General Staff from 1931 to Fumimaro Konoe 3rd Prince Konoe ( Kyūjitai: 近衞 文麿 Shinjitai: 近衛 文麿 Konoe Fumimaro) ( sometimes Konoye, October 12 Kyūjitai (in Shinjitai: ja 旧字体 in Kyūjitai 舊字體 meaning "old character form" is the traditional form of the Japanese Kanji used before Shinjitai (in Shinjitai ja [[wikt新字体 新字体]] in Kyūjitai: ja [[wikt新字體 新字體]] meaning "new character form" are the forms of was a general in the Imperial Japanese Army in World War II. He and Seishirō Itagaki were the men primarily responsible for the Mukden Incident that took was a general in the Imperial Japanese Army, Governor-General of Korea and 41st Prime Minister of Japan from 22 July 1944 to 7 April General was a General of the Japanese Imperial Army and the commander of the expeditionary forces sent to China in World War II. was a Japanese military officer Lieutenant general in the Imperial Japanese Army during World War II. was a Lieutenant general in the Imperial Japanese Army during the Second Sino-Japanese War, and has been implicated in the Nanjing massacre of December was a general of the Imperial Japanese Army, and commander-in-chief of the China Expeditionary Army from November 1944 to the end of World War II. was a Lieutenant general in the Imperial Japanese Army during World War II, known for his brutal conquest of Hong Kong in late 1941 ( 1 January 1880 - 12 September 1945) was a field marshal who served as successively as chief of the Army General Staff, and The, were branches of the Japanese Imperial Family created from branches of the Fushimi-no-miya house Count was a field marshal in the Imperial Japanese Army and Commander of the Southern Expeditionary Army Group during World War II. Kyūjitai (in Shinjitai: ja 旧字体 in Kyūjitai 舊字體 meaning "old character form" is the traditional form of the Japanese Kanji used before Shinjitai (in Shinjitai ja [[wikt新字体 新字体]] in Kyūjitai: ja [[wikt新字體 新字體]] meaning "new character form" are the forms of ( 4 January 1882 - 8 January 1949) was a general in the Imperial Japanese Army in World War II. Vice Admiral was an admiral in the Imperial Japanese Navy in World War II and a student of Princeton University (1921-1923 General was a General of the Japanese Imperial Army during the World War II. Manchukuo (ja [[wikt満州国 満州国]] Manshūkoku lit "State of Manchuria " was a Puppet state in Manchuria and eastern Puyi ( ( February 7, 1906 &ndash October 17, 1967) of the Manchu Aisin-Gioro ruling family was the last Emperor Mengjiang ( Postal map spelling: Mengkiang) also known in English as Mongol Border Land, was a Puppet state in Inner Mongolia Prince Demchugdongrub ( February 8, 1902 - May 23, 1966) was the leader of a Mongol independence movement in Inner Mongolia The East Hebei Autonomous Council, also known as the East Ji Autonomous Council (, or ( Japanese), or the East Hopei Autonomous Anti-Communist Council Yin Ju-keng (Chinese 殷汝耕 (1885 - 1947 was leader of a collaborationist Japanese Puppet state in north China in the Second Sino-Japanese War Born in 1885 The was a Japanese Puppet state that existed from 1937 to 1940 during the Second Sino-Japanese War. Wang Kemin Wang Ke-min 王克敏 (1873 or May 4, 1879 - December 26 1945) President of the Provisional Government of the Republic of China The Wang Jingwei Government was a Government under the leadership of Wang Jingwei in the Republic of China, set up by the Empire of Japan Chen Gongbo ( Wade-Giles: Ch'en Kung-po 1892-1946 Chinese politician was the Head of the Legislative Yuan of the Wang Jingwei 's Puppet state Wang Jingwei ( Traditional Chinese: 汪精衛 Simplified Chinese: 汪精卫 Pinyin: Wāng Jīngwèi Wade-Giles: Wang Ching-wei ( Zhou Fohai ( Chinese 周佛海 1897-1948 Chinese politician and second in command of Wang Jingwei 's Collaborationist Nanjing Nationalist Government Alexander Ernst Alfred Hermann von Falkenhausen ( October 29, 1878 &ndash July 31, 1966) was a German General. General Joseph Warren Stilwell ( March 19, 1883 – October 12, 1946) was a United States Army four-star General Albert Coady Wedemeyer (July 9 1897 &ndash December 17 1989 was an American Soldier, who served primarily in World War II in Asia. WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout Agnes Smedley ( February 23 1892 – 6 May 1950) was an American Journalist and Writer known for her chronicling Edgar Snow ( 19 July 1905 in Kansas City Missouri – 15 February 1972 in Geneva) was an American Journalist Henry Norman Bethune ( March 4, 1890 &ndash November 12, 1939) was a Canadian Physician and medical innovator John Rabe ( November 23, 1882 &ndash January 5, 1950) was a German businessman who used his Nazi party membership for Jakob Rosenfeld (1903-1952 more commonly known as General Luo, served as the Minister of Health in the Government of China under Mao Zedong. Morris Abraham "Two-Gun" Cohen (1887 - 1970 was a Jewish soldier and adventurer who became aide-de-camp to the Chinese leader Sun Yat-sen and a Major-general James Gareth Endicott (1898&ndash1993 was a Canadian minister Christian Missionary and Socialist. Dwarkanath Shantaram Kotnis ( October 10, 1910 in Solapur District Southern Maharashtra, India – December 9, 1942 George Hogg (1914-1945 was an English Adventurer. He was a graduate of Oxford University in economics Flag shows victorious side in each engagement. Date shows beginning date except for the 1942 battle of Changsha, which began in Dec. 1941.
- Mukden September 1931
- Invasion of Manchuria September 1931
- Jiangqiao Campaign October 1931
- Resistance at Nenjiang Bridge November 1931
- Jinzhou December 1931
- Defense of Harbin January 1932
-
Shanghai (1932) January 1932 - Pacification of Manchukuo March 1932
- Great Wall January 1933
- Battle of Rehe February 1933
- Actions in Inner Mongolia (1933-36)
- Suiyuan Campaign October 1936
- Battle of Lugou Bridge (Marco Polo Bridge Incident) July 1937
- Beiping-Tianjin July 1937
- Chahar August 1937
- Battle of Shanghai August 1937
- Beiping–Hankou August 1937
- Tianjin–Pukou August 1937
- Taiyuan September 1937
- Battle of Pingxingguan September 1937
- Battle of Xinkou September 1937
- Battle of Nanjing December 1937
- Battle of Xuzhou December 1937
- Battle of Taierzhuang March 1938
- Northern and Eastern Honan 1938 January 1938
- Battle of Lanfeng May 1938
- Xiamen May 1938
- Battle of Wuhan June 1938
- Guangdong October 1938
- Hainan Island February 1939
- Battle of Nanchang March 1939
- Battle of Xiushui River March 1939
- Battle of Suixian-Zaoyang May 1939
- Shantou June 1939
- Battle of Changsha (1939) September 1939
- Battle of South Guangxi November 1939
- Battle of Kunlun Pass December 1939
- 1939-40 Winter Offensive November 1939
- Battle of Wuyuan March 1940
- Battle of Zaoyang-Yichang May 1940
- Hundred Regiments Offensive August 1940
- Vietnam Expedition September 1940
- Central Hupei November 1940
- Battle of South Henan January 1941
- Western Hopei March 1941
- Battle of Shanggao March 1941
- Battle of South Shanxi May 1941
- Battle of Changsha (1941) September 1941
- Battle of Changsha (1942) January 1942
- Battle of Yunnan-Burma Road March 1942
- Battle of Zhejiang-Jiangxi April 1942
- Battle of West Hubei May 1943
- Battle of Northern Burma and Western Yunnan October 1943
- Battle of Changde November 1943
- Operation Ichi-Go
- Operation Kogo Battle of Central Henan April 1944
- Operation Togo 1 Battle of Changsha (1944)
- Operation Togo 2 and Operation Togo 3 Battle of Guilin-LiuzhouAugust 1944
- Battle of West Hunan April - June, 1945
- Second Guangxi Campaign April - July, 1945
Operation August Storm August – September, 1945
Aerial engagements
Japanese invasions and operations
- Japanese Campaigns in Chinese War
- Chinchow Operation
- Manchukuoan Anti Bandit Operations
- Operation Nekka
- Peiking-Hankou Railway Operation
- Tientsin–Pukow Railway Operation
- Operation Quhar
- Kuolichi-Taierhchuang Operation
- Canton Operation
- Amoy Operation
- Hainan Island Operation
- Han River Operation
- Invasion of French Indochina
- Swatow Operation
- Sczechwan Invasion
- CHE-KIANG Operation
- Kwanchow-Wan Occupation
- Operation Ichi-Go
List of Japanese political and military incidents
Attacks on civilians
- Nanking Massacre
- Unit 731
- Unit 100
- Unit 516
- Unit 1855
- Unit 2646
- Unit 8604
- Unit 9420
- Unit Ei 1644
- Comfort women
- Sanko sakusen
- Shantung Incident
- Taihoku Air Strike
- Bombing of Chongqing
- Kaimingye germ weapon attack
- Changteh Chemical Weapon Attack
- Battle of Zhejiang-Jiangxi
- Sook Ching Massacre (specifically against Chinese nationals in Singapore)
See also
| This article contains Chinese text. On September 18, 1931, near Mukden (now Shenyang) in southern Manchuria, a section of railroad owned by Japan 's South Manchuria The invasion of Manchuria by the Kwantung Army of the Empire of Japan, beginning on September 19, 1931, immediately followed The Jiangqiao Campaign was a series of battles and skirmishes occurring after the Mukden Incident, during the Invasion of Manchuria by the Imperial Japanese The Resistance at Nenjiang Bridge was a small battle fought between forces of the Chinese National Revolutionary Army against the Imperial Japanese Army and collaborationist The Chinchow Operation was an operation during the Invasion of Manchuria as part of the campaign of the Invasion of Manchuria by forces of the Empire of The Defense of Harbin occurred during the early Second Sino-Japanese War, as part of the campaign of the Invasion of Manchuria by forces of the Empire of The January 28 Incident ( January 28 – March 3 1932) was a short war between the armies of the Republic of China and the Empire of Japan The Pacification of Manchukuo, was a campaign to pacify the resistance to the newly established Puppet state of Manchukuo between the Anti-Japanese The Defense of the Great Wall ( (January 1 1933 &ndash May 31 1933 was a campaign between the armies of Republic of China and Empire of Japan, which The Battle of Rehe (sometimes called the Battle of Jehol) was the second part of Operation Nekka, a campaign by which the Empire of Japan successfully The Suiyuan Campaign was an engagement between the National Revolutionary Army of the Republic of China and the Japanese -trained Inner Mongolian The Marco Polo Bridge Incident ( 盧溝橋事變; also known as 七七事變 七七盧溝橋事變 or the Lugouqiao Incident) was a Battle between Operation Chahar, known by the Japanese as チャハル作戦 Operation Quhar and by the Chinese as the 长城抗战 (Battle of the Great Wall this campaign occurred in August 1937 The Battle of Shanghai was the first of the twenty-two major engagements fought between the National Revolutionary Army, Republic of China and the Imperial The Japanese 京漢線作戦 or Peiking–Hankou Railway Operation (Mid August – Dec The Japanese 津浦線作戦 or Tientsin–Pukow Railway Operation (Early August to mid November 1937 was a follow up operation to the Peiking Tientsin Operation of the The Japanese offensive called 太原作戦 or the Battle of Taiyuan ( was a major battle fought between China and Japan named for Taiyuan (the capital The Battle of Pingxingguan, commonly called the "Great Victory of Pingxingguan" (平型关大捷 in Mainland China, was an engagement fought between the The Battle of Xinkou ( was the second of the 22 major engagements between the National Revolutionary Army and Imperial Japanese Army during the Second Sino-Japanese The Battle of Nanjing ( began after the fall of Shanghai in October 9, 1937, and ended with the fall of the capital city of Nanjing The Battle of Xuzhou was fought between Japanese and Chinese forces in May of 1938 during Second Sino-Japanese War. The Battle of Tai'erzhuang ( was a battle of the Second Sino-Japanese War in 1938 between armies of Chinese Kuomintang and Japan, and During the Second Sino-Japanese War the Japanese 1st Army under Lt The Battle of Lanfeng was part of the larger campaign for Northern and Eastern Honan (Feb The Amoy Operation was part of a campaign by Japan during the Second Sino-Japanese War to blockade China to prevent it from communicating with the The Battle of Wuhan ( popularly known to Chinese as the Defense of Wuhan ( and to the Japanese as the Invasion of Wuhan ( Japanese Battle of Wanjialing, well known in Chinese text as the Victory of Wanjialing ( refers to the Chinese Army's successful engagement during the Wuhan theatre of The Canton Operation was part of a campaign by Japan during the Second Sino-Japanese War to blockade China to prevent it from communicating with the The Hainan Island Operation was part of a campaign by Japan during the Second Sino-Japanese War to blockade China to prevent it from communicating with the outside world and importing The Battle of Nanchang ( Traditional Chinese: 南昌會戰 Simplified Chinese: 南昌会战 was a major battle between the Chinese National Revolutionary The Battle of Xiushui River was fought in March 1939 as part of the Battle of Nanchang, northeast of Nanchang, China. The Battle of Suixian-Zaoyang ( also known as the Battle of Suizao was one of the 22 major engagements between the National Revolutionary Army and Imperial The Swatow Operation, (June 21–271939 was part of a campaign by Japan during the Second Sino-Japanese War to blockade China to prevent it from Battle of Changsha ( September 17, 1939 – October 6, 1939) was the first attempt by Japan to take the city of Changsha The Battle of South Guangxi ( was one of the 22 major engagements between the National Revolutionary Army and Imperial Japanese Army during the Second The Battle of Kunlun Pass ( was series of battles between the Japanese and the Chinese in contention for Kunlun Pass. The Battle of Wuyuan ( March 16 – April 3, 1940) was a counterattack that defeated the Japanese invasion of the Wuyuan area The Battle of Zaoyang-Yichang ( also known as the Battle of Zaoyi was one of the 22 major engagements between the National Revolutionary Army and Imperial The Hundred Regiments Offensive (百团大战 ( August 20 – December 5, 1940) was a major campaign of the Communist Party of China 's The, also known as the Vietnam Expedition, was an attempt by the Empire of Japan, during the Second Sino-Japanese War to blockade China and prevent The Central Hupei Operation was one of the engagements between the National Revolutionary Army and Imperial Japanese Army during the Second Sino-Japanese The Battle of South Henan ( was one of the 22 major engagements between the National Revolutionary Army and Imperial Japanese Army during the Second Sino-Japanese The Western Hopei Operation was one of the engagements between the National Revolutionary Army and Imperial Japanese Army during the Second Sino-Japanese The Battle of Shanggao ( was one of the 22 major engagements between the National Revolutionary Army and Imperial Japanese Army during the Second Sino-Japanese The Battle of South Shanxi ( also known as the Battle of Jinnan and as Chungyuan Operation by the Japanese it was one of the 22 major engagements between the The Battle of Changsha ( September 6 – October 8, 1941) was Japan 's second attempt in taking the city of Changsha, China The third Battle of Changsha ( December 24, 1941 – January 15, 1942) was the first major offensive in China by Imperial Battle of Yunnan-Burma Road (Mid March – Early June 1942 was the name of the Chinese intervention to aid their British allies in the 1942 Burma Campaign. Battle of Toungoo, Mar 24-30 1942 was one of the key battles in the Battle of Yunnan-Burma Road in the Burma Campaign of World War II and Second The Battle of Yenangyaung ( Chinese: 仁安羌大捷 Great Victory at Yenangyaung) was fought in Burma, now Myanmar during the Burma The Zhejiang-Jiangxi Campaign ( Japanese: 浙贛作戦) refers to a campaign by the China Expeditionary Army of the Japanese Imperial Army under The Battle of West Hubei ( was one of the 22 major engagements between the National Revolutionary Army and Imperial Japanese Army during the Second Sino-Japanese Battle of Northern Burma and Western Yunnan (滇西缅北会战 Oct The Battle of Changde ( was a major engagement in the Second Sino-Japanese War. Operation Ichi-Go was a campaign of a series of major battles between the Imperial Japanese Army forces and the National Revolutionary Army of the Republic of The Battle of Central Henan was the first offensive in the Japanese Operation Ichi-Go during the Second Sino-Japanese War. The Battle of Changsha (1944 also known as the Battle of Hengyang or Battle of Hengyang-Changsha, was an invasion of the Chinese province of Hunan The Battle of West Hunan (湘西會戰 also known as the Chihchiang Campaign (芷江作戰 was the Japanese invasion of west Hunan and the subsequent Chinese The Second Guangxi Campaign (Late April-July 1945 was a Chinese counteroffensive against the Japanese forces that had taken Guangxi during Operation Ichigo 1937-1940 Fighting in China the Hawk 75 took an active part in combat but did not achieve any special success This is a list of the campaigns and military conflicts of the Japanese during the Second Sino-Japanese War. The Chinchow Operation was an operation during the Invasion of Manchuria as part of the campaign of the Invasion of Manchuria by forces of the Empire of The Pacification of Manchukuo, was a campaign to pacify the resistance to the newly established Puppet state of Manchukuo between the Anti-Japanese The Defense of the Great Wall ( (January 1 1933 &ndash May 31 1933 was a campaign between the armies of Republic of China and Empire of Japan, which The Japanese 京漢線作戦 or Peiking–Hankou Railway Operation (Mid August – Dec The Japanese 津浦線作戦 or Tientsin–Pukow Railway Operation (Early August to mid November 1937 was a follow up operation to the Peiking Tientsin Operation of the Operation Chahar, known by the Japanese as チャハル作戦 Operation Quhar and by the Chinese as the 长城抗战 (Battle of the Great Wall this campaign occurred in August 1937 The Battle of Tai'erzhuang ( was a battle of the Second Sino-Japanese War in 1938 between armies of Chinese Kuomintang and Japan, and The Canton Operation was part of a campaign by Japan during the Second Sino-Japanese War to blockade China to prevent it from communicating with the The Amoy Operation was part of a campaign by Japan during the Second Sino-Japanese War to blockade China to prevent it from communicating with the The Hainan Island Operation was part of a campaign by Japan during the Second Sino-Japanese War to blockade China to prevent it from communicating with the outside world and importing The Central Hupei Operation was one of the engagements between the National Revolutionary Army and Imperial Japanese Army during the Second Sino-Japanese The, also known as the Vietnam Expedition, was an attempt by the Empire of Japan, during the Second Sino-Japanese War to blockade China and prevent The Swatow Operation, (June 21–271939 was part of a campaign by Japan during the Second Sino-Japanese War to blockade China to prevent it from The Sichuan Invasion, also known as the Chongqing Operation, Chongqing Campaign or Operation 5, was the Imperial Japanese Army 's failed The Zhejiang-Jiangxi Campaign ( Japanese: 浙贛作戦) refers to a campaign by the China Expeditionary Army of the Japanese Imperial Army under Kwang-Chou-Wan (also spelt Guangzhouwan or Kwangchowan) was a small Enclave on the south coast of China ceded by Qing China to Operation Ichi-Go was a campaign of a series of major battles between the Imperial Japanese Army forces and the National Revolutionary Army of the Republic of This is a list of Japanese political and military incidents, as classified by Japanese terminology in which incident was a Euphemism applied during the 1920s and through was a covert biological and Chemical warfare research and development unit of the Imperial Japanese Army that undertook lethal human experimentation during Unit 100 was a secret Imperial Japanese Army facility that focused on the development of Biological weapons during World War II. Unit 516 was a top secret Japanese Chemical weapons facility operated by the Kempeitai, in Qiqihar, Manchukuo. Unit 1855 was a secret Imperial Japanese Army facility that focused on the development of Biological weapons during World War II. Unit 2646 (or Unit 80) was a secret Imperial Japanese Army facility that focused on the development of Biological weapons during World War II Unit 8604 or Nami Unit was a secret military medical unit of the Imperial Japanese Army (IJA that researched Biological warfare and other topics through Formed in 1942 to support the Japanese Southern Army, Unit 9420 or Oka Unit consisted of two units the Umeoka Unit specialising in the plague, and the Unit Ei 1644 (栄1644部隊 also known as "Unit 1644" was a medical research unit of the Japanese Imperial Army based in Nanjing, China. Comfort women is a Euphemism for women forced into Prostitution and Sexual slavery for Japanese military brothels during World War The Three Alls Policy (三光作戦 Sankō Sakusen;) was a Japanese Scorched earth policy adopted in China during World War II, the three alls The Jinan Incident ( Japanese:済南事件 or May 3rd Tragedy ( Traditional Chinese: 五三慘案, Simplified Chinese: 五三惨案 or The Taihoku Air Strike was an attack by the Chinese Air Force against the metropolitan perimeter of Taihoku (Taipei the capital of Taiwan, which was under The bombing of Chongqing ( Traditional Chinese: 重慶大轟炸 Simplified Chinese: 重庆大轰炸 Japanese: 重慶爆撃 from 18 February 1938 The Kaimingjie germ weapon attack was a Japanese Biological warfare bacterial germ strike against Kaimingjie an area of the port of Ningbo in the The Changde chemical weapon attack refers to the use of chemical and biological weapons by Japan during the Battle of Changde in the The Zhejiang-Jiangxi Campaign ( Japanese: 浙贛作戦) refers to a campaign by the China Expeditionary Army of the Japanese Imperial Army under The Sook Ching massacre (肅清大屠殺 was a systematic Extermination of perceived hostile elements among the Chinese in Singapore by the Japanese military Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Chinese characters. Mojibake is the happenstance of incorrect unreadable characters (garbage characters shown when Computer software fails to render a text correctly according to its associated A Chinese character, also known as a Han character ( is a Logogram used in writing Chinese (hanzi Japanese ( |
- Chinese Civil War
- History of China
- History of the Republic of China
- Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere
- History of Japan
- Military of the Republic of China
- Military history of China
- Military history of Japan
- Military of the People's Republic of China
- New 1st Army
- Mitsubishi
- Republic of China Air Force
- Events preceding World War II in Asia
Notes
- ^ Jowett, Phillip, Rays of the Rising Sun, pg. Chinese civilization originated in various city-states along the Yellow River ( valley in the Neolithic era This article discusses history of the state which currently governs Taiwan Area. The Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere ( Kyūjitai: 大東亞共榮圈 Shinjitai: ja 大東亜共栄圏 Dai-tō-a Kyōeiken) was a concept The written history of Japan begins with brief references in the 1st century AD Twenty-Four Histories, a collection of Chinese historical texts The Republic of China (ROC (commonly known as Taiwan maintains a large and technologically advanced military establishment which accounted for The recorded military history of China extends from about 1500 BC to the present day The military history of Japan is characterised by a long period of Feudal Wars, followed by domestic stability and then foreign conquest The People's Liberation Army ( PLA) ( is the unified Military organization of all land sea and air forces of the People's Republic of China. New 1st Army ( was reputed as the most elite Chinese Military unit of the Kuomintang. The, Mitsubishi Group of Companies, or Mitsubishi Companies is a Japanese conglomerate consisting of a range of autonomous businesses which share the Mitsubishi Republic of China Air Force Personnel53000 This article is concerned with the events that preceded World War II in Asia. 72.
- ^ Bix, Herbert P. "The Showa Emperor's 'Monologue' and the Problem of War Responsibility", Journal of Japanese Studies, Vol. 18, No. 2. (Summer, 1992), pp. 295–363.
- ^ Herbert Bix, Hirohito and the making of modern Japan, 2001, p. 364
- ^ "Memorandum by Mr J. McEwen, Minister for External Affairs 10 May 1940"
- ^ Chang and Ming, July 12, 2005, pg. Events 1191 - Saladin 's garrison surrenders ending the two-year Siege of Acre. Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. 8; and Chang and Halliday, pg. 233, 246, 286–287
- ^ Chang and Ming, July 12, 2005
- ^ Chang and Halliday, pg. Events 1191 - Saladin 's garrison surrenders ending the two-year Siege of Acre. Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. 231
- ^ Chang and Halliday, pg. 232
- ^ Himeta, Sankô sakusen towa nan dataka-Chûgokujin no mita Nihon no sensô, Iwanami Bukuretto 1996, p. 43.
- ^ Remember role in ending fascist war
- ^ Nuclear Power: The End of the War Against Japan
- ^ Jowett, Phillip, Rays of the Rising Sun, pg. 130-133.
References
- Chang, Flora and Ming, Chu-cheng. (July 12, 2005). Events 1191 - Saladin 's garrison surrenders ending the two-year Siege of Acre. Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Rewriters of history ignore truth. Taipei Times, pg. 8.
- Gordon, David M. "The China-Japan War, 1931–1945" Journal of Military History (Jan 2006) v 70#1, pp 137–82. Historiographical overview of major books from the 1970s through 2006 (for paid subscribers only).
- Jung Chang and Jon Halliday, Mao: The Unknown Story (London, 2005); Jonathan Cape, ISBN 0-679-42271-4
- Annalee Jacoby and Theodore H. Mao The Unknown Story ( 2005) an eight hundred and thirty two page biography written by the husband and wife team writer Jung Chang and historian White, Thunder out of China, New York: William Sloane Associates, 1946
- 中国抗日战争正面战场作战记 China's Anti-Japanese War Combat Operations
- Author : Guo Rugui, editor-in-chief Huang Yuzhang
- Press : Jiangsu People's Publishing House
- Date published : 2005-7-1
- ISBN 7214030349
- Online in Chinese [1]
- Jowett, Phillip (2005). Rays of the Rising Sun: Japan's Asian Allies 1931–45 Volume 1: China and Manchukuo. Helion and Company Ltd. ISBN 1-874622-21-3. - Book about the Chinese and Mongolians who fought for the Japanese during the war.
- Long-hsuen, Hsu; Chang Ming-kai (1972). History of the Sino-Japanese war (1937–1945). Chung Wu Publishers. ASIN B00005W210.
External links
- World War II Newspaper Archives - War in China, 1937-1945
- Annals of the Flying Tigers
- (Chinese)/(English) KangZhan.org - Gallery and history of the Sino-Japanese war
- Japanese soldiers in the Sino-Japanese war, 1937-1938 (Japanese)
- History and Commercial Atlas of China, Harvard University Press 1935, by Albert Herrmann, Ph.D. See bottom of the list for 1930s maps.
- Perry-Castañeda Library Map Collection, China 1:250,000, Series L500, U. S. Army Map Service, 1954- . Topographic Maps of China during the Second World War.
- Perry-Castañeda Library Map Collection Manchuria 1:250,000, Series L542, U. S. Army Map Service, 1950- . Topographic Maps of Manchuria during the Second World War.
- Joint Study of the Sino-Japanese War, Harvard University. Multi-year project seeks to expand research by promoting cooperation among scholars and institutions in China, Japan, the United States, and other nations. Includes extensive bibliographies [2]
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