Citizendia

Chinese characters
Precursors
Traditional Chinese
Variant characters
Simplified Chinese
Simplified Chinese (2nd-round)
Traditional/Simplified (debate)
Kanji
Hanja
Hán tự
East Asian calligraphy
Input methods

The second round of Chinese character simplification was an aborted orthography reform officially promulgated on 20 December 1977 by the People's Republic of China. A Chinese character, also known as a Han character ( is a Logogram used in writing Chinese (hanzi Japanese ( Neolithic signs At a range of Neolithic sites in China, small numbers of symbols of either pictorial or simple geometric nature have been unearthed which were Variant Chinese characters ( are Chinese characters that can be used interchangeably The debate on Traditional Chinese characters and Simplified Chinese characters (繁簡之爭 more recently 正簡之爭 a are the Chinese characters that are used in the modern Japanese logographic writing system along with Hiragana (ひらがな 平仮名 Katakana is an ancient Writing system which employs Chinese characters to represent the Japanese language. Hanja is the Korean name for Chinese characters. More specifically it refers to those Chinese characters borrowed from Chinese and incorporated Idu is an archaic Writing system which represents the Korean language using Hanja. Hán tự ( {{IPA|/han˦˥ tɯ˨/}}; 漢[[wikt 字|字]] meaning " Chinese character " or chữ Nho ( {{IPA|/tɕɯ˧˨˧ ɲɔ/}} Chữ Nôm ( IPA: /cɨ3ˀ5 nom33/ chữ Nôm in Unicode: 字[[wikt 喃|喃]]/ 𡨸 喃/ 𡦂 喃 chữ Nôm in Unicode The art of Calligraphy is widely practiced and revered in the East Asian Civilizations that use or used Chinese characters. Oracle bone script ( refers to incised (or rarely brush-written ancient Chinese characters found on Oracle bones which are animal bones or turtle shells used in Chinese Bronze inscriptions are writing in a variety of Chinese scripts on Chinese bronze artifacts such as zhōng bells and dǐng tripodal cauldrons Seal script ( Chinese: Simplified 篆书 篆書 Pinyin: zhuànshū is an ancient style of Chinese calligraphy. The clerical script ( pinyin lìshū; Japanese 隷書体 Reishotai; formerly also chancery script is an archaic style of Chinese calligraphy which The regular script or standard script, or in Chinese kaishu ( and Japanese kaisho, also commonly known as standard regular Semi-cursive script is a partially cursive style of Chinese calligraphy. Cursive script ( simplified草书 erroneously translated as Grass script is a style of Chinese calligraphy. Since the Chinese language uses a logographic script — that is a script where one or more " characters " corresponds roughly to one "word" or A Chinese character, also known as a Han character ( is a Logogram used in writing Chinese (hanzi Japanese ( Events 69 - Vespasian, formerly a general under Nero, enters Rome to claim the title of Emperor. Also 1977 (album by Ash. Year 1977 ( MCMLXXVII) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays Talk People's Republic of China) PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA ARTICLE GUIDELINES It was intended to replace the existing (first-round) simplified Chinese characters that were already in use. The complete proposal contained a list of 248 characters that were to be simplified immediately, as well as another list of 605 characters that were open to discussion.

Following widespread confusion and opposition, the second round of simplification was officially rescinded on 24 June 1986 by the State Council. Events 972 - Battle of Cedynia, the first documented victory of Polish forces takes place Year 1986 ( MCMLXXXVI) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link displays 1986 Gregorian calendar) The State Council ( which is largely synonymous with the Central People's Government ( is the chief administrative authority of the People's Republic of China Since then, the People's Republic of China has used the first-round simplified characters as its official script. At the same time, the retraction declared that further reform of the Chinese character should henceforth proceed with caution. Today, some second-round simplified characters, while considered nonstandard, continue to survive in informal usage.

Contents

History

In 1956, the People's Republic of China promulgated the first round of character simplifications. Year 1956 ( MCMLVI) was a Leap year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The plan was adjusted slightly in the following years, eventually stabilizing in 1964 with a definitive list of character simplifications. Year 1964 ( MCMLXIV) was a Leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display full calendar of the 1964 Gregorian calendar. These are the simplified Chinese characters that are used today in Mainland China and Singapore. Mainland China, Continental China, the Chinese mainland or simply the mainland, is a geopolitical term synonymous with the area that is under the jurisdiction Singapore (Taiwan, Hong Kong, and Macau did not adopt the simplifications, and the characters used in those places are known as traditional Chinese characters. Taiwan ( Taiwanese: Tâi-oân/Tāi-oân (historically 大灣/台員/大員/台圓/大圓/台窩灣 is an Island in East Asia. Hong Kong ( officially the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, is a territory located on China 's south coast on the Pearl River Delta, and borders For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Macau topics. )

In 1975, a second round of simplifications was submitted by the Script Reform Committee of China to the State Council for approval. Year 1975 ( MCMLXXV) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. On 20 December 1977, major newspapers such as the People's Daily, the Guangming Daily, the PLA Daily, and official province-level newspapers promulgated the second-round simplifications. Events 69 - Vespasian, formerly a general under Nero, enters Rome to claim the title of Emperor. Also 1977 (album by Ash. Year 1977 ( MCMLXXVII) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays The People's Daily ( a daily Newspaper, is the organ of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, published worldwide with a circulation PLA Daily ( Chinese: 解放军报 Pinyin: Jiěfàngjūn Bào is China -based media outlet for the People's Liberation Army (PLA of The People's Daily began to use the second-round simplified characters on the following day.

As early as mid-1978, the Ministry of Education and the Central Propaganda Department were asking publishers of textbooks, newspapers and other works to stop using the second-round simplifications. Year 1978 ( MCMLXXVIII) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link displays the 1978 Gregorian calendar) Second-round simplifications were taught inconsistently in the education system, and people used characters at various stages of official or unofficial simplification. Confusion and disagreement ensued.

As a result, the second round of simplifications was retracted by the State Council on 24 June 1986. Events 972 - Battle of Cedynia, the first documented victory of Polish forces takes place Year 1986 ( MCMLXXXVI) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link displays 1986 Gregorian calendar) The State Council's retraction also emphasized that further reform of the Chinese character should henceforth proceed with caution, and that the forms of Chinese characters should be kept stable. On 10 October of the same year, a final list of simplifications was promulgated, which was identical to first-round simplifications promulgated in 1964 except for six changes, and no further change has been made since. Events 680 - Battle of Karbala: Shia Imam Husayn bin Ali, the grandson of the Prophet Muhammad, is decapitated Year 1964 ( MCMLXIV) was a Leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display full calendar of the 1964 Gregorian calendar.

Singapore, which followed the People's Republic of China in adopting the first round of simplifications, waited out the second round without making any changes. It was thus spared the ordeal of adopting and then rescinding the second round of reforms.

image:erjian1.png

Methods of simplification

The second round of simplification continued to use the methods used in the first round. For example:

In some characters, the phonetic component of the character was replaced with a simpler one, while the radical was unchanged. For example:

In some characters, entire components were replaced by ones that are similar in shape:

In some characters, components that are complicated are replaced with a simpler one not similar in any way:

In some characters, the radical is simply dropped, leaving only the phonetic. This results in mergers between previously distinct characters:

In some characters, entire components are dropped:

Some characters are simply replaced by a similar-sounding one:

Effects

Today, second round characters are officially regarded as incorrect. However, some have survived in informal contexts; this is because some people who were in school between 1977 and 1986 received their education in second-round characters. Also 1977 (album by Ash. Year 1977 ( MCMLXXVII) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays Year 1986 ( MCMLXXXVI) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link displays 1986 Gregorian calendar) For example, eggs at markets are often advertised as "鸡旦" rather than "鸡蛋", and parking venues may be marked "仃车" rather than "停车". Another example is handwritten license plates from Hebei and Henan provinces, which often use 丠 and 予 as opposed to 冀 and 豫 to represent those provinces. ( Postal map spelling: Hopeh) is a northern province of the People's Republic of China. Henan ( is a province of the People's Republic of China, located in the central part of the country

In one case, the second round has split one family name into two. Originally, the surname 蕭 (Xiāo) was rather common while the surname 肖 (Xiào) was extremely rare, mentioned only sporadically in historical texts. The first round of simplification simplified 蕭 into 萧, while keeping the two characters distinct. The second round, however, merged 萧 into 肖. Despite the retraction of the second round, some people have kept 肖 as their surname, so that there are now two separate surnames, 萧 and 肖.

Technical information

Most systems of Chinese character encoding, including Unicode or GB 18030, do not support second-round characters. In computing Chinese character encodings can be used to represent text written in the CJK languages &mdash Chinese, Japanese, Korean &mdash In Computing, Unicode is an Industry standard allowing Computers to consistently represent and manipulate text expressed in most of the world's GB18030 is the registered Internet name for the official Character set of the People's Republic of China (PRC superseding GB2312. Mojikyo supports 248 characters on the first list. Mojikyo (文字鏡 is a set of Computer software and fonts for enhanced Logogram word-processing Also, the font "SongUni-PUA" is comprised primarily of the second-round characters.

External links

© 2009 citizendia.org; parts available under the terms of GNU Free Documentation License, from http://en.wikipedia.org
 Dapyx Software network: MP3 Explorer | Ebook Manager | Zenithic