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Secobarbital
Systematic (IUPAC) name
5-(1-methylbutyl)-5-prop-2-enyl-
hexahydropyrimidine-2,4,6-trione
Identifiers
CAS number 76-73-3
ATC code N05CA06
PubChem 5193
DrugBank APRD00497
Chemical data
Formula C12H18N2O3 
Mol. mass 238. IUPAC Nomenclature is a system of naming Chemical compounds and of describing the science of Chemistry in general CAS registry numbers are unique numerical identifiers for Chemical compounds Polymers biological sequences mixtures and Alloys They are also referred to The Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System is used for the classification of drugs It is controlled by the WHO Collaborating Centre for Drug A section of the Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System. PubChem is a Database of chemical Molecules The system is maintained by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI a component The DrugBank database available at the University of Alberta is a unique Bioinformatics and Cheminformatics resource that combines detailed drug (i A chemical formula is a way of expressing information about the Atoms that constitute a particular Chemical compound, and how the relationship between those atoms changes Carbon (kɑɹbən is a Chemical element with the symbol C and its Atomic number is 6 Hydrogen (ˈhaɪdrədʒən is the Chemical element with Atomic number 1 Nitrogen (ˈnaɪtɹəʤɪn is a Chemical element that has the symbol N and Atomic number 7 and Atomic weight 14 Oxygen (from the Greek roots ὀξύς (oxys (acid literally "sharp" from the taste of acids and -γενής (-genēs (producer literally begetteris the The molecular mass (abbreviated m of a substance, more commonly referred to as molecular weight and abbreviated as MW, is the Mass of one 283
Pharmacokinetic data
Bioavailability  ?
Protein binding 45-60%[1]
Metabolism Hepatic
Half life 15-40 hours[1]
Excretion Renal
Therapeutic considerations
Pregnancy cat.

D (USA)
Legal status

Schedule II(US)
Routes Oral

Secobarbital (marketed by Eli Lilly and Company under the brand name Seconal) is a barbiturate derivative drug. In Pharmacology, bioavailability is used to describe the fraction of an administered Dose of unchanged drug that reaches the Systemic circulation, one of A drug's efficiency may be affected by the degree to which it binds to the proteins within Blood plasma. Drug metabolism is the Metabolism of drugs, their Biochemical modification or degradation usually through specialized enzymatic systems The liver is a vital organ in the human body and is present in Vertebrates and some other animals The biological half-life of a substance is the time it takes for a substance (drug radioactive nuclide or other to lose half of its pharmacologic physiologic or radiologic activity Excretion is the process of eliminating waste products of Metabolism and other non-useful materials The kidneys are complicated organs that have numerous biological roles The pregnancy category of a pharmaceutical agent is an assessment of the risk of fetal injury due to the pharmaceutical if it is used as directed by the mother during The United States of America —commonly referred to as the The regulation of therapeutic goods, that is drugs and therapeutic devices, varies by jurisdiction The Controlled Substances Act ( CSA) was enacted into law by the Congress of the United States as Title II of the Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention and Control The United States of America —commonly referred to as the In Pharmacology and Toxicology, a route Eli Lilly and Company ( is a global Pharmaceutical company and one of the world's largest corporations Barbiturates are drugs that act as central nervous system Depressants and by virtue of this they produce a wide spectrum of effects from mild Sedation It possesses anaesthetic, anticonvulsant, sedative and hypnotic properties. Anesthesia, or anaesthesia (see spelling differences; from Greek grc αν- an-, "without" and grc αἲσθησις The anticonvulsants, also called antiepileptic drugs (abbreviated "AEDs" are a diverse group of pharmaceuticals used in the treatment of epileptic A sedative, or more specifically a sedative-hypnotic, is a substance that depresses the Central nervous system (CNS resulting in calmness relaxation sleepiness For the state of mind see Hypnosis. Hypnotic drugs induce Sleep (which differentiates them from the Sedative In the United Kingdom, it was known as Quinalbarbitone. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located

Contents

Indications

Secobarbital is indicated for:

Availability

It is available as either a free acid or a sodium salt. In Computer science, ACID ( Atomicity Consistency Isolation Durability) is a set of properties that guarantee that Database transactions are Sodium (ˈsoʊdiəm is an element which has the symbol Na( Latin natrium, from Arabic natrun) atomic number 11 atomic mass 22 Salt is a Dietary mineral composed primarily of Sodium chloride that is essential for Animal life but toxic to most land plants The free acid is a white amorphous powder that is slightly soluble in water and very soluble in ethanol. An amorphous solid is a Solid in which there is no Long-range order of the positions of the Atoms (Solids in which there is long-range atomic order are The salt is a white hygroscopic powder that is soluble in water and ethanol. Hygroscopy is the ability of a substance to attract Water Molecules from the surrounding environment through either absorption or Adsorption

Secobarbital sodium

The sodium salt of secobarbital is classified separately from the free acid, as follows:

Side effects

Side effects of secobarbital include:

Withdrawal

Secobarbital is a fairly addictive drug, and withdrawal symptoms can occur if long-term usage is abruptly ended. Somnolence (or " drowsiness " is a state of near- Sleep, a strong desire for sleep or sleeping for unusually long periods (c Many different terms are often used to describe what is collectively known as dizziness. Anxiety is a physiological and psychological state characterized by Cognitive, Somatic, Emotional and Behavioral components Nausea ( Latin: Nausea, Greek:, " Sea-sickness " also called wamble) is the sensation of unease and discomfort A nightmare is a Dream which causes a strong unpleasant emotional response from the sleeper typically fear or horror being in situations of extreme danger or the sensations Allergy is a disorder of the Immune system often also referred to as Atopy. Oedema (or Edema in American English formerly known as dropsy or hydropsy, is the increase of Interstitial fluid in any organ &mdash swelling The term " addiction " is used in many contexts to describe an obsession compulsion or excessive Physical dependence or psychological dependence such as Withdrawal, also known as withdrawal/abstinence syndrome, refers to the characteristic signs and symptoms that appear when a drug that causes Physical dependence is Withdrawal symptoms can include:

Recreational use

Secobarbital began to be widely abused in the 1960s and 1970s, although with the advent of benzodiazepines, they have become less commonly used. The 1960s decade refers to the years from the beginning of 1960 to the end of 1969 This article is about the Decade 1970-1979 For the Year 1970 see 1970. The benzodiazepines (pronounced, often abbreviated to "benzos") are a class of Psychoactive drugs with varying Hypnotic Secobarbital has acquired many nicknames, the most common being reds, or "red dillies" (it was originally packaged in red capsules). Another common nickname is "seccies". Another common nickname is "red hearts" according to the Wegman's School of Pharmacy curriculum. A less common nickname is "dolls"; this was partly responsible for the title of Jacqueline Susann's novel Valley of the Dolls, whose main characters use secobarbital and other such drugs. Jacqueline Susann ( August 20, 1918, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania &ndash September 21, 1974, New York City Valley of the Dolls is the title of a best selling Novel by Jacqueline Susann, published in 1966 Another popular brand of barbiturate pill Tuinal contained a combination of secobarbital and amobarbital but is now rarely prescribed due to problems with abuse and overdose. Tuinal is the brand name of a combination Drug composed of two Barbiturate salts ( Secobarbital sodium and Amobarbital sodium in equal proportions Amobarbital (formerly known as amylobarbitone is a drug that is a Barbiturate derivative The term drug overdose (or simply overdose or OD) describes the Ingestion or application of a Drug or other substance in quantities

Cause of death of Charles Boyer

Two days after his wife died from cancer in 1978, Charles Boyer committed suicide with an overdose of Seconal. Charles Boyer (28 August 1899 – 26 August 1978 was a four-time Academy Award -nominated French Actor who starred in a number of classic Hollywood

Cause of death of Bartley Crum

Bartley Crum was the attorney for some of the so-called "Hollywood Ten" who were subpoenaed to appear before the House Un-American Activities Committee in 1947. Bartley Cavanaugh Crum (1900- December 9 1959) was a prominent American Lawyer. The FBI tapped Crum's phones, opened his mail, and shadowed him constantly. Labeled as subversive, he ended up losing most of his clients and, unable to cope with stress from the harassment, committed suicide in 1959 by washing down an entire bottle of Seconal with whisky.

Cause of death of Judy Garland

Judy Garland, of "The Wizard of Oz" fame, was found dead in her bathroom by her husband Mickey Deans on June 22, 1969. Judy Garland (born Frances Ethel Gumm; June 10 1922 – June 22 1969 was an American actress and singer The Wizard of Oz is a 1939 American musical - Fantasy film mainly directed by Victor Fleming and based on the 1900 children’s Mickey Deans ( September 24, 1934 - July 11, 2003) born Michael DeVinko in Garfield New Jersey, was a discotheque manager The stated exact cause of death by coroner Gavin Thursdon was accidental overdose of barbiturates; her blood contained the equivalent of 10 Seconal 100 mg capsules. [2]

caused death of Jimi Hendrix

Secobarbital played a role in the September 18, 1970 death of legendary rock guitarist Jimi Hendrix, who purportedly took nine Vesperax tablets (a sleeping pill containing secobarbital, brallobarbital and hydroxyzine) after a night of drinking wine and was later found dead in his London apartment. James Marshall Hendrix (born Johnny Allen Hendrix) (November 27 1942 – September 18 1970 was an American Guitarist, Singer and Songwriter Brallobarbital is a Barbiturate derivative invented in 1964 It has Sedative and Hypnotic properties and was used for the treatment of Insomnia Hydroxyzine (haɪˈdrɒksɨziːn is a first-generation antihistamine of the Piperazine class that is an H1 receptor antagonist Wine is an Alcoholic beverage made from the fermentation of Grape juice London ( ˈlʌndən is the capital and largest urban area in the United Kingdom. Hendrix' death was caused by asphyxiation, after Hendrix presumably aspirated vomit in his sleep as a result of the mixture of the excessive barbiturate dose and alcohol. In Medicine, aspiration is the entry of secretions or foreign material into the trachea and Lungs The patient may either inhale the material Barbiturates are drugs that act as central nervous system Depressants and by virtue of this they produce a wide spectrum of effects from mild Sedation In Chemistry, an alcohol is any Organic compound in which a Hydroxyl group ( - O[[hydrogen H]]) is bound to a Carbon

Role in death of Anissa Jones

Anissa Jones' fatal overdose was of a combination of cocaine, PCP, Methaqualone, and Seconal. Mary Anissa Jones ( March 11, 1958 &ndash August 28, 1976) was an American Child actress best remembered as "Buffy" Cocaine ( benzoylmethyl ecgonine) is a Crystalline Tropane Alkaloid that is obtained from the leaves of the Coca plant Methaqualone is a Sedative drug which is similar in effect to Barbiturates a general CNS Depressant. The San Diego County coroner said it was one of the most severe cases of drug overdose ever seen in San Diego County. San Diego County is a County located on the Pacific Ocean in the far southwest of the U

Role in death of Beverly Kenney

Jazz singer Beverly Kenney fatally overdosed on a combination of alcohol and Seconal on April 13, 1960. Jazz is an American Musical art form which originated in the beginning of the 20th century in African American communities in the Southern United States Beverly Kenney (January 29 1932 Harrison New Jersey - April 13 1960 New York City) was an American Jazz singer In Chemistry, an alcohol is any Organic compound in which a Hydroxyl group ( - O[[hydrogen H]]) is bound to a Carbon

Cause of death of Carol Landis

On July 5, 1948, Carole Landis committed suicide by taking an overdose of Seconal in her Brentwood Heights, California home. Carole Landis ( January 1, 1919 - July 5, 1948) was an American Film actress.

Cause of death of Marilyn Monroe

In March 2007, a Los Angeles-based Australian writer and director named Philippe Mora uncovered previously-classified government documents regarding Marilyn Monroe's death. Marilyn Monroe (born Norma Jeane Mortenson, June 1 1926 &ndash August 5 1962 baptized Norma These documents, in turn, cited Seconal as Monroe's barbiturate of choice for her alleged suicide.

Cause of death of Alejandra Pizarnik

Alejandra Pizarnik, an Argentine poetess, reportedly died, in 1972 at the age of 36, from a self-induced overdose of seconal. Alejandra Pizarnik ( April 29[[ 936]]- September 25[[ 972]] was an Argentine Poet.

Cause of death of Lupe Velez

Lupe Velez, a Mexican actress who starred in many Hollywood films from 1927 to her death in 1944. Lupe Vélez ( July 18, 1908 &ndash December 13, 1944) was a Mexican actress On December 13, 1944 she committed suicide with an overdose of Seconal. She was 36 years old.

Use as a lethal injection

Secobarbital overdose was the most common method of implementing physician-assisted suicide (PAS) in Oregon until Eli Lilly and Company discontinued manufacturing it in May 2001, leading to a shortage of the drug. Physician-assisted suicide: may refer to Euthanasia, in cases where the physician performs the action may refer to Assisted suicide, where Eli Lilly and Company ( is a global Pharmaceutical company and one of the world's largest corporations Since then, pentobarbital has dominated in Oregon PAS. Pentobarbital is a short-acting Barbiturate that is available as both a Free acid and a Sodium salt, the former of which is only slightly soluble in water Ranbaxy Laboratories Limited have experienced approval issues in their attempts to produce 100 mg secobarbital capsules, but there is no longer a shortage as of October 2006. Ranbaxy Laboratories Limited is India's largest Pharmaceutical company

It is a component in the veterinary drug Somulose, used for euthanasia of horses and cattle. Veterinary medicine the application of medical, diagnostic, and therapeutic principles to companion, domestic, exotic, wildlife Put to sleep redirects here For its literal meaning see Sleep or Anaesthetic. The horse ( Equus caballus) is a hoofed ( Ungulate) Mammal, one of eight living species of the family Equidae. Cattle, colloquially referred to as cows, are domesticated Ungulates a member of the Subfamily Bovinae of the family

References

  1. ^ a b Lexi-Comp. Secobarbital.
  2. ^ Thomson, David,Film Studies: She couldn't act for toffee - until she burst into song; The Independent; 2004-06-27; Retrieved on 2007-01-26

External links

Dictionary

secobarbital

-noun

  1. (pharmacology) Quinalbarbitone.
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