Scud is a series of tactical ballistic missiles developed by the Soviet Union during the Cold War and exported widely to other countries. A tactical ballistic missile is a Ballistic missile designed for short-range battlefield use The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991 Cold War is the state of conflict tension and competition that existed between the United States and the Soviet Union (USSR and their respective allies from the The term comes from the NATO reporting name SS-1 Scud which was attached to the missile by Western intelligence agencies. NATO reporting names are unclassified Code names for military equipment of the Eastern Bloc ( Soviet Union and other nations of the Warsaw pact An intelligence agency is a governmental agency that is devoted to the Information gathering (known in the context as " intelligence " The Russian names for the missile are the R-11 (the first version), R-17 and R-300 Elbrus (later developments). The name Scud has been widely used to refer to these missiles and the wide variety of derivative variants developed in other countries based on the Soviet design.

Contents 1 Development 2 Variants 2.1 Soviet Union 2.1.1 R-11 2.1.2 R-17 2.1.3 Scud-C 2.1.4 Scud-D 2.1.5 Characteristics 2.2 North Korea 2.2.1 Hwasong-5 2.2.2 Hwasong-6 2.2.3 Rodong-1 3 Operational use 3.1 Iran-Iraq war 3.2 Civil war in Afghanistan 3.3 Gulf war 3.3.1 Scud attacks 3.3.2 Scud hunting 4 Operators 5 References 6 Notes 7 See also 8 External links

Development

The first use of the term Scud was in the NATO name SS-1b Scud-A, applied to the R-11 ballistic missile. The earlier R-1 missile had carried the NATO name SS-1 Scunner, but was of a very different design, almost directly a copy of the German V-2. The R-1 rocket ( NATO reporting name SS-1 Scunner was a copy of the German V-2 rocket manufactured by the Soviet Union. Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. See also Vergeltungswaffe The V-2 rocket ( Vergeltungswaffe 2 was the first Ballistic missile and first man-made object to achieve The R-11 used technology gained from the V-2 as well, but was a new design, smaller and differently shaped than the V-2 and R-1 weapons. The R-11 was developed by the Korolyev OKB^[1] and entered service in 1957. SP Korolev Rocket and Space Corporation Energia ( Russian: ru Ракетно-космическая корпорация "Энергия" им Year 1957 ( MCMLVII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link displays the 1957 Gregorian calendar) The most revolutionary innovation in the R-11 was the engine, designed by A.M. Isaev. Aleksei Mihailovich Isaev ( October 24, 1908, Saint Petersburg&ndash June 10, 1971, Moscow was a Russian Rocket Engineer Far simpler than the V-2's multi-chamber design, and employing an anti-oscillation baffle to prevent chugging, it was a forerunner to the larger engines used in Russia's space rockets.

Further developed variants were the R-300 Elbrus / SS-1c Scud-B in 1961 and the SS-1d Scud-C in 1965, both of which could carry either a conventional high-explosive, a 5 to 80 kiloton nuclear, or a chemical (thickened VX) warhead. Year 1961 ( MCMLXI) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Year 1965 ( MCMLXV) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full calendar of the 1965 Gregorian calendar. A nuclear weapon is an explosive device that derives its destructive force from Nuclear reactions either fission or a combination of fission and fusion. Chemical warfare involves using the toxic properties of Chemical substances to kill injure or incapacitate an enemy. VX (S--O-ethyl methylphosphonothioate is an extremely toxic substance whose sole application is as a Nerve agent. The SS-1e Scud-D variant developed in the 1980s can deliver a terminally guided warhead capable of greater precision. The 1980s was the decade spanning from January 1 1980 to December 31 1989.

All models are 11. 25 meters long (except Scud-A, which is one meter shorter) and 0. 88 meters in diameter. They are propelled by a single engine burning either kerosene or nitric acid - IRFNA and UDMH (Russian TG-02 like German Tonka 250) as liquid igniter (self ignition with IRFNA) in all models. Kerosene, sometimes spelled kerosine in scientific and industrial usage is a Combustible Hydrocarbon liquid Red fuming nitric acid ( RFNA) is a storable Oxidizer used as a Rocket propellant. Unsymmetrical dimethylhydrazine ( UDMH) (11-Dimethylhydrazine is a toxic volatile Hygroscopic clear liquid with a sharp fishy ammoniacal smell typical for organic

Variants

Soviet Union

R-11

The first of the "Scud" series, designated R-11 (SS-1B Scud-A) originated in a 1951 requirement for a ballistic missile with similar performance to the German V-2 rocket, but half its size. See also Vergeltungswaffe The V-2 rocket ( Vergeltungswaffe 2 was the first Ballistic missile and first man-made object to achieve With the Wasserfall (an anti-aircraft version of the V-2) as a model the R-11 was developed by engineer Victor Makeev, who was then working in the OKB-1, headed by Sergey Korolev. The Wasserfall Ferngelenkte Flakrakete ( Waterfall Remote-Controlled A-A Rocket, also known as Aggregat 5) was a World War II guided Victor Petrovich Makeev (born October 25, 1924 - died October 25 1985) was the founder of the Soviet - Russian school of sea SP Korolev Rocket and Space Corporation Energia ( Russian: ru Ракетно-космическая корпорация "Энергия" им Sergey Pavlovich Korolyov (often Transliterated as Sergei Korolev) (Серге́й Па́влович Королёв Сергій Павлович Корольов The two men disagreed over the propulsion of the missile, with Korolev favouring the use of liquid oxygen, while Makeev advocated the use of toxic, but storable fuel. Makeev's version, that first flew on April 18 1953, was fitted with an Isayev engine using kerosene and nitric acid as a propellant. Kerosene, sometimes spelled kerosine in scientific and industrial usage is a Combustible Hydrocarbon liquid Nitric acid ( H[[nitrate NO3]] also known as Aqua fortis and spirit of nitre, is a highly corrosive and On 13 December 1953, a production order was passed with SKB-385 in Zlatoust, a factory dedicated to producing long-range rockets. The Makeyev Design Bureau (also known as Makeyev OKB) is a Russian missile design facility Zlatoust (Златоу́ст is a city in Chelyabinsk Oblast, Russia, situated on the Ay River (the Kama basin) 160 km In June 1955, Makeev was appointed chief designer of the SKB-385 to oversee the program and, in July, the R-11 was formally accepted into military service. ^[2] The definitive R-11M, designed to carry a nuclear warhead, was accepted officially into service on April 1, 1958. The launch system received the GRAU designation 8K11. The Main Agency of Missiles and Artillery of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation ( GRAU) ( Главное ракетно-артиллерийское управление ^[3]

Like the V-2, the R-11 relied on inertial guidance, and its flight was controlled by four graphite vanes in the engine exhaust, that were active only while the motor was burning. An Inertial Navigation System (INS is a Navigation aid that uses a Computer and motion sensors to continuously track the position orientation and Velocity The Mineral graphite, as with Diamond and Fullerene, is one of the Allotropes of carbon. The R-11M had a maximum range of 270 km, but when carrying a nuclear warhead, this was reduced to 150 km. At maximum range, it was found to have an average range error 1. 19 km and an azimuth error of 0. 66 km. ^[4] Its purpose was strictly as a mobile nuclear strike vector, giving the Soviet Army the ability to hit European targets from forward areas. The Red Army ( Russian: Рабоче-Крестьянская Красная Армия R aboche- K rest'yanskaya K rasnaya A rmiya To give the system a sufficient mobility on the battlefield, the R-11 was mounted on the chassis of an IS-2 tank, that became its first transporter erector launcher. The Iosif Stalin tank (or IS tank, named after the Soviet leader Joseph Stalin) was a heavy Tank developed A transporter erector launcher ( TEL) is a vehicle with an integrated prime mover that can carry elevate to firing position and launch one or more Missiles The only payload was a nuclear warhead with an estimated yield of 50 kilotons. ^[5]

A naval variant, the R-11FM (SS-N-1 Scud-A) was first tested at Kapustin Yar in February 1955, and was first launched from a converted Project 611 (Zulu class) submarine in September of the same year. Kapustin Yar ( Russian Капустин Яр today Знаменск/Znamensk is a Russian rocket launch and development site in the Astrakhan Oblast, between While the initial design was done by Korolev's OKB-1, the programme was transferred to Makeev's SKB-385 in August 1955. ^[2] It became operational in 1959 as the D-1 launch system, the world's first submarine-launched ballistic missile (SLBM)^[6], and was deployed onboard Project 611 and Project 629 (Golf Class) submarines, until its replacement by the R-13 (SS-N-4) and the R-21 (SS-N-5) in 1968. Submarine-launched ballistic missiles or SLBM s are Ballistic missiles delivering Nuclear weapons that are launched from Submarines Modern variants Project Jennifer See also Project Jennifer On August 3 1968 1390 km northwest of Oahu in the Pacific Ocean the Golf II class submarine The R-13 was a Submarine-launched ballistic missile (SLBM developed by the Soviet Union starting around 1955. The R-21 was a Submarine-launched ballistic missile developed and deployed by the Soviet Union from 15 May 1963 through 1989 ^[5] During its service, 77 launches were conducted, of which 59 were successful. ^[7] The success of the R-11FM established Makeev as the main designer of submarine-launched weapons for the Soviet military.

R-17

The successor to the R-11, the R-17 (SS-1C Scud-B), renamed R-300 in the 1970s, was the most prolific of the series, with a production run estimated at 7,000. It served in 32 countries and four countries besides the Soviet Union manufactured copied versions. ^[5]

A first mock-up was designed and built by Makeev in 1958-1959, before the program was transferred to the Votkinsk Machine Building Plant in 1959 for mass production. The Votkinsk Machine Building Plant is a ballistic missile production facility in Votkinsk, Russia. The first launch was conducted in 1961, and it entered service in 1964. ^[1]

The R-17 featured important improvements over the R-11. The Isayev RD21 engine used a combination of inhibited red fuming nitric acid (IRFNA) as oxidizer and Unsymmetrical dimethylhydrazine (UDMH) as fuel. Red fuming nitric acid ( RFNA) is a storable Oxidizer used as a Rocket propellant. An oxidizing agent or oxidising agent (also called an oxidant, oxidizer or oxidiser) can be defined as either a Chemical compound Unsymmetrical dimethylhydrazine ( UDMH) (11-Dimethylhydrazine is a toxic volatile Hygroscopic clear liquid with a sharp fishy ammoniacal smell typical for organic These were fed into the combustion chamber by fuel pumps that insured a more consistent thrust. A combustion chamber is the part of an Engine in which Fuel is burned The guidance system, active only during the boosted phase, was based on three gyroscopes, that gave it an CEP of 450m^[5](900m according to western sources^[8]). A gyroscope is a device for measuring or maintaining orientation, based on the principles of Angular momentum. A nuclear warhead was designed for the R-17, with a selectable yield, from 5 to 70 kilotons. Another payload was a chemical warhead, containing 555 kg of viscous VX. VX (S--O-ethyl methylphosphonothioate is an extremely toxic substance whose sole application is as a Nerve agent. Unlike the R-11, the Scud-B could also be used as a conventional weapon, with a single high explosive warhead, or, according to Russian sources, with a series of fragmentation payloads, using either high explosive, anti-tank or anti-runway munitions. An explosive material is a material that either is chemically or otherwise Energetically unstable or produces a sudden expansion of the material usually accompanied ^[5]

At first, the Scud-B was carried on a tracked TEL similar to that of the Scud-A, designated 2P19, but this was not very successful, as the vibration of the tracks had a tendency to interfere with the launch electronics. Production of this model was halted after Khrushchev cancelled the production of heavy tanks in 1962, and a wheeled launcher was designed by the Titan Central Design Bureau, becoming operational in 1967. Nikita Sergeyevich Khrushchev (April 17 1894 – September 11 1971 served as First Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union from 1953 to 1964 following ^[9] The new MAZ-543 vehicle was officially designated 9P117 Uragan, and its Russian crews nicknamed it Kashalot (sperm whale), because of its size. MAZ-543/MAZ-7310 "Uragan" (МАЗ-543/МАЗ-7310 "Ураган"/ Hurricane) is a Soviet / Russian army vehicle an 8WD (8x8 The Sperm Whale ( Physeter macrocephalus or Physeter catodon) is the largest of all Toothed whales and largest living toothed animal ^[10] The eight-wheeled MAZ-543 has a loaded weight of 37,400 kg, a road speed of 55 km/h and a range of 650 km. It can carry out the launch sequence autonomously, but this is usually directed from a separate command vehicle. The missile is raised to a vertical position by means of hydraulically-powered cranes, which usually takes four minutes, while the total sequence lasts about one hour. ^[5]

Scud-C

The Makeyev OKB also worked on an extended-range version of the R-17, known in the West as SS-1d Scud-C, that was first launched from Kapustin Yar in 1965. Its range was brought up to 500-600 km, but at the cost of a greatly reduced accuracy and warhead size. Eventually, the advent of more modern types in the same category, such as the TR-1 Temp (SS-12 Scaleboard), made the Scud-C redundant, and it apparently did not enter service with the Soviet armed forces. The TR-1 Temp is a mobile Theatre ballistic missile developed and deployed by the Soviet Union during the Cold War. ^[11]

Scud-D

The R-17 VTO (SS-1e Scud-D) project was an attempt to enhance the accuracy of the R-17. The Central Scientific Research Institute for Automation and Hydraulics (TsNIAAG) began work on the project in 1968, but the first test launch was conducted only in September 1979. Development continued through the 1980s until the system was accepted into initial service as the 9K720 Aerofon in 1989. ^[12] However, by this time, more advanced weapons were in use, such as the OTR-21 Tochka(SS-21) and the R-400 Oka(SS-23), and the Scud-D wasn't acquired by the Soviet armed forces. OTR-21 Tochka (оперативно-тактический ракетный комплекс (ОТР «Точка» Tactical Operational Missile Complex "Tochka" The R-400 Oka (Р-400 «Ока» named after Oka River) was a mobile Theatre ballistic missile deployed by the Soviet Union near the end of the Instead it was proposed for export as an upgrade for Scud-B users, in the 1990s. ^[12]

Contrary to previous Scud versions, the 9K720 had a warhead that separated from the missile's body, and was fitted with its own terminal guidance system. With a TV camera fitted in the nose, the system could compare the target area with data from an onboard computer library. A professional Video camera (often called a television camera even though the use has spread is a high-end device for recording electronic moving images (as opposed ^[12] In this way, it was thought to attain a CEP of 50 m, while retaining the 300 km range of the Scud-B. ^[5]

Characteristics

NATO codename	Scud-A	Scud-B	Scud-C	Scud-D
U. S. DIA	SS-1b	SS-1c	SS-1d	SS-1e
Official designation	R-11	R-17/R-300
Deployment Date	1957	1964	1965?	1989?
Length	10. 7 m	11. 25 m	11. 25 m	12. 29 m
Width	0. 88 m	0. 88 m	0. 88 m	0. 88 m
Launch weight	4,400 kg	5,900 kg	6,400 kg	6,500 kg
Range	150 km	300 km	575-600 km	700 km
Payload	950 kg	985 kg	600 kg	985 kg
Accuracy (CEP)	4000 m	900 m	900 m	50 m

North Korea

Hwasong-5

North Korea obtained its first Scud-Bs from Egypt in 1979 or 1980, in return for assistance during the Yom Kippur War. In the Military science of Ballistics, circular error probable (CEP or circular error probability is an intuitive measure of a weapon system's accuracy North Korea is the commonly used short form name for the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (or DPRK) a State located in East Asia, The Yom Kippur War, Ramadan War or October War (מלחמת יום הכיפורים transliterated: Milkhemet Yom HaKipurim or מלחמת יום As relations with the Soviet Union were rather strained at the time, and Chinese assistance had proved unreliable, the North Koreans set about reverse engineering the Egyptian Scuds. Reverse engineering (RE is the process of discovering the technological principles of a device object or system through analysis of its structure function and operation This process was accompanied by the construction of a missile-building infrastructure, of which the main elements were the 125 factory at Pyongyang, a research and development institute at Sanum-dong and the Musudan-ri Launch Facility. Pyongyang (pʰjʌŋjaŋ is the Capital and largest City of North Korea, located on the Taedong River, at. Musudan-ri is a Rocket launching site in North Korea. It lies in southern North Hamgyong province near the northern tip of the East Korea ^[13]

The first missile prototypes were completed in 1984. Christened Hwasong-5, and known in the West as the "Scud Mod. A", they were exact replicas of the R-17Es obtained from Egypt. The first test flights occurred in April of 1984, but the first version saw only limited production, and no operational deployment, as its purpose was only to validate the production process.

Production of the definitive version of the Hwasong-5 ("Scud Mod. B" or "Scud-B") began at a slow rate in 1985. The type incorporated several minor improvements over the original Soviet design. The range was increased by 10 to 15 percent (320km, instead of 280 km with a 1000kg warhead) and the Isayev engine was slightly modified. An array of payloads was developed, including High Explosive(HE), cluster, chemical, and possibly biological warheads. Throughout the production cycle, until it was phased out in favour of the Hwasong-6 in 1989, the DPRK manufacturers are thought to have carried out small enhancements, in particular to the guidance system, but the exact details are unknown. ^[13]

In 1985, Iran acquired for $500 millions worth of North Korean weapons, including 90 to 100 Hwasong-5s. The United States dollar ( sign: $; code: USD) is the unit of Currency of the United States; it has also been As part of the deal, North Korea agreed to important missile technology transfers, and assisted Iran in setting up its own Scud production line. In Iran, the Hwasong-5 was produced as the Shahab-1. The Shahab-1 ( Persian: شهاب-۱ meaning "Meteor-1" was the foundation of the long-range Iranian missile program ^[13]

Hwasong-6

Work on an extended range Scud began in 1988, and with only relatively minor modifications, a new type was produced from 1989, going by the name Hwasong-6 ("Scud Mod. C" or "Scud-C"). It was first test-flown in June 1990, and entered full-scale production the same year, or in 1991, until it was superseded by the Rodong-1. It features an improved guidance system, a range of 500 km, but saw its payload reduced to 770 kg, though the dimensions are identical to the original Scud. Due to difficulties in procuring MAZ-543 TELs, the North Koreans had to produce a local copy. MAZ-543/MAZ-7310 "Uragan" (МАЗ-543/МАЗ-7310 "Ураган"/ Hurricane) is a Soviet / Russian army vehicle an 8WD (8x8 By 1999, North Korea was estimated to have produced 600 to 1,000 Hwasong-6 missiles, of which 25 served for testing, 300 to 500 were exported, and 300 to 600 are used by the Korean People's Army. The Korean People's Army (short KPA is the Military of North Korea. ^[14]

The Hwasong-6 was exported to Iran where it is known as the Shahab-2, and to Syria, where it is manufactured under license with Chinese assistance. The Shahab-2 ( Persian: شهاب-۲ meaning "Meteor-2" is the successor to the Iranian Shahab-1 missile ^[14]

Rodong-1

Main article: Rodong-1

The Rodong (also NoDong, "Scud-D"), was the first North Korean missile to feature important modifications from the Scud design. The Rodong-1 (spelled Nodong-1 in South Korea is a single stage, mobile liquid propellant medium range Ballistic missile developed by North Development began in 1988, and the first missile was launched in 1990, but it apparently exploded on its launch pad. A second test was carried out in May 1993 in presence of Iranian and Pakistani observers, this time successfully. ^[14]

The main characteristics of the Rodong are a range of 1000 km and a CEP estimated at 2,000-4,000 m, giving the North Koreans the ability to strike Japan. ^[15] The missile is substantially larger than the Hwasong series, and its Isayev 9D21 engine was upgraded with help from Makeyev OKB. Some assistance came also from China and Ukraine while a new TEL was designed using an Italian Iveco truck chassis and an Austrian crane. Iveco is an Italian Truck, Bus, and Diesel engine Manufacturer, based in Turin, Italy. The rapidity with which the Rodong was designed and exported after just two tests came as a surprise for many Western observers, and led to some speculation that it was in fact based on a cancelled Soviet project from the Cold War period, but this has not been proven. ^[16]

Iran is known to have financed much of the Rodong program, and in return is allowed to produce the missile, as the Shahab-3. The Shahab-3 ( Persian: شهاب-۳ meaning "Meteor-3" is a Medium-range ballistic missile (MRBM developed by Iran and based on the While the first prototypes may have been acquired as early as 1992, production began only in 2001, with assistance from Russia. The Rodong has also been exported to Egypt, Libya and Pakistan, where it is known as the Ghauri. Ghauri (غوری is a Medium-range ballistic missile developed by Kahuta Research Laboratories (KRL of Pakistan. ^[16]

Operational use

The Scud missile (including derivatives) is one of the few ballistic missiles to be used in actual warfare, second only to the V-2 in terms of combat launches (the SS-21 and MGM-140 ATACMS being the only other ballistic missiles fired in action). The Army Tactical Missile System (ATACMS Block II Missile is manufactured by Lockheed Martin. The first recorded combat use of Scud missiles was during the Yom Kippur War in 1973, when a small number were used by Egypt against Israel. The Yom Kippur War, Ramadan War or October War (מלחמת יום הכיפורים transliterated: Milkhemet Yom HaKipurim or מלחמת יום This article is about the country of Egypt For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Egypt topics. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Israel topics. ^[17] Libya responded to U.S. airstrikes in 1986 by firing several Scud missiles at a U.S. Coast Guard station on the nearby Italian island of Lampedusa. The United States bombing of Libya (code-named Operation El Dorado Canyon) comprised the joint United States Air Force, Navy and The Mediterranean island of Lampedusa ( Italian: Isola di Lampedusa; Sicilian: Isula di Lampidusa) belongs to Scud missiles were used in several regional conflicts that included use by Soviet and Afghan Communist forces in Afghanistan, and Iranians and Iraqis against one another in the so-called "War of the cities" during the Iran-Iraq War. Afghanistan /æfˈgænɪstæn/ officially the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan ( Pashto: د افغانستان اسلامي جمهوریت, For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Iran topics. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Iraq topics. Scuds were also used by Iraq during the Persian Gulf War against Israel and coalition targets in Saudi Arabia.

All "Scud" versions are derived from the German V-2 rocket, as were most early American missiles and rockets. See also Vergeltungswaffe The V-2 rocket ( Vergeltungswaffe 2 was the first Ballistic missile and first man-made object to achieve They are highly inaccurate due to their construction. In this respect, Scud can be considered an area bombing weapon. The Iraqi modifications increased range, at the cost of accuracy.

More than a dozen Scuds were fired from Afghanistan at targets in Pakistan in 1988. Pakistan () officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, is a country located in South Asia, Southwest Asia, Middle East and Year 1988 ( MCMLXXXVIII) was a Leap year starting on Friday (link displays 1988 Gregorian calendar) There was also a small number of Scud missiles used in the 1994 civil war in Yemen and by Russian forces in Chechnya in 1996 and onwards. Year 1994 ( MCMXCIV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display full 1994 Gregorian calendar) Yemen ( Arabic: اليَمَن al-Yaman officially the Republic of Yemen ( Arabic: الجمهورية اليمنية al-Jumhuuriyya The Chechen Republic (ˈʧɛʧɨn rɪˈpʌblɨk Чече́нская Респу́блика Chechenskaya Respublika; Нохчийн Республика Noxçiyn Respublika Year 1996 ( MCMXCVI) was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display full 1996 Gregorian calendar)

Iran-Iraq war

Iraq was the first to use ballistic missiles during the Iran-Iraq war, firing limited numbers of Frog-7 rockets at the towns of Dezful and Ahvaz. The FROG-7 is the final version of the FROG family of unguided spin-stabilized short-range artillery rockets Dezful ( Dezh-pol, دزفول Fortress Bridge) is a City in the Khuzestan province in southwestern Iran. The city of Ahvaz or Ahwaz (اهواز ahvāz or الأحواز is the capital of the Iranian province of Khūzestān. On 27 October 1982, Iraq launched its first Scud-Bs at Dezful killing 21 civilians and wounding 100. On December 19, Dezful was struck again by two Scuds that killed or injured 349 inhabitants. Scud strikes continued during the following years, intensifying sharply in 1985, with more than 100 missiles falling inside Iran. ^[18]

Desperate to respond in kind, the Iranians searched for a source of ballistic weapons, finally meeting success in 1985, when they obtained a small number of Scud-Bs from Libya. Libya ( ليبيا ar-Latn Lībiyā; Libyan vernacular: Lībya; Amazigh:) officially the Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab These weapons were assigned to a special unit, the Khatam Al-Anbya force, attached to the Pasdaran. The Army of the Guardians of the Islamic Revolution ( Sepáh e Pásdárán e Enqeláb e Eslámi) is an ideologically motivated branch of the Islamic Republic of Iran's On March 12, the first Iranian Scuds fell in Baghdad and Kirkuk. Baghdad (بغداد) is the Capital of Iraq and of Baghdad Governorate, with which it is also coterminous Kirkuk (also spelled Karkuk or Kerkuk; Kurdish: كه‌ركووك Kerkûk; Arabic: كركوك Turkish:Kerkük; The strikes infuriated Saddam Hussein, but the Iraqi response was limited by the range of their Scuds, that couldn't reach Tehran. Saddam Hussein Abd al-Majid al-Tikriti ( Arabic: ar صدام حسين عبد المجيد التكريتي --> April 28 1937 &ndash December 30 Tehran (or Teheran) ( Persian: تهران Tehrān) is the capital and largest City of Iran, and the administrative center of After a request for TR-1 Temp (SS-12 Scaleboard) missiles was refused by the Soviets, Iraq turned to developing its own long-range version of the Scud missile, that became known as the Al Hussein. The TR-1 Temp is a mobile Theatre ballistic missile developed and deployed by the Soviet Union during the Cold War. Al Hussein or al-Husayn ( Arabic: الحسين is a designation of an Iraqi Ballistic missile. In the meantime, both sides quickly ran out of missiles, and had to contact their international partners for resupply. In 1986, Iraq ordered 300 Scud-Bs from the USSR, while Iran turned to North Korea for missile deliveries, and for assistance in developing an indigenous missile industry.

In 1988, the fighting along the border had reached a stalemate, and both belligerents began employing terror tactics, in order to break the deadlock. Lasting from 29 February to 20 April, this conflict became known as the war of the cities, and saw an intensive use of Scud missiles. The first rounds were fired by Iraq, when seven Al-Husseins landed in Tehran on February 29. In all, Iraq fired 189 missiles, mostly of the Al-Hussein type, of which 135 landed in Tehran, 23 in Qom, 22 in Isfahan, four in Tabriz, three in Shiraz and two in Karaj. Esfahān or Isfahan (historically also rendered as Ispahan or Hispahan, Old Persian: Aspadana, Middle Persian: Spahān Tabriz ( تبریز, تبریز) is the largest city in northwestern Iran. Shiraz ( شیراز Shīrāz) is the fifth most populated city in Iran and the capital of Fars Province. Karaj is a city in Iran, located in Tehran province. It is situated 20 km west of Tehran, at the foot of Alborz mountains ^[18] During this episode, Iraq's missile killed 2,000 Iranians injured 6,000, and caused a quarter of Tehran's population of ten million to flee the city. ^[19] The Iranian response included launching 75 to 77 Hwasong-5s, a North Korean Scud variant, at targets in Iraq, mostly in Baghdad. ^[18] Eventually, both parties agreed to halt their attacks on April 20, 1988, but the campaign had clearly turned to Iraq's advantage, forcing the Iranians back to the negotiating table. ^[20]

Civil war in Afghanistan

The most intensive -and less well-known- use of Scud missiles occurred during the civil war in Afghanistan between 1989 and 1992. The 1989 to 1992 phase of the Civil war in Afghanistan began after the Soviets withdrew from Afghanistan, leaving the Democratic Republic As a compensation for the withdrawal of Soviet troops in 1989, the USSR agreed to deliver sophisticated weapons to the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan(DRA), the communist regime of Afghanistan, among which were large quantities of Scud-Bs, and possibly some Scud-Cs as well. The Democratic Republic of Afghanistan was a Soviet -backed government in Afghanistan between 1978 and 1992. ^[5] The first 500 were transferred during the early months of 1989, and soon proved to be a critical strategic asset for the DRA. Every Scud battery was composed of three TELs, three reloading vehicles, a mobile meteorological unit, one tanker and several command and control trucks. Command and control can be defined as the exercise of Authority and Direction by a properly designated Commander over assigned and attached Forces ^[21] During the mujahideen attack against Jalalabad, between March and June 1989, three firing batteries manned by Soviet crews fired some 438 missiles in defense of the embattled garrison. A Mujahid (Arabic ar مجاهد, literally "struggler" is a Muslim involved in a Jihad, id est fighting in a war or Jalalabad (Jalalkot ( Pashto: جلالکوټ، جلال اباد) is a city in eastern Afghanistan. ^[22] Soon all the heavily contested areas of Afghanistan, such as the Salang Pass and the city of Kandahar, were under attack by Scud missiles. Kotal-e Salang or Salang Pass (el 3878 m is the major Mountain pass connecting northern Afghanistan and Kabul province, with further connections For the 2001 film see Kandahar (film; for the Kandahar meteorite of 1959 see Meteorite falls; for the places in Azerbaijan see Cəndəhar and

Due to its imprecision, the Scud was used as an area bombing weapon, and its effect was psychological as well as physical: the only warning the mujahideen got of an incoming rocket was the sonic boom it produced. The term sonic boom is commonly used to refer to the shocks caused by the Supersonic flight of an aircraft At the time, reports indicated that Scud attacks had devastating consequences on the morale of the Afghan rebels, who eventually learned that by applying guerilla tactics, and keeping their forces dispersed and hidden, they could minimize casualties from Scud attacks. ^[18] The Scud was also used as a punitive weapon, striking areas that were held by the resistance. In March 1991, shortly after the town of Khost was captured, it was hit by a Scud attack. Khost or Khowst ( خوست, Persian: خوست - Xowst) is a town in eastern Afghanistan. In April 1991, the marketplace of Asadabad was hit by two Scuds, that killed 300 and wounded 500 inhabitants. Asadabad or Asad Abad (Pashto اسدآباد Persian اسدآباد - Asadābād is a city of Afghanistan, the capital of Kunar Province. Though the exact toll is unknown, these attacks resulted in heavy civilian casualties. ^[18]

In all, between October 1988 and February 1992, with 1,700 to 2,000 Scud launches^[18], Afghanistan saw the greatest concentration of ballistic weapons fired since World War II. ^[23] After January 1992, the Soviet advisors were withdrawn, reducing the Afghan army's ability to use their ballistic missiles. On April 24, 1992, the mujahideen forces of Ahmad Shah Massoud captured the main Scud stockpile at Afshur. Ahmad Shah Massoud ( (2 September 1953 &ndash 9 September 2001 was a Tajik Kabul University engineering student turned military leader who played a leading As the communist government collapsed, the few remaining Scuds and their TELs were divided among the rival factions fighting for power. However, the lack of trained personnel prevented a sustained use of such weapons, and, between April 1992 and 1996, only 44 Scuds were fired in Afghanistan. When the Taliban arrived in power in 1996, they captured a few of the remaining Scuds, but lack of maintenance had reduced the state of the missile force to such an extent that there were only five Scud firings, until 2001. The Taliban ( طالبان, also anglicised as Taleban; translation "students" is a Sunni Islamist, predominately Following the U.S. intervention in Afghanistan, the few surviving Scud launchers were destroyed in 2005. The War in Afghanistan, which began on October 7 2001 as the U ^[24]

Gulf war

Scud attacks

At the outbreak of the Gulf war, Iraq had an effective, if limited ballistic missile force. Besides the original Scud-B, several local variants had been developed. These included the Al-Hussein, developed during the Iran-Iraq war, the Al-Hijarah, a shortened Al-Hussein, and the Al-Abbas, an extended-range Scud fired from fixed launching sites, that was never used. The Soviet-built MAZ-543 vehicle was the prime launcher, along with a few locally-designed TELs, the Al Nida and the Al Waleed.

The first attacks occurred on January 18, 1991, and continued until February 23. In all, 46 missiles were fired at Saudi Arabia and 40 at Israel. The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, KSA ( المملكة العربية السعودية, al-Mamlaka al-ʻArabiyya as-Suʻūdiyya) or Suudi For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Israel topics. ^[25] By firing missiles at Israel, Saddam Hussein hoped to provoke a retaliation from the Jewish state that would antagonize the Arab members of the U. S. -led coalition. To pacify the Israelis and prevent a split within their alliance, the United States sent two batteries of Patriot missiles to Israel and devoted important resources to neutralizing the Iraqi missiles and their launchers. The MIM-104 Patriot is a Surface-to-air missile (SAM system the primary of its kind used by the United States Army and several allied nations ^[26] Patriots were also deployed in Saudi Arabia, defending cities and coalition bases. Initially, Raytheon and the U. Raytheon Company ( is a major American Defense contractor and industrial corporation with core Manufacturing concentrations in Defense systems S. government claimed a very high success rate, with president Bush declaring that, out of 42 Scuds engaged, 41 had been intercepted. ^[27] However these figures were later amended, with the U. S Army stating that the Patriot systems had detected 88 Scuds, engaged 53, of which 27 had been successfully engaged. ^[28] A successful intercept was judged to have occurred when the Scud warhead had been destroyed, or when the missile had been blown off target. These figures did not appease critics, such as Professor Theodore Postol, who instead suggested that the rate of Patriot intercepts was lower than 10 percent, based on video evidence. Theodore A Postol (1946 -) is a professor of Science Technology and International Security at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and is a prominent critic of ^[29] Much of the Patriots difficulties stemmed from the fact that it was designed as an anti-aircraft weapon, with software modifications giving it an anti-missile capability in the mid-1980s. Its purpose was not to impact its target directly, but to approach close enough to spray it with shrapnel, which was not always sufficient to neutralize incoming Scuds. Shrapnel is the term originally applied to an anti-personnel artillery shell which carried a large number of individual bullets to the target and then ejected them forwards relying Also, the modified Iraqi Al-Hussein had a tendency to break up as it re-entered the atmosphere, creating large streams of debris. The Patriot had difficulty distinguishing between the largest pieces, that tended to be the fuselage, warhead and engine compartment. ^[30]

In the end the Scuds were responsible for most of the coalition deaths outside of Iraq and Kuwait. They killed one Israeli directly and one Saudi security guard. Twenty-eight U. S. soldiers were killed when one struck a United States Army barracks in Dhahran, Saudi Arabia. The United States Army is a military organization whose primary mission is to "provide necessary forces and capabilities. Barracks are living quarters for personnel on a Military post This article is about Dhahran the city For the Saudi Aramco residential compound see Dhahran Aramco Camp. ^[31]

Scud hunting

Despite the limited damage inflicted by Iraqi missile, the coalition committed important air assets and special forces units to eliminate the Scuds and their launchers, essentially to persuade Israel that it did not need to intervene in the conflict. In most countries special forces (SF is a generic term for highly-trained Military teams/units that conduct specialized operations such as Reconnaissance

The USAF organized CAPs over areas where Scud launchers were suspected to operate, namely western Iraq near the Jordanian border, where the Scuds were fired at Israel, and southern Iraq, where they were aimed at Saudi Arabia. Combat air patrol (CAP is a type of flying mission for Fighter aircraft. Jordan, officially the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan (الأردنّ al-Urdunn) is an Arab country in Southwest Asia spanning the southern A-10 strike aircraft flew over these zones during the day, and F-15Es fitted with LANTIRN pods and synthetic aperture radars patrolled at night. WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout Low Altitude Navigation and Targeting Infrared for Night, or LANTIRN is a system for use on the USAF's premier fighter aircraft -- the F-15E Strike Eagle and Synthetic-aperture radar (SAR is a form of Radar in which the highly-directional (and thus very large rotating antenna used by conventional radar is replaced with many low-directivity However, the infrared and radar signatures of the Iraqi TELSs were almost impossible to distinguish from ordinary trucks and from the surrounding electromagnetic clutter. Infrared ( IR) radiation is Electromagnetic radiation whose Wavelength is longer than that of Visible light, but shorter than that of Clutter is a term used for unwanted echoes in electronic systems particularly in reference to Radars Such echoes are typically returned from ground sea rain animals/insects While patrolling strike aircraft managed to sight their targets on 42 occasion, they were only able to acquire them three times long enough to release their ordnance. ^[26] In addition, the Iraqi missile units dispersed their Scud TELs and hid them in culverts, wadis, or under highway bridges. They also practiced "shoot-and-scoot" tactics, withdrawing the launcher to a hidden location immediately after it had fired, while the launch sequence that usually took 90 minutes, was reduced to half an hour. The term shoot and scoot refers to an Artillery tactic of firing at a target and then immediately moving away from the location where the shots were fired This enabled them to preserve their forces, despite optimistic claims by the coalition. A post-war Pentagon study concluded that relatively few launchers had been destroyed by coalition aircraft. The Pentagon is the Headquarters of the United States Department of Defense, located in Arlington County, Virginia. ^[26]

Ground based special forces from the United States and the United Kingdom were sent to scout for launchers behind enemy lines, in some cases attacking them directly with MILAN man-portable missiles. Milan (Milano Milan (listen) is one of the largest cities in Italy, located in the plains of Lombardy. A patrol that used the callsign Bravo Two Zero, led by "Andy McNab"(a pseudonym) was captured by the Iraqis. Bravo Two Zero ( B20) was the Callsign of an eight-man British Army SAS patrol during the First Gulf War 1991. Andy McNab DCM MM (born 28 December 1959 is a former British Soldier turned Novelist. ^[26]

The mobility of Scud TELs allowed for a choice of firing position and increased the survivability of the weapon system to such an extent that, of the approximately 100 launchers claimed destroyed by coalition pilots and special forces in the Gulf War, not a single destruction could be confirmed afterwards. After the war, UNSCOM investigations showed that Iraq still had 12 MAZ-543 vehicles, as well as seven Al-Waleed and Al-Nidal launchers, and 62 complete Al-Hussein missiles. United Nations Special Commission ( UNSCOM) was an inspection regime created by the United Nations to ensure Iraq 's compliance with policies concerning ^[26]

Operators

The current and former operators of Scuds or Scud derivatives are^[5]:

• : Afghanistan(Scud-B, Scud-C?)
• : Armenia(Scud-B, Scud-C)
• : Azerbaijan(Scud-B)
• : Belarus(Scud-B)-retired
• : Bulgaria(Scud-B)
• : Democratic Republic of the Congo(Scud-B)
• : Czech Republic(Scud-B)-retired
• : Ecuador(Scud-B)
• : Egypt(Scud-B, Hwasong-6)
• : Hungary(Scud-B)-retired
• : Iraq(Scud-B, Al-Hussein, Al-Abbas)
• : Iran(Scud-B, Hwasong-5, Shahab-1, Shahab-2, Shahab-3)
• : Kazakhstan(Scud-B)
• : Libya(Scud-B)
• : North Korea(Scud-B, Hwasong 5, Hwasong-6, Rodong-1)
• : Pakistan(Ghauri)
• : Peru(Scud-B)
• : Poland(Scud-B)-retired
• : Romania(Scud-B)
• : Russia(Scud-B, Scud-C?, Scud-D?)
• : Slovakia(Scud-B)
• : Syria(Scud-B, Hwasong-6)
• : United Arab Emirates: 25 Hwasong-5s purchased from North Korea in 1989. Afghanistan /æfˈgænɪstæn/ officially the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan ( Pashto: د افغانستان اسلامي جمهوریت, Armenia (Հայաստան transliterated: Hayastan,) officially the Republic of Armenia (Հայաստանի Հանրապետություն Hayastani Azerbaijan ( English; Azərbaycan officially the Republic of Azerbaijan (Azərbaycan Respublikası is the largest and most populous country in the South Belarus ( Belarusian Беларусь / Biełaruś is a Landlocked country in Eastern Europe, bordered by Russia to the north and east The state of Bulgaria (България transliterated bg-Latn ''Balgaria'' The country preserves the traditions (in ethnic name language and alphabet of the First Bulgarian The Democratic Republic of the Congo (République démocratique du Congo often referred to as DR Congo, DRC or RDC, and formerly known or referred to The Czech Republic ( ˈt͡ʃɛskaː ˈrɛpuˌblɪka short form in Česko ˈt͡ʃɛskɔ also called Czechia, For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Ecuador topics. This article is about the country of Egypt For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Egypt topics. Hungary (Magyarország 'mɔɟɔrorsaːg) officially in English the Republic of Hungary ( Magyar Köztársaság, literally Magyar (Hungarian Republic For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Iraq topics. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Iran topics. Kazakhstan, also Kazakstan ( Қазақстан, Qazaqstan, qɑzɑqˈstɑn Казахстан, Kazakhstán,) officially the Libya ( ليبيا ar-Latn Lībiyā; Libyan vernacular: Lībya; Amazigh:) officially the Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab North Korea is the commonly used short form name for the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (or DPRK) a State located in East Asia, Pakistan () officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, is a country located in South Asia, Southwest Asia, Middle East and Peru (Perú Piruw Piruw officially the Republic of Peru ( reˈpuβlika del peˈɾu is a country in western South America. Poland (Polska officially the Republic of Poland Romania ( dated: Rumania, Roumania Russia (Россия Rossiya) or the Russian Federation ( Rossiyskaya Federatsiya) is a transcontinental Country extending Slovakia (long form Slovak Republic; Slovak:, long form, is a Landlocked country in Central Europe with a population of over five million Syria ( سوريّة or) officially the Syrian Arab Republic (Arabic ar الجمهورية العربية السورية The UAE military were not satisfied with the quality of the missiles, and they were kept in storage. ^[13]
• : Ukraine(Scud-B)
• : United States c. Ukraine (Україна Ukrayina, /ukrɑˈjinɑ/ is a country in Eastern Europe. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the 30 Scud-B missiles and four TELs acquired in 1995, and converted into targets by Lockheed Martin. Lockheed Martin ( is a large multinational Aerospace manufacturer and advanced technology Company formed in 1995 by the merger of ^[5]
• : Vietnam(Scud-B, Hwasong-6?)
• : Yemen(Scud-B)

References

• Zaloga, Steven; Illustrated by Jim Laurier and Lee Ray (2006). Vietnam (ˌviːɛtˈnɑːm Việt Nam) officially Yemen ( Arabic: اليَمَن al-Yaman officially the Republic of Yemen ( Arabic: الجمهورية اليمنية al-Jumhuuriyya Steven Zaloga (born 1952 is American Historian, defense consultant and a well-known author on Military technology. Scud Ballistic Missile Launch Systems 1955-2005. Osprey Publishing. Osprey Publishing is an Oxford (UK-based book publisher specializing in military history ISBN 1 84176 947 9.  
• Yousaf, Mohammad; Adkin, Mark (2001). Afghanistan-the bear trap. Casemate. ISBN 0-9711709-2-4.  

Notes

See also

• List of missiles
• Al Hussein - An Iraqi upgraded Scud-B
• Shahab-1 - An Iranian copy of the Scud-B

External links

• Jane’s Intelligence Review (June 1995). Below is a list of (links to pages on Missiles, sorted alphabetically by name Al Hussein or al-Husayn ( Arabic: الحسين is a designation of an Iraqi Ballistic missile. The Shahab-1 ( Persian: شهاب-۱ meaning "Meteor-1" was the foundation of the long-range Iranian missile program For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Iran topics. Jane's Information Group (often referred to as Jane's) is a Publishing company specialising in transportation and military topics which was founded by Fred T Strategic Delivery Systems. Federation of American Scientists. The Federation of American Scientists ( FAS) is a non-profit organization formed in 1945 by scientists from the Manhattan Project who felt that scientists engineers Retrieved on 2006-06-20. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 451 - Battle of Chalons: Flavius Aetius ' defeats Attila the Hun.
• Iraq’s Scud Ballistic Missiles. GulfLink (July 25, 2000). Retrieved on 2008-02-12. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1429 - English Forces under Sir John Fastolf defend a supply convoy carrying rations to the army besieging Orleans from attack by the
• Rocket R-11. S.P. Korolev Rocket and Space Corporation Energia. SP Korolev Rocket and Space Corporation Energia ( Russian: ru Ракетно-космическая корпорация "Энергия" им Retrieved on 2008-02-19. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 197 - Roman Emperor Septimius Severus defeats usurper Clodius Albinus in the Battle of Lugdunum
• R-11 / SS-1B SCUD-A JS-3-mounted – Walk around photos
• R-300 9K72 Elbrus, SS-1C, SCUD-B on the MAZ-543 wheeled chassis – Walk around photos
• GlobalSecurity.org: R-11 / SS-1b SCUD
• The Scud Missile Syndrome
• Kapustin Yar (Russian)

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