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Sea Dart

Sea Dart missile
Type surface-to-air, surface-to-surface
Place of origin UK
Service history
In service 1973
Used by UK (Royal Navy), Argentina
Wars Falklands, Gulf 1991
Production history
Manufacturer Hawker Siddeley (later British Aerospace)
Number built 2,000+
Specifications
Weight 550 kg
Length 4. 4 m
Diameter 0. 42 m
Warhead 22 kilograms HE. An explosive material is a material that either is chemically or otherwise Energetically unstable or produces a sudden expansion of the material usually accompanied Blast-fragmentation
Detonation
mechanism		 proximity fuze and contact
Engine Chow solid fuel booster motor
Bristol Siddeley Odin ramjet cruise motor
Wingspan 0. A proximity fuze (also called a VT fuze for "variable time" is a fuze that is designed to detonate an explosive device automatically when the distance Bristol Siddeley was a British aero-engine manufacturer formed in 1959 from the merger of Bristol Aero Engines and Armstrong Siddeley Motors. WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout 9 m
Flight ceiling Greater than 10,000 metres
Speed Mach 2. Mach number (\mathrm{Ma} or M (generally ˈmɑːk sometimes /ˈmɑːx/ or /ˈmæk/ is the speed of an object moving through air or any Fluid 0+
Guidance
system		 semi-active radar illuminated by radar Type 909
Steering
system		 control surfaces
Launch
platform		 ship

Sea Dart or Guided Weapon System (GWS) 30 is a British surface-to-air missile system designed by Hawker Siddeley Dynamics and built by British Aerospace (BAe) from 1977. Semi-active radar homing, or SARH, is a common type of Missile guidance system perhaps the most common type for longer range air-to-air and Surface-to-air The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located A surface to air missile ( SAM) or ground-to-air missile ( GTAM) is a Missile designed to be launched from the ground to destroy Aircraft Hawker Siddeley was a group of British manufacturing companies renowned for their aircraft production. British Aerospace (BAe was a UK aircraft and defence-systems manufacturer that is now part of BAE Systems.

It was fitted to the Type 42 (UK and Argentina) and Type 82 guided missile air defence destroyers and Invincible class light aircraft carriers of the Royal Navy. History The class was designed in the late 1960s to provide fleet area air-defence The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Argentina topics. History The CVA-01 aircraft carrier project was cancelled in the 1966 Strategic Defence Review, eliminating the requirement for the Type 82 class In naval terminology a destroyer is a fast and maneuverable yet long-endurance Warship intended to escort larger vessels in a fleet, Convoy Development The Invincible class has its origins in a sketch design for a 6000  ton, guided-missile armed helicopter carrying escort cruiser intended as An aircraft carrier is a Warship designed with The Royal Navy of the United Kingdom is the oldest of the British armed services (and is therefore known as the Senior Service)

Contents

History

Sea Dart began as Hawker Siddeley project CF. 299, a weapon to replace the Royal Navy's first-generation long-range surface-to-air missile, Sea Slug. Sea Slug was a first generation Surface-to-air missile designed by Armstrong Whitworth (later part of the Hawker Siddeley group for use by the It entered service in 1973 on the sole Type 82 destroyer HMS Bristol before widespread deployment on the Type 42 destroyer. History The CVA-01 aircraft carrier project was cancelled in the 1966 Strategic Defence Review, eliminating the requirement for the Type 82 class Origin The CVA-01 Queen Elizabeth class Aircraft carrier was designed to replace the World War II vintage Aircraft carriers of History The class was designed in the late 1960s to provide fleet area air-defence The missile system was also fitted to Invincible class aircraft carrier but was removed during refits in the 1998-2000 period to increase the area of the flight deck and below-decks stowage associated with the operation of Royal Air Force Harrier GR9 aircraft. Development The Invincible class has its origins in a sketch design for a 6000  ton, guided-missile armed helicopter carrying escort cruiser intended as An aircraft carrier is a Warship designed with WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout

Design

Sea Dart is a two-stage, 4. 4 m long missile weighing 550 kg. It is launched using a drop-off Chow solid-fuelled booster that accelerates it to the supersonic speed necessary for the operation of the cruise motor, a Rolls-Royce (Bristol Aerojet) kerosene-fuelled Odin ramjet. For other uses see Supersonic. The term supersonic is used to define a speed that is over the Speed of sound ( Mach 1 For the present day company see Rolls-Royce plc. For other uses see Rolls-Royce (disambiguation. Kerosene, sometimes spelled kerosine in scientific and industrial usage is a Combustible Hydrocarbon liquid WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout A ramjet, sometimes referred to as a stovepipe jet, or an athodyd, is a form of Jet engine that contains no major Moving parts. This gives a cruise speed of over Mach 2. Mach number (\mathrm{Ma} or M (generally ˈmɑːk sometimes /ˈmɑːx/ or /ˈmæk/ is the speed of an object moving through air or any Fluid 5, and unlike many rocket powered designs the cruise engine burns for the entire flight, giving excellent terminal manoeuvrability at extreme range. It is capable of engaging targets out to at least 30 nautical miles over a wide range of altitudes. It has a secondary capability against small surface vessels, tested against a 'Brave' class fast patrol boat, although the warhead is too small to inflict major damage on larger vessels. The Brave fast patrol boats were a class of Patrol boats that were the last of their type for the Royal Navy (RN Coastal Forces division

Guidance is by proportional navigation and a semi-active radar homing system using the nose intake cone and four aerials around the intake as an interferometer aerial, with targets being identified by a Type 1022 surveillance radar (originally radar Type 965) and illuminated by 1 of a pair of radar Type 909. Radar is a system that uses electromagnetic waves to identify the range altitude direction or speed of both moving and fixed objects such as Aircraft, ships Interferometry is the technique of using the pattern of Interference created by the superposition of two or more Waves to diagnose the properties of This allows two targets to be engaged simultaneously in initial versions, with later variants (see below) able to engage more. Firing is from a twin-arm trainable launcher that is loaded automatically from below decks. The original launcher seen on the Bristol was significantly larger than that which appeared on the Type 42 and Invincible classes. Initial difficulties with launcher reliability have been resolved.

Combat Service

Falklands War

Sea Dart on HMS Cardiff in 1982, however picture was taken after the Falklands War had ended.
Sea Dart on HMS Cardiff in 1982, however picture was taken after the Falklands War had ended. Construction The Type 42 destroyers (also known as the Sheffield -class were made in three batches Cardiff was built in the first The Falklands War (Guerra de las Malvinas/Guerra del Atlántico Sur also called the Falklands Conflict/Crisis, was fought in 1982 between Argentina and the

Sea Dart was used during the Falklands War (1982) and is credited with seven confirmed kills (plus one British Aérospatiale Gazelle helicopter downed by friendly fire). The Falklands War (Guerra de las Malvinas/Guerra del Atlántico Sur also called the Falklands Conflict/Crisis, was fought in 1982 between Argentina and the WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout Friendly fire or non-hostile fire, a term originally adopted by the United States military, refers to fire from one's own side or allied forces as One kill was against a high-flying Learjet reconnaissance aircraft beyond the missile's stated technical envelope. In another engagement, a high-flying Argentinian Canberra bomber was shot down. Other kills were made against low-flying attack aircraft. The net effect of Sea Dart was to deny the higher altitudes to enemy aircraft. This was important because Argentinian aircraft such as the Mirage had better performance than the Sea Harriers, which were unlikely to successfully intercept them. WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout The Argentine losses officially recorded were two A-4 Skyhawks, one Aérospatiale Puma, one English Electric Canberra and one Learjet. WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout Learjet is a manufacturer of Business jets for civilian and military use Another two A-4 Skyhawks were possibly damaged.

The first claim was the Puma, on May 9, 1982 near Port Stanley by HMS Coventry and shot down by a single missile, with the loss of 3 men aboard. Events 1457 BC - Battle of Megiddo (15th century BC between Thutmose III and a large Canaanite coalition under the King of Year 1982 ( MCMLXXXII) was a Common year starting on Friday (link displays the 1982 Gregorian calendar) "Port Stanley" redirects here For the town in Canada see Port Stanley Ontario. Falklands War HMS Coventry was one of three Type 42 destroyers providing anti aircraft cover for the fleet but the loss of the ''Sheffield'' and damage Three days later, HMS Glasgow was patrolling near Port Stanley with the frigate HMS Brilliant when four A-4s attacked at low level. All but one were shot down by Brilliant's short range Sea Wolf missiles. Sea Wolf is a naval Guided missile system designed and built by BAC, later to become British Aerospace This was followed by a second wave of four machines and neither Sea Dart nor Sea Wolf functioned to contest these incoming aircraft. Glasgow had a lucky escape when a bomb passed through her flank into the sea without exploding.

The next action saw the sinking of Coventry, on 25 May 1982, and again no Sea Dart was able to engage the A-4s, although one was launched "blind" (without radar control) in an effort to disrupt the enemy attack. Events 1085 - Alfonso VI of Castile takes Toledo Spain back from the Moors. Year 1982 ( MCMLXXXII) was a Common year starting on Friday (link displays the 1982 Gregorian calendar) HMS Broadsword was unable to defend against the aircraft either, due to a malfunctioning Sea Wolf system. Service While on sea trials Broadsword was called into service as the command ship during the large rescue operation required after storms struck the 1979 Fastnet This time the destroyer was struck by three bombs and sunk. That same day a Super Etendard strike fighter sought to attack the British carrier group with Exocet missiles, but instead struck the cargo ship MV Atlantic Conveyor. WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout The Exocet is a French -built Anti-ship missile whose various versions can be launched from surface vessels submarines and airplanes History The Atlantic Conveyor was a 14950 tonne roll-on roll-off Container ship owned by Cunard. Invincible fired six missiles in less than two minutes, but all missed.

On May 30, during the last of the air attacks against the British fleet, the most successful engagements with Sea Dart occurred and Exeter was credited with two A-4s (out of four attackers) downed, despite them flying only 10-15 meters above the sea (theoretically below Sea Dart's minimum engagement altitude of 30 m). Events 1416 - The Council of Constance, called by the Emperor Sigismund a supporter of Antipope John XXIII burns Jerome of Prague following One of the two was engaged by a Type 21 frigate with her 4.5 inch gun[1] On June 6 Exeter downed a Learjet 35A that was being used as reconnaissance aircraft, at 12,000 m (12 km) altitude, but missed a second one. History The class was designed to fulfil a requirement for a relatively cheap yet modern general purpose escort vessel to fill a projected gap in the number of escort hulls in the The 45 inch (114 mm Mark 8 is a British naval gun system The 4 Events 1508 - Maximilian I Holy Roman Emperor, is defeated in Friulia by Venetian forces; he is forced to sign a three-year Finally, a Canberra was hit on 13 June, again flying at 12,000 m. Events 1525 - Martin Luther marries Katharina von Bora, against the Celibacy rule decreed by the Roman Catholic Church for

In total at least eighteen missiles were launched by Type 42 destroyers, and six by Invincible. Out of five missiles fired against helicopters or high flying aircraft, four were successful, but only two of nineteen fired at low level aircraft hit: just eleven percent; however a number of missiles were fired without guidance to deter low level attacks. Exeter's success can be partially attributed to being equipped with the Type 1022 radar, which was designed for the system and provided greater capability than the old Type 965 fitted to the earlier Type 42s[2] [3]. The Type 965 was unable to cope with low level targets as it suffered multiple path crossings and targets became lost in radar clutter from the surface of the South Atlantic, this resulted in Sea Dart being unable to lock onto targets at distance obscured by land, or fast-moving low-level targets obscured in ground clutter or sea-returns. The Argentinian Navy was well aware of the Sea Dart's capabilities and limitations, having two Type 42s of its own. The Navy of the Argentine Republic or Armada of the Argentine Republic ( Armada de la República Argentina — ARA is the Navy Consequently, Argentinian planes, opting to fly below the Type 965 radar ("sea skimming"), frequently dropped bombs which failed to explode: The arming vane on the bomb had insufficient time to complete the number of revolutions required to arm the fuze, in which case, the fuze remained in safe mode and would not function on impact. In an Explosive, Pyrotechnic device or military Munition, a fuse (or fuze) is the part of the device that initiates function

Sea Dart on HMS Invincible
Sea Dart on HMS Invincible

Gulf War (1991)

In February 1991 during the Gulf War the battleship USS Missouri, escorted by HMS Gloucester (carrying Sea Dart) and the USS Jarrett (equipped with Phalanx CIWS), was engaged by an Iraqi Silkworm missile (also known as a Seersucker). Construction See also Iowa class battleship, Armament of the Iowa class battleship Missouri was one of the ''Iowa''-class " Affiliations The Rifles City of Gloucester Worshipful Company of Grocers Gloucester R Operation Desert Storm During Desert Storm in 1991 Jarrett was involved in a friendly fire incident with the. The Phalanx Close-In Weapon System (CIWS is an anti-missile system that was designed and manufactured by the General Dynamics Corporation, Pomona Division For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Iraq topics. The HY-2 Haiying ( known in Western media as the Silkworm missile, is an anti-ship Cruise missile made by the People's Republic of China and After an unsuccessful response from the Phalanx 20 mm CIWS of Jarrett, which targeted chaff launched by the Missouri rather than the incoming missile, the Silkworm missile was intercepted and destroyed by a Sea Dart fired from Gloucester, though the engagement was tail-end after the Silkworm had flown past the Gloucester. The Phalanx Close-In Weapon System (CIWS is an anti-missile system that was designed and manufactured by the General Dynamics Corporation, Pomona Division A Close-in weapon system (CIWS is a naval shipboard Point-defense weapon for detecting and destroying incoming Anti-ship missiles and enemy aircraft Chaff (tʃɑːf or /tʃæf/ depending on dialect &ndash both to rhyme with "half" is the inedible dry scaly protective casings of the seeds of Cereal grain, or [4] This engagement was the first validated, successful engagement of a missile by a missile during combat at sea.

Variants

The Sea Dart has been upgraded over the years - notably its electronics - as technology advances. The following Modification standards have been fielded:

The Sea Dart Mark 2, GWS 31, (a.k.a. Sea Dart II - not to be confused with Mod 2, above) development was cancelled in 1981. This was intended to allow 'off the rail' manoeuvres with additional controls added to the booster. The Mark 2 was reduced to Advanced Sea Dart, then Enhanced Sea Dart and finally Improved Sea Dart.

Guardian was a proposed land-based system of radars, control stations and a box-launched version of Sea Dart proposed in the 1980s for use as a land-based air defence system for the Falkland Islands. A similar lightweight box-launched version was also proposed for small naval craft.

Withdrawal

The Sea Dart equipped Type 42s are reaching the end of their service lives, with some vessels already retired. They will be replaced by the larger Type 45 class which is armed with the much more capable PAAMS missile system. Background The UK had sought to procure the ships in collaboration with 7 other NATO nations under the NFR-90 project which later collapsed The Principal Anti Air Missile System (PAAMS is a joint French / Italian / British program for a naval anti-aircraft weapon The first of class began sea trials in July 2007 and will enter service in 2009. [5]

Operators

References

  1. ^ 1982: Battle for the Falklands. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Argentina topics. The Navy of the Argentine Republic or Armada of the Argentine Republic ( Armada de la República Argentina — ARA is the Navy The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located The Royal Navy of the United Kingdom is the oldest of the British armed services (and is therefore known as the Senior Service) BBC News. ; I could actually see the missile heading straight for us at about two miles. We hit it and destroyed it with a 4. 5 shell. Two Argentine skyhawk A4s then attacked dropping bombs but none of them hit. "
  2. ^ Type 42. Globalsecurity. org.
  3. ^ The British Aerospace Sea Dart missile. Wingweb.
  4. ^ Lewis Page. "New BAE destroyer launches today on the Clyde", The Register, 27th November 2007. The Register (" El Reg " to its staff and readers is a British technology news and opinion website Retrieved on 2008-04-21. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 753 BC - Romulus and Remus found Rome ( traditional date)  
  5. ^ "HMS Daring sets sail for trials", BBC. Retrieved on 2007-07-19. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 711 - Muslim forces under Tariq ibn Ziyad defeat the Visigoths led by their king Roderic.  

See also

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