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"Scratching" is also a present participle of "scratch", and may also refer to a form of street art

Scratching is a DJ or turntablist technique used to produce distinctive sounds by moving a vinyl record back and forth on a turntable while manipulating the crossfader on a DJ mixer. In Linguistics, a participle (from Latin participium, a Calque of Greek μετοχη "partaking" is a derivative of a non-finite “Scratching” is a form of vandalism apparently derived from sprayed Graffiti, in which tags are scratched into windows (usually mostly of public transportation vehicles and Street A disc jockey (also known as DJ or deejay) is a person who selects and plays recorded music for an audience Turntablism is the art of manipulating sounds and creating music using phonograph turntables and a DJ mixer. Sound' is Vibration transmitted through a Solid, Liquid, or Gas; particularly sound means those vibrations composed of Frequencies A gramophone The phonograph, or gramophone, was the most common device for playing recorded Sound from the 1870s through the 1980s While scratching is most commonly associated with hip hop music, since the 1990s, it has been used in some styles of pop and nu metal. Hip hop is a cultural movement which developed in New York City in the 1970s primarily among African Americans and Latinos. Pop music as a genre features a noticeable rhythmic element catchy melodies and hooks, a mainstream style and conventional structure Nu metal (sometimes named new metal or nü metal) is a musical genre that emerged in the mid 1990s which fuses influences from grunge and Alternative Within hip hop culture, scratching is one of the measures of a DJ's skills, and there are many scratching competitions. In recorded hip-hop songs, scratched hooks often use portions of different rap songs. A hook is a Musical idea, often a short Riff, passage or phrase, that is used in popular music to make a Song appealing and to "catch the

Contents

History

Scratching was developed by early hip hop DJs from New York such as Grand Wizard Theodore and DJ Grandmaster Flash, who describes scratching as, "nothing but the back-cueing that you hear in your ear before you push it [the recorded sound] out to the crowd. Hip hop music, also referred to as rap music, is a Music genre typically consisting of a rhythmic vocal style called rap which is accompanied with New York ( is a state in the Mid-Atlantic and Northeastern regions of the United States and is the nation's third most populous Grand Wizard Theodore (real name Theodore Livingston also known as GrandWizzard Theodore or DJ GrandWizzard Theodore, is a hip hop DJ. Joseph Saddler (born January 1, 1958 in Bridgetown Barbados) better known as Grandmaster Flash, is an American Hip hop musician " (Toop, 1991). Year 1991 ( MCMXCI) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar. Jamaican-born DJ Kool Herc also influenced the early development of scratching. Clive Campbell (born April 16 1955 AKA Kool Herc, DJ Kool Herc and Kool DJ Herc, is a Jamaican-born DJ who is credited as originating Hip hop Kool Herc developed break-beat DJing, where the breaks of funk songs—being the most danceable part, often featuring percussion—were isolated and repeated for the purpose of all-night dance parties (AMG [1]). In Popular music a break is an Instrumental or percussion section or interlude during a song derived from or related to Stop-time &ndash being A disc jockey (also known as DJ or deejay) is a person who selects and plays recorded music for an audience Funk is an American musical style that originated in the mid- to late-1960s when African American musicians blended Soul music, Soul

Two of the earliest recorded scratching examples were released in 1983, both via prolific bassist and producer Bill Laswell: scratches by Grand Mixer DXT on Herbie Hancock's hit song "Rockit" (co-written and produced by Laswell), and, more obscurely, on a few songs the first Golden Palominos record, where Laswell or M. Year 1983 ( MCMLXXXIII) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays the 1983 Gregorian calendar) Bill Laswell (born February 12, 1955 in Salem DJ Grandmixer DXT (formerly Grandmixer DST, born Derek Showard) is an American Turntablist. Herbert Jeffrey Hancock ("Herbie" born April 12 1940 is a Jazz Pianist and Composer. " Rockit " is a hit Song recorded by Herbie Hancock. It was released as a single from his 1983 album Future Shock The Golden Palominos were an American musical group headed by Drummer and Composer Anton Fier, first formed in 1981. E. Miller scratched. Scratching (and sampling) also gained mainstream popularity in the UK and Europe from the 1987 hit "Pump Up The Volume" by M/A/R/R/S. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located Year 1987 ( MCMLXXXVII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link displays 1987 Gregorian calendar) " Pump Up the Volume " ( 1987) was the only single released by British recording act M/A/R/R/S. " Pump Up the Volume " ( 1987) was the only single released by British recording act M/A/R/R/S.

Christian Marclay was one of the earliest musicians to scratch outside of hip hop. Christian Marclay (born 1955 is an American Visual artist and Composer based in New York. In the mid-1970s, Marclay used gramophone records and turntables as musical instruments to create sound collages. A gramophone The phonograph, or gramophone, was the most common device for playing recorded Sound from the 1870s through the 1980s A musical instrument is a device constructed or modified for the purpose of making Music. In Music montage (literally "putting together" or sound collage ("gluing together" is a technique where Sound objects or compositions He developed his turntable sounds independently of hip hop DJs. Hip hop music, also referred to as rap music, is a Music genre typically consisting of a rhythmic vocal style called rap which is accompanied with Although he is little-known to mainstream audiences, Marclay has been described as "the most influential [turntable] figure outside hip hop. " [1] and the "unwitting inventor of turntablism. Turntablism is the art of manipulating sounds and creating music using phonograph turntables and a DJ mixer. "[2]

Basic techniques

Vinyl recordings

Most scratches are produced by moving a vinyl record back and forth with the hand while it is playing on a turntable. A gramophone The phonograph, or gramophone, was the most common device for playing recorded Sound from the 1870s through the 1980s This creates a distinctive sound that has come to be one of the most recognizable features of hip hop music. Ideally, scratching does not damage a record because the needle stays within the groove and does not move horizontally across the record's surface.

The basic equipment setup for scratching includes two turntables, and a DJ mixer, which is a mixer that has a crossfader and "cue" buttons to allow the DJ to "cue up" new music without the audience hearing. When scratching, this crossfader is utilized in conjunction with the "scratching hand" to cut in and out of the scratched record.

Non-vinyl scratching

Sounds

Sounds that are frequently scratched include but are not limited to drum beats, horn stabs, spoken word samples, and lines from other songs. In Music, sampling is the act of taking a portion or sample, of one Sound recording and reusing it as an instrument or element of a new recording Any sound recorded to vinyl can be used, and CD players providing a turntable-like interface allow DJs to scratch not only material that was never released on vinyl, but also field recordings and samples from television and movies that have been burned to CD-R. A Compact Disc (also known as a CD) is an Optical disc used to store digital data, originally developed for storing digital audio A CD-R ( C ompact D isc- R ecordable is a variation of the Compact Disc invented by Philips and Sony. Some DJs and anonymous collectors release 12-inch singles called battle records that include trademark, novel or hard-to-find scratch fodder. Battle records are Vinyl records made up of brief samples from songs film dialogue sound effects and drum loops for use by a DJ.

There are lots of scratching techniques, which differ in how the movements of the record is combined with opening and closing the crossfader (or another fader or switch, where "open" means that the signal is audible, and "closed" means that the signal is inaudible). The terminology is not unique, we shall employ terminology consistent with the terminology used by DJ Q-Bert on his Do It Yourself Scratching DVD.

Sophisticated techniques

Scratching culture

While scratching is becoming more and more popular within pop music, sophisticated scratching is still predominantly an underground style. The Invisibl Skratch Piklz from San Francisco focuses on scratching. The Invisibl Skratch Piklz were a group of American / Filipino turntablists. The City and County of San Francisco is the fourth most populous city In 1994, the group was formed by DJs Q-Bert, Disk & Shortkut and later Mix Master Mike. DJ Disk is a San Francisco Bay Area turntablist of Panamanian, Colombian, and Nicaraguan descent Mix Master Mike (born April 4, 1970) is an American turntablist and contributing member of the Beastie Boys. In July of 2000, San Francisco’s Yerba Buena Center for the Arts held Skratchcon2000, the first DJ Skratch forum that provided “the education and development of skratch music literacy”. 2000 ( MM) was a Leap year that started on Saturday of the Common Era, in accordance with the Gregorian calendar. The City and County of San Francisco is the fourth most populous city Yerba Buena Center for the Arts (YBCA is a contemporary Arts center in San Francisco California, United States. In 2001, Thud Rumble became an independent company that works with DJ artists to produce and distribute scratch records.

In 2004, Scratch Magazine, one of the first publications about hip-hop DJs and producers, released its debut issue, following in the footsteps of the lesser-known Tablist magazine. Scratch was a magazine about the art of creating hip-hop It featured articles regarding producers musicians and DJs that make beats for rap records and details the secret Pedestrian is a UK arts organisation that provides an Interactive Turntablism Tutorial Vinyl Tool at www. tutoritool. com. As well, Pedestrian runs Urban Music Mentors workshops for youth in which DJs show youth how to create beats, use turntables, MC, and perform.

Use outside of hip hop

Scratching has been incorporated into a number of other musical genres, including Pop, Rock, Jazz, and Classical music performances. Pop music as a genre features a noticeable rhythmic element catchy melodies and hooks, a mainstream style and conventional structure Rock and roll (also known as rock 'n' roll) is a form of Music that evolved in the United States in the late 1940s and early 1950s with roots in mostly African Jazz is an American Musical art form which originated in the beginning of the 20th century in African American communities in the Southern United States Classical music is a broad term that usually refers to mainstream music produced in or rooted in the traditions of Western liturgical and Secular music For recording use, samplers are often used instead of physically scratching a vinyl record. A sampler is an electronic musical instrument closely related to a Synthesizer. Rage Against the Machine (and former Audioslave) guitarist Tom Morello performs scratching-inspired guitar solos. Rage Against the Machine (sometimes shortened to RATM or Rage) is Audioslave was an American Hard rock supergroup that formed in Los Angeles California in 2001 Thomas Baptist Morello (born May 30 1964 is a Grammy Award -winning American Guitarist best known for his tenure with the bands Rage Against the Machine Guitar solos are a melodic passage section or entire piece of music written for an Electric guitar or an Acoustic guitar. In the song Bulls on Parade, he creates scratch-like rhythmic sounds by rubbing the strings over the pick-ups while using the pick-up selector switch as a cross-fader. " Bulls on Parade " is a song released by Rage Against the Machine in 1996, and can be found on their second album Evil Empire. This effect is pulled off by turning one of the volume knobs to zero.

Since the 1990s, scratching has begun being used in a variety of popular music genres, such as nu metal acts (like Limp Bizkit), in some pop music (eg. The 1990s collectively refers to the years between and including 1990 and 1999 Nu metal (sometimes named new metal or nü metal) is a musical genre that emerged in the mid 1990s which fuses influences from grunge and Alternative Limp Bizkit is an American Nu metal band from Jacksonville, Florida. Nelly Furtado), and drum and bass (eg. Nelly Kim Furtado (born December 2 1978 is a Canadian Singer-songwriter, record producer actor and instrumentalist, who also holds Portuguese DJ Hype). DJ Hype is a Stage name of Drum and bass producer and DJ Kevin Ford. Some underground and club DJs have derided the use of scratching in these popular genres as mere 'stage-props', to create an appearance or atmosphere on stage. Scratching is also popular in various electronic music styles, most particularly in hard-groove techno.

Pop culture references

During its "How It Started" adverising campaign, a commercial for Heineken fictionally credited the birth of scratching with an awkward DJ attempting to wipe off beer he had accidentally spilled over his turntable. Heineken is a Dutch 5% abv Pale lager, made by Heineken International since 1873 [3]

The beatmania music video game series simulates scratching with a "turntable" on the side. A music video game, also commonly known as a music game, is a Video game where the gameplay is meaningfully and often almost entirely oriented around the player's In the video game Katamari Damacy, the King of All Cosmos speaks in record scratches. is a third-person puzzle-action Video game that is published and developed by Namco for the PlayStation 2 Video game console. Scratch is a documentary film about the origin of scratching and its modern practitioners. Documentary film is a broad category of visual expression that is based on the attempt in one fashion or another to " Document " reality

In the anime Samurai Champloo, a record scratch is used instead of the common bleep to cover expletives, keeping with the Hip-hop soundtrack. is a Japanese animated television series consisting of twenty-six episodes Hip hop music, also referred to as rap music, is a Music genre typically consisting of a rhythmic vocal style called rap which is accompanied with In Meteos, the planet Luna=Luna has a hip-hop soundtrack, with dull piano music and record scratching for Meteos launches. is an action puzzle Video game for the Nintendo DS portable gaming system

Other meanings

See also

Sources

References

  1. ^ Kjetil Falkenberg Hansen
  2. ^ allmusic ((( More Encores: Christian Marclay Plays With the Records Of... > Overview )))
  3. ^ http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EqAlQ4lPmJ8 "How It Started" Heineken commercial

External links

Dictionary

scratching

-verb

  1. Present participle of scratch.
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